...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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...Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal- created by Nicklaus Wirth Designed in 1968-1969 and published in 1970 Intended to teach students structured programming. Used to introduce as undergraduate courses. The first compiler was designed in Zurich for the CDC 600 mainframe computer. Small Talk- Created by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg Appeared/created in 1972 Was designed to underpin the new world of computing by the human computer symbiosis. For educational use. Influenced by Logo and Sketchpad. Scheme- Created in 1975 Designed Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman Was influenced by Lisp, ALGOL, and MDL. Designed to choose lexical scope and was the first to require implementations to perform tail call optimization which gives stronger support for functioning programming. Once was one of the first to support first class continuations. SQL- Created in 1974 Designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce Influenced by Data log. Designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM’s original quasi-relational database management system. ML - Created by Robin Milner & others at university of Edinburgh Created in 1973 Motivated by or inspired by ISWIM ...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways: * Write a program that tells a computer what to do, step by step, much as you write out a recipe. * Buy a program that someone else has already written that tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. Essentially, a program tells the computer how to solve a specific problem. Because the world is full of problems, the number and variety of programs that people can write for computers is practically endless. But to tell a computer how to solve one big problem, you usually must tell the computer how to solve a bunch of little problems that make up the bigger problem. If you want to make your own video game, for example, you need to solve some of the following problems: * Determine how far to move a cartoon figure (such as a car, a spaceship, or a man) on-screen as the user moves a joystick. * Detect whether the cartoon figure...
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...Programming Language Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Programming Language 1. A machine language involves collection of some patterns of bits that the central processing unit recognizes as instructions. Every CPU design contains its own machine language. For the microcomputer, the machine language of the CPU contains 75 instructions, and for the large mainframe computers, it contains hundreds of instructions. The instructions have patterns of 1s and 0s. An assembly language involves some collection of symbolic and mnemonic names that are contained in every instruction in the machine language of the CPU. It is usually tied to the specific CPU design. In addition, programming in assembly machine needs some intimate acquaintance with the architecture of the CPU. 2. Assembly language involves low level languages that are relatively easier to understand when compared to high level languages. Programs written in assembly languages are not portable, in addition, that their debugging process is also not very easy. The programs that are developed in this language are usually machine-dependent. On the other hand, high level languages are easily understood and their programs are portable. Debugging of their codes is easy, in addition, that the program written is not machine dependent. 3. Machine language is quite related to and understood by a computer. This is because computers get to understand binary...
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...Diphthongs Diphthongs are types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion. They are often referred to as gliding vowels. Most languages have a number of diphthongs, although that number varies widely, from only one or two to fifteen or more. Long Vowel Sounds a | /eɪ/ | rain | e | /i/ | meet | i | /ɑɪ/ | bike | o | /oʊ/ | home | u | /ju/ | cute | Sentences: /eɪ/ - rain Rain is one of Gods blessing to human being. /i/ - meet The business man meet his investor in one of the famous resturant in town. /ɑɪ/ - bike It started as a geezer bike for retirees in Florida and Arizona. /oʊ/ - home I'm going home for lunch early, Saundra. /ju/ - cute She looked so cute that Carmen took a few pictures of her. Exercises for long vowels sound A Read the poem using the long /a/ sound Daisy is a brainy snail, She drives a train and brings the mail, She can sail a ship and follow a trait, Yes, Daisy is a brainy snail. I Feel the heat, breathe, reach your peak, win the meet. Please take heed. Being weak at the knees near a ravine is serious. Don't be a geek. Pieces of meat get stuck in his teeth when he eats veal steamed with sesame seeds. [o:] as in MORE core – more – bore – before – shore – sore – store – tore – explore – ignore; cord – lord – order – form – normal – fork – pork – port – sport – short – horn – torn – born – corn – corner; U A Tudor who tooted a flute Tried to tutor two tooters to toot...
