...CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process...
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...Contact: Prepared by : ACCA Registration no : Word count : Submission Date : 7485 words Table of Contents Part One: Introduction and Overall Framework of the Research ................................................................. 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Topic Selection and reasons for its selection............................................................................................ 4 Company selection and reasons for its selection ..................................................................................... 5 Aim of the Research Report ...................................................................................................................... 5 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 5 Research Questions .................................................................................................................................. 6 Research Approach ................................................................................................................................... 6 Part Two: Data Sources and Business and Accounting Techniques.............................................................. 8 Sources of information for research work .....................
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...................................................................................................... 7 Finance........................................................................................................................ 7 Time Value of Money................................................................................................. 8 Assessment of the GEICO purchase ........................................................................... 8 Time value of money ................................................................................................ 11 An examination of the GEICO acquisition in hindsight........................................... 13 Limitations of Discounted Cash Flow ...................................................................... 15 Limitations of this Analysis ...................................................................................... 16 Issues for subsequent research .................................................................................. 16 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 16 About the author...
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...Chapter-1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Objective of the study 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Methodology of the study 1.5 Limitation of the study 1.1 Background of the study Banking is on of the most important sectors for a country’s wealth building activities. At present the modern business industrialization, foreign trade almost is dependent on banks. But now a day the Banking sector of Bangladesh is suffering the disease of default culture which is consequence or result of bad performance of most of the banks in Bangladesh. UCBL is playing an important role towards the growth and economic development of Bangladesh. This study is an attempt to produce a constructive report performance of UCBL with special reference to sources of bank annual report of 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 &2011 and other sources. 1.2 Objective of the study: The preparation of term paper report has immense important objectives. The most significant intention of preparing this term paper report is to gather knowledge about financial performance of commercial banks in our country. The overall objectives of this study are stated as follows: To develop a clear and comprehensive view of UNITED COMMERCIAL BANK. To acquire knowledge about organizational structure. To gather knowledge about bank servicing system. To know about contribution of the company in our country. To identity problems existed...
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...One of foundation of financial planning analysis and decision making is the financial information. It’s needed to forecast the financial statements to relate and also assessitsbusiness’sgrossingcapability. Financial decision making investment and financing decision making is also required. The financial information of an enterprise is contained in the financial statements. Its usage of financial statement analysis in investment decision has been addressed by a series of authors. According to Gautam, U. S. (2005) The Financial Statement commonlydescribedby means of financial information which is related to the information to financial position of severalfirm in a case form. According to J.AOhison (1999) was defined as a written report that...
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...SOURCES OF INFORMATION……………………………………………………………………6 2.2 METHODS OF INFORMATION GATHERING …………………………………………………7 2.3 LIMITATIONS OF INFORMATION GATHERING ......…………………………………………7 2.4 ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 2.4.1 FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………7 2.4.2 GRAPH CHARTS……………………………………………………………………………………………….7 2.5 BUSINESS ANALYSIS MODELS 2.5.1 PEST FRAMEWORK....……………………………………………………………….............................9 2.5.2 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL ....…………………………………………………………………….9 CHAPTER THREE 3 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 3.1 DATA PRESENTATION ……………………………………………………………………………10 3.2 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 3.2.1 PROFITABILITY ………………………………………………………………………………………………..11 3.2.2 LIQUIDITY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 3.2.3 EFFICIENCY …………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 3.2.4 FINANCIAL GEARING ………………………………………………………………………………………...14 3.3 LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS ……………………………………………16 3.4 BUSINESS AND MACRO-ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 3.4.1 PEST FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………………………………..17 3.4.2 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………...19 3.5 LIMITATIONS OF...
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.......................................................................................... 7 Finance........................................................................................................................ 7 Time Value of Money................................................................................................. 8 Assessment of the GEICO purchase........................................................................... 8 Time value of money ................................................................................................ 11 An examination of the GEICO acquisition in hindsight........................................... 13 Limitations of Discounted Cash Flow ...................................................................... 15 Limitations of this Analysis...................................................................................... 16 Issues for subsequent research .................................................................................. 16 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 16 About the author...
