...The law of Supporting Knowledge-Based firms and Commercialization The present report tries to provide a summary of the mentioned law. The law was approved by parliament in November 2010. Important events related to knowledge-based firms law are summarized as table below: Activity | Date | Preparing the bill of law in vice presidency for science and technology | January, 2008 | Approval of the law in parliament | November, 2010 | Approval of the "Implementing Regulations" by the government | November , 2012 | Launch of qualification system of knowledge-based firms and enrolling applicants | March, 2013 | Announcement of tax exemption of firms located in the science and technology parks by Iranian National Tax Administration(ITNA) | August, 2013 | Approval of the first list of verified knowledge-based firms | September, 2013 | Approval of second edition of evaluation guideline and criteria of knowledge-based firms that recognizaed industrial companies with knowledge-based activities as potential applicants for the law | March, 2014 | The first financial facilities provided for knowledge-based companies by Innovation and Prosperity Fund (IPF) | June, 2014 | Approval of detailed methodology of customs exemption | October, 2014 | Implementing knowledge-based products leasing program by IPF | February, 2015 | Implementing program for support and development of of knowledge-based products and services export | May, 2015 | Article 1. The law define knowledge-based...
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...Unlike the United States, our criminal procedure follows an adversarial system, which is based under English Common Law. The people of Iran and many other countries and governments in the Middle East, follow Islamic law, also known as Sharia Law. Sharia Law is the underlying influence of the legal code in many Muslim countries. What is Sharia Law? Sharia law, also known, as Islamic law is a movement derived from the Holy Quran that allows such countries as Iran to govern personal status laws, regulations that pertain to divorce and marriage, inheritance and custody. In the Middle East, Sharia law contains major controversy when it comes to influence status law as well as criminal law. The Holy Quran and some of its interpretations are used to justify what Americans would describe as cruel and unusual punishments like death by stoning and the unequal treatment of women in their dress, status, inheritance and independence (Johnson, 2010). The Iranian government follows and sets forth laws under Sharia and the ways of the Holy Quran and prophet Mohammed. Sharia developed in 632 CE after the death of the prophet Mohammad and passed down by scholars as the ways of “Allah”, the ways of the one and only God. People of the Muslim faith follow a school called the Ja’fari, which is most notable in Iran as Shia-dominant (Johnson, 2010). Elements Under Sharia Law: The primary element of Sharia is the Holy Quran. There are not other appeals that go against the Quran. The Sunna...
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...the root of all evil”, drug trafficking is no exception. Drug trafficking, the act of selling and distributing substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws, is one of the largest employer in the world. In the recent years, drug trafficking in Vietnam has became more complex. Since Vietnam is located in the “Golden Triangle” region, one of Asia’s two main opium producing areas that overlaps the mountain of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. It is a very convenient location for drug traffickers to distribute drugs to the third country. A few months ago, a Thai woman and a Nigerian man were sentenced to death for transporting drugs into the country, where drug trafficking is on the rise. In the capital city of Vietnam, Hanoi, there has been more than 14,000 reported cases of crime that were brought to light and almost 4,000 cases were related to heroin trafficking. In a total of 98 kilograms of heroin and 600 kilograms of marijuana found, more than 7,000 people were arrested. Vietnam’s drugs law are among the toughest in the world. According to the law, anyone who are captured of trafficking, illegally producing or transporting 100 grams or more of heroin or cocaine can be sentenced to death. Another Asia’s main opium producing region is “The Golden Crescent”. It overlaps Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. Iran is the main consumer and acts as the trans-shipment route for the smuggled opium. It is a country with one of world’s highest rates of opium addiction and there...
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...and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction………………………………………………………….……………………..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah………………………………………….…….1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah…...…………………………………….…….5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens…………………………5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah…………………………..10 After The Islamic Revolution …………………………………………….14 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..19 References…………………………………………………………………..21 Introduction It has been more than 30 years since the victorious Islamic revolution transpired and sought the citizen supported and the forceful death of the Pahlavi dynasty which was ruled, with a denied democracy, under Mohammed shah and his father, Reza shah who were both put forth by the British. Due to the controversial media’s coverage, its western influence and lack of justice, there remains a bitter taste in the mouth of feminists in regards to women’s rights under the newly born Islamic state. In this paper, I will be examining and shedding light on these issues, as well as comparing the current and past roles of women, the differences between the Islamic and Pahlavi imposed laws on these women all within the confines of the diverse domains of Iran, while taking into consideration...
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...How effective has the law been in responding to contemporary issues in promoting peace and resolving conflict between nation states? In your response refer to the success of global cooperation in achieving world order. Coined at the end of the Cold War, World Order is a term describing the interactions of nation states as they strive for global peace and security. The cooperation of nations is essential in the modern world because of the interdependency of states due to globalisation through political and economic ties. A negative of this is that events such as the Global Financial Crisis which began in the US, can affect the majority of the world due to widespread economic relations. As well as this events that threated peace and security such as terrorist attacks, mass illness and war also have a large global impact. The United Nations is a primary body in aiding the resolution of conflicts and promoting peace on a global scale. Its main purposes include; maintaining peace and security, and developing friendly relations between states (Article 1 UN Charter) through its five main organs including the General Assembly and the UNSC. The UN’s effectiveness in modern times varies hugely depending on time and conditions as evident in many contemporary conflicts such as the success in the East Timor Conflict, and the failures in the Rwanda Genocide. The Eastern Timor conflict dates back to 1975 in which Indonesia illegal invaded East Timor. Over the next 25 years under the dictatorship...