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...Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz on May 1, 1964. Basic stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code . The aims of the BASIC system were: to develop a system and language that was friendly, easy to learn and use, to introduce computing as an adjunct to other courses, to operate an open access policy (i-programmer.info, 2010). Pascal- was created by Niklaus Wirth in 1972. He wanted a language suitable for teaching but for teaching computer science. It is best described as a simplified version of Algol. It was simplified both to make it easier to learn and to make it easier to compile (i-programmer.info, 2010). C- Was created by Ken Thompson iin the form of B and tweaked by Dennis Ritchie and renamed C in the 1970’s. It was the original code Unix was written in. Its function was for ease of use (i-programmer.info, 2010). Forth- was created by Charles H Moore in the 1970’s. The motivation behind this language was for both interactive execution of commands and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution (i-programmer.info, 2010). PLEX (Programming Language for EXchanges)- was created by Goran Hemdahl at Ericsson in the 1970’s. It is a special-purpose, pseudo-parallel and event-driven real-time programming language dedicated for AXE telephone exchanges, It is a propriatary language (i-programmer.info, 2010). 1980’s Atari ST BASIC – Atari commissioned MetaComCo to write a version of BASIC that would take advantage of the GEM environment on...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal was created by Niklaus With. It was named after a mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It was designed as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 1980’s C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. It was also used for hardware design. The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. 1990’s Java was created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. James Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation. JavaScript is not related to Java. It was originally developed in...
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...CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION This page intentionally left blank CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION R O B E RT W. S EB ES TA University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Kharakozova Vice President Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Vice President and Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Manufacturing Manager: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Designer: Anthony Gemmellaro Text Designer: Gillian Hall Cover Image: Mountain near Pisac, Peru; Photo by author Media Editor: Dan Sandin Full-Service Vendor: Laserwords Project Management: Gillian Hall Printer/Binder: Courier Westford Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color This book was composed in InDesign. Basal font is Janson Text. Display font is ITC Franklin Gothic. Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States...
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...programing languages: • 1970: o 1970 - Pascal o 1972 - C o 1972 - Smalltalk o 1972 - Prolog o 1973 - ML • 1980: o 1983 - Ada o 1983 - C++ o 1985 - Eiffel o 1987 - Perl o 1989 - FL (Backus) • 1990: o 1990 - Haskell o 1990 - Python o 1991 - Java o 1993 - Ruby o 1994 - PHP o • 2000: o ATS o Boo o C Sharp o Clojure o Cobra Who created this language? • 1970: o Niklaus Wirth o Dennis Ritchie o Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg o Alain Colmerauer o Robin Milner • 1980: o Jean Ichbiah o Bjarne Stroustrup o Bertrand Meyer o Larry Wall o John Backus, John Williams, Edward Wimmers • 1990: o Simon Peyton Jones, Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton, Brian Boutel, Warren Burton, Joseph Fasel, Kevin Hammond, Ralf Hinze, Paul Hudak, John Hughes, Thomas Johnsson, Mark Jones, John Launchbury, Erik Meijer, John Peterson, Alastair Reid, Colin Runciman, Philip Wadler o Guido van Rossum o James Gosling and Sun Microsystems o Yukihiro Matsumoto o Rasmus Lerdorf • 2000: o Hongwei Xi o Rodrigo B. De Oliveira o Microsoft o Rich Hickey o Charles Esterbrook When was each of these languages created? Was there a specific motivation behind the creation of these languages? If so, what was it? • 1970: o 1970 – Yes, intended to teach students structured programming o 1972 – Yes, designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970s * Pascal * Developed 1970 * originally developed by Niklaus Wirth, a member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) * principle objectives, allow for the development of well structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching of the important concepts of computer programming * named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal * C * Developed 1972 * C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs initially as a systems programming language for implementing UNIX * C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s adding object orientation to C * Influenced ANSI C, Java * C/C++ has become the world’s most widely used systems programming language * ML * Developed1973 * Created by Robin Milner at University of Edinburgh * Initial focus: meta-language for program verification * One of the most widely used functional programming languages * Influenced Standard ML, Miranda, Haskell * SQL * Completed 1978 * First defined in 1970 by Dr. E.F. Codd, researcher for IBM, in a his Paper titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks “ * SQL would allow computer users to retrieve data from a variety of sources * Smalltalk * Released 1972 * first commercially-successful object-oriented language * Written and developed...