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...In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini created a philosophy that stated his vision for the up and coming Islamic Republic of Iran that he gained power over. The Iranian Revolution was the beginning of the rebuild in Iran. It started with the Shah leaving Iran and then Ayatollah Khomeini taking power. Ayatollah Khomeini pleased the people when it came to creating new laws and policies when he described what the future would hold with him as the leader. He went against the Shah and proved that he was an enemy of Islam and a ruler who was not focussed on the well-being of the people in Iran using propaganda and multiple forms of media. When the Shah was finally sent into exile, Ayatollah Khomeini developed a religious and political framework for society called...
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...don't need laws allowing anyone to torture in exceptional circumstances. If exceptions are allowed, they will only be abused eventually. Legal ramifications will be gladly endured by the type of extraordinary individuals who will make that sacrifice to keep this country safe. If they are so sure a suspect has the information, they will risk their personal freedom on their hunch to engage in torture. If they are wrong, they will get their punishment. If proponents of torture (including all its euphemistic forms) want to cite Jack Bauer and his Ticking Clock of Doom, they must accept the full premise and all its trappings. Writ of Habeas Corpus Dating back to the 1600's, this guarantees prisoners the right to petition a legal body, through a standard of due process, to make a preliminary claim that they have been held wrongfully, and to have this reviewed by said legal body. It is additionally included in part of a larger U.S. constitutional set of rights preventing individuals from being held indefinitely without either release or trial. The U.S. Supreme Court has also ruled that the Bush Administration cannot prevent detainees from being designated outside of both the Geneva Conventions and U.S. criminal law, not to mention Cuban law, while they are being held at Guantanamo Bay. They must fit into some category. Detainees cannot be in a conveniently legalistic no-man's land, devoid of any laws or standards. At its core, it is anathema to the spirit of law and justice...
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...Iran and the Western World Sanctions on Nuclear Enrichment and Weapons development. The challenges between Iran and Western World started after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the United States imposed sanctions against Iran and expanded them in 1995 to include firms dealing with the Iranian government. In 2006, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1696 and imposed sanctions after Iran refused to suspend its uranium enrichment program. U.S. sanctions initially targeted investments in oil, gas and petrochemicals, exports of refined petroleum products, and business dealings with the Iranian revolutionary guard corps. UN sanctions against Iran The UN Security Council passed a number of resolutions imposing sanctions on Iran, following the report by the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors regarding Iran's non-compliance with its safeguards agreement. These are the sanctions below that were passed on Iran United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 – was passed on 31 July 2006. Demanded that Iran suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and threatened sanctions. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 – was passed on 23 December 2006 in response to the proliferation risks presented by the Iranian nuclear program and, in this context, by Iran's continuing failure to meet the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors and to comply with the provisions of Security Council resolution 1696 in...
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...United Kingdom. The British throne and the Royal family is one of the most infamous and influential families in the world. In Iran the supreme leader and their family is equally if not more influential and infamous in their own region. While a key difference in their sphere of power is the fact that in Iran their governing body is well spelt out in a written constitution and in the United Kingdom there is no such written constitution. At the same time however the two governments are very similar in the way that they balance their power and leadership through different people and branches of government. Both governments have elected and unelected officials who hold some sort of power. While the UK has been able to balance the power amongst the elected and unelected officials, Iran has struggled to maintain such a balance which has led to and caused the country to be more susceptible to political violence. The UK is simply classified as parliamentary democracy even know they have a monarchy with a figure head who does not really hold any power. Iran, on the other hand is a mix between the traditional ways of Iranian theocracy mixed with a presidential democracy. What is most interesting between these political structures is that although they are similar in the aspect of mixed governments with a balance of power through different departments, the people of Iran lack the freedom and equality that is well represented in the United Kingdom. We will look at how each political structure...
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...The Modernization of Women in Revolutionary Iran The Quran, Sura 4, verse 38 states, “Men are the managers of the affairs of women for that God has preferred in bounty one of them over another…and those you fear may be rebellious admonish; banish them to their couches, and beat them”. To develop and understand social change, it is crucial to examine the central structures and organizations within a given society. Through examining family structure, the state, and religion, geared with a specific focus on gender, a basic set of followed societal governing rules and values become apparent. Each of these societal structures are interrelated, working together to permit as well as restrict the agency of women in revolutionary Iranian society. For the development of successful social change to take place, it must arise through gender conflict, class conflict, and political action. Each social structure such as, family structure, state relations, and religion, is located within the larger context of a national structure, meaning the examples previously mentioned are subject to larger regional and global influences and changes. Due to this reasoning, it is important to examine evolving economic development and political change to understand women’s status within Iranian revolutionary societies and furthermore, their changing roles within the traditional family structure, Islam, education, and the work force. Through an analysis of class location, policy restructuring, and changing...
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...obligation for women in Iran to wear a hijab in public be abandonned?” At present women in Iran are forced to cover themselves up whenever they leave their private zone, but that is truly a restriction to their freedom. Therefore I have asked myself if it should be optional for women in Iran to choose for themselves whether and how much they want to cover their bodies and faces in public. In the following I am going to state my opinion on that: The hijab discussion in Iran is very closely linked to some other delicate issues that the Iranian people have to deal with for some decades now. Mainly the lack of keeping human rights and other basic political and/or religious concepts which we in our modern western society take for granted. In my conceit the hijab obligation is a deprivation of freedom. For example freedom of self-fulfillment . In a multiethnic state like Iran with about 78 million inhabitants, in which the youth captures 2/3 of the total population, it is very likely that the Iranian governance which is based on conservative, shiitic muslim sharia law does NOT represent the minds of all Iranian people. These people should have the opportunity to pursue self-development after their own values and beliefs. That is preconditioned that their environment is not physically or mentally injured/insulted by that. Wearing a hijab is an example for such a value/rule. As I am a German citizen with persian/Iranian background I can say that in Iran (even if our western media...
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...Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the shah of Iran for about from 1941 to his overthrown by the Iranian revolution on February 11, 1979. He took the title of the shah from his father who was the last shaw. Iran was a poor and uncivilized country and when Russia wanted to move forward the completely control of the country the Unites States helped to gave him back the throne and power of his country. Pahlavi wanted to Westernize his country and transformed his country in a modern Iran. The shaw had suffered a lot of criticism because many believed that the Westernization did not follow the Islam religion. Also the lower class were discontented by the unfair conditions of how the corrupted government was working toward them. Another aspect that...
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...1. Women's rights in Iran have for many years been a very controversial and heated topic. The way women live and are viewed by men in Iran has changed in so many ways throughout the end of the twentieth century leading into current day. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah of Iran and throughout his attempt to westernize his country he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, on February 11th, 1979.[1] Religious rulers took over and influenced the Sharia Law, which are decisions on how to live life by studying religious texts. Ever since this change women have faced a struggle to survive in harsh conditions every day of their lives. Inequality between Iranian men and women is a major problem, even an issue due to the way women are viewed and through the eye of a man here.[2] The rights of women certainly have changed drastically since the start of the revolution, but still the daily life of an Iranian women without a doubt does not compare to that of a woman living in America.[3] Islamic women have tried to fight these discriminatory conditions, but these prevalent practices are in most cases required by the law. The laws that they are forced to go by are biased and in any outsiders opinion should be changed. After the revolution, Iran took a different turn from being a western influenced country to a being an Islamic fundamental government with strict rules led by the supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Since the overthrow of...
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...In September 1980, Iraqi military forces invaded Iran, sparking an eight year war. This war spread into the Persian Gulf, where Iraq retaliated against Iran by attacking oil tankers on its way to Iranian ports. In October 1987, a Kuwait oil tanker sailing under an American flag was attacked allegedly by Iran. In a separate incident, a U.S. Navy escort ship struck a mine in international waters. These attacks by both Iran and Iraq violated time honored rules of international law regarding neutral shipping and naval warfare. The United States soon retaliated by destroying two offshore oil production facilities owned and operated by the National Iranian Oil Company. Iran claimed that Iraq was to blame for both the missile and the mine, and brought a claim to the ICJ in November 1992 accusing the United States of unlawfully attacking and destroying the oil platforms. These attacks allegedly violated the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the United States of America and Iran by impeding the freedom of commerce between two parties. The ICJ can rule only when both parties have consented to its jurisdiction. In preliminary objections filed, the United States sought dismissal arguing that the treaty did not apply to questions concerning the use of force in self-dense. ICJ rejected the U.S. position. The court’s principal aim was to determine if the U.S. had violated its freedom of commerce obligations. The court rules that the ‘essential security interests’...
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...Marketing Products Iran Country and Culture Overview Iran is one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Dating back to 3800 BCE it is a nation of strong tradition and cultural roots. To the western eye the most prominent factor is probably its Islamic influence. The majority of Muslims in Iran belong to the Twelver Shia branch of Islam. Islam has come under much scrutiny from the western world regarding the strict rules and regulations especially about how women are encouraged to dress. At the same time, Iran protects its culture and religious preferences and is typically wary of outside influences. As a nation Iran is almost a third of the size of the U.S. with a population of 75 million. It is a sizeable market, which makes it an interesting subject to investigate how it interacts with advertising as an Islamic nation. Other notable population factors include a very low divorce rate of only 2%, attributed to its Muslim majority population. Before considering how the nation interacts with advertising, it is important to look into how the nation might see advertisements, and find its involvement with different media channels. In Iran about 89% of homes have a TV. This is comparable to nations of the western world, by comparison in the U.S. . However, total internet enabled homes in Iran is only 12% or 10 million users, which is only a fraction of U.S. rate. Indicating it is more difficult for Iranians to access the internet from home and they may be using...
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