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...Chapter 2 Algorithms and Programming Languages 1 Algorithms • the central concept underlying all computation is that of the algorithm – an algorithm is a step-by-step sequence of instructions for carrying out some task • programming can be viewed as the process of designing and implementing algorithms that a computer can carry out – a programmer’s job is to: • create an algorithm for accomplishing a given objective, then • translate the individual steps of the algorithm into a programming language that the computer can understand 2 Algorithms in the Real World • the use of algorithms is not limited to the domain of computing – e.g., recipes for baking cookies – e.g., directions to your house • there are many unfamiliar tasks in life that we could not complete without the aid of instructions – in order for an algorithm to be effective, it must be stated in a manner that its intended executor can understand • a recipe written for a master chef will look different than a recipe written for a college student – as you have already experienced, computers are more demanding with regard to algorithm specifics than any human could be 3 Designing & Analyzing Algorithms • 4 steps to solving problems (George Polya) 1. understand the problem 2. devise a plan 3. carry out your plan 4. examine the solution EXAMPLE: finding the oldest person in a room full of people Understanding the problem initial condition, goal and assumptions – room full of people – identify...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Chris Wade Introduction to Programming Dr. Bass Programming Languages have become very much improved in the last few decades. When computers were first created, languages were very focused on getting the most effective response from the computers while being limited by the hardware designs. As hardware has gotten better and faster, programming languages have developed right alongside of them. In 1972 a programming language called C was developed by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs. The reason for developing this was to improve upon other languages such as B and Pascal. C uses a lot of the same forms and functions as Pascal and was developed to be faster and more powerful. The only issue was that it was hard to read. C was also developed to work well with Unix. (Ferguson, 2000). In 1983 Bjarne Stroustroup developed C++ which was also known as “C with classes”. This improved C and moved toward object oriented programming. C++ has been considered the most popular programming language ever and is currently used in programs such as Adobe PDF Reader, Mozilla Firefox (web browser), and MS Office. (Anthony, 2001). The 1990’s saw the development of several languages such as Python, PHP, and Java. Developer Guido Van Rossum developed Python (named for Monty Python) to fix problems in the ABC language and it is used by YouTube, Google Search, and NASA (Anthony, 2001). PHP (which stands for Personal Home Page) was...
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...encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 2. C (1972) – Created by Dennis Ritchie to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support. 3. Prolog (1972) – Created by Alain Colmerauer which has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. 4. ML (1973) – Created by Robin Miner which is known for its use of the Hindley–Milner type inference algorithm, which can automatically infer the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations. 5. SQL (1974) – Created by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond S. Boyce which was designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). 1980’s 1. C++ (1983) – Created by Bjarne Stroustrup designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. 2. Ada (1980) – Created by Jean Ichbiah designed to improve the safety and maintainability by leveraging the compiler to find compile-time errors in favor of runtime errors. 3. Objective-C (1983) – Created by Brad Cox and Tom Love designed as a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to...
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...Case 1: Century National Bank Checking Account Customers Century National Bank has offices in several cities in the Midwest and in the southeastern part of the U.S. Dr. Robert Lindhal, president and CEO, would like to know the characteristics of his checking account customers. He asked Ms. Sofia Kovalevskaya, Director of Planning, to select a sample of customers and prepare a report. Assume that you work in the Planning Department of the Century National Bank and that you report to Ms. Kovalevskaya. She has called a meeting to discuss this project and has selected you to head a team of three employees of the department to take a random sample of customers and prepare a report for Dr. Lindhal. At this meeting, it is determined that the sample size will be 60 customers from branches in Cincinnati, OH, Atlanta, GA, Louisville, KY and Erie, PA. The variables decided upon are account balance, number of ATM transactions in the past month, number of other bank services used in the past month, whether or not the customer uses a debit card, and whether or not the customer has an interest-bearing checking account. The data resulting from this random sample of 60 checking account customers is presented below and in the accompanying Excel file (See Fig. 1). 1. Prepare a histogram of all balances, regardless of branch location. Describe the distribution. 2. Determine the mean and median of all the balances. Why are these measures different? 3. Determine the standard...
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...reserved. These words cannot be used as a variable name because Python utilizes these words them for other commands. Some of these reserved words are: and, del, from, not, while, as, elif, global, or, with, assert, else, if, pass, yield, break, except, import, print, break, except, import, print, class, exec, in, raise, class, exec, raise, continue, finally, is, return, continue, finally, is, return, def, for, lambda and try. Java also has variable language rules. First, a variable name must begin with a letter, underscore, or Unicode currency symbol, the initial character can be followed by any number of letters, numbers, underscore characters, and Unicode currency symbols. Also a variable name can’t contain spaces, and a query result is a type of variable, so it overwrites a local variable with the same name. Each language has similarities regarding variable naming. None of the discussed programs allow spaces in the name. Each language contains certain characters that are not allowed in the naming scheme. None of the languages allow numbers in any of the names of the variables. Regarding differences, Visual Basic has a maximum character length of 255 characters. Python has certain words that cannot be written in the variable name because they are reserved. Also, Java allows currency symbols whereas neither of the other...
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