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...FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION A Case Study of Oceanic Bank By IBRAHIM UMAR PGA/09/07766 M.Sc. Assignment Submitted to Dr. M.I. Kida CNA Department of Accountancy University of Maiduguri 2Financial Statement Analysis: A Tool for Performance Evaluation Jan. 2010 3Financial Statement Analysis: A Tool for Performance Evaluation ABSTRACT Financial statements are prepared to meet external reporting obligations and also for decision making purposes. They play a dominant role in setting the framework of managerial decisions. But the information provided in the financial statements is not an end in itself as no meaningful conclusions can be drawn from these statements alone. However, the information provided in the financial statements is of immense use in making decisions through analysis and interpretation of financial statements. There are various methods or techniques that are used in analyzing financial statements, such as comparative statements, schedule of changes in working capital, common size percentages, trend analysis and ratios analysis. This study intends to analyze financial statement of Oceanic bank in Nigeria in order to come up with an in-depth fact finding on its performance and to see if there is any connection between the recent global economic crisis and its overall performance. 4Financial Statement Analysis: A Tool for Performance Evaluation INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Financial statement represents...
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...Introduction This 1200 words report will compare the performance of Bravo LTD for the past 2 years (2007 and 2008) by means of simple ratio analysis. This will be used to express the relationships between different performance in the company in both 2007 and 2008. The later sections of this report will give results of the various ratios, reasons for using ratio analysis, description of the ratios, findings, analysis and recommendation for Bravo LTD, limitations to the use of ratio analysis in this report and limitations to the use of ratio analyses in general. Refer to appendix for all calculations and data. Method In order to compare the performance of Bravo LTD in 2007 and 2008, ratio analyses will be used. The reasons for using Ratio Analyses Feldman & Libman (2007) defined ratios as a way to express a mathematical relationship between two data, this can be in form of percentages, rate or proportions, and it can be used to compare the performance of a business within a period of time. Financial ratio analysis uses ratios and relationship between various financial statements as a means of comparison in terms of operational, financial and investing performance of companies. Gowthorpe (2005) introduced the following 5 categories of ratios. These are • Performance ratios – This is used to measure success or failure of business performance • Liquidity ratios – Extent at which business can cope with its liabilities • Efficiency ratios – How efficient the assets...
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...assignment, I will evaluate the reliability of break-even analysis in estimating budgeted activity levels for a selected organisation. Break – Even Analysis Break even analysis is reliable as it is made from the budget and it gives a financial structure to the business. The data used for break-even, the business try to make the data as accurate as possible. They make this data depending on the previous year’s financial report. That’s why break-even is reliable to estimate current year’s results. In a short run, break-even analysis can be accurate. There are some limitations of break-even as well. For example, it cannot give accurate results if the data used for it is predicted. Data such as change in direct cost or indirect cost can have an impact on break-even analysis. This means that the results are going to be very different from the actual result. So, in the long run break even will not be reliable. Furthermore, if the company is selling more than one product, it will become really hard for the company to carry out break-even analysis. This is because; all the different products are going to have different prices meaning that the company will have to create different financial accounts for each product they sell. The break-even analysis has to be different for each one as well. Also, a change in the selling price is going to have huge effect on break-even analysis. If the selling price changes, the whole financial data will change as well. If the total revenue changes the...
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...…………………………………………………………….6 a. Sharpe ratio: 6 b. Treynor ratio: 7 c. Jensen Alpha: 8 d. Fama-French Model 10 2.2 Assumption to Models ……………………………………………………………………11 2.3 Possible Results ……………………………………………………………………………11 2.4 Limitations of the traditional models ……………………………………………………12 3.0 Academic Review 14 3.1 Types of Analysis Applied in Currency Markets ……………………………………14 3.2 Empirical Literature Review ……………………………………………………………17 3.2.1 Hedging in the Currency Market ……………………………………………………19 4.0 Individual Currency Index Returns ……………………………………………………20 4.1.1 The Factors ……………………………………………………………………………21 a. Trend 21 b. Value 22 c. Volatility 22 4.2 Individual Currency Manager Returns ……………………………………………………23 5.0 Limitation to study ……………………………………………………………………25 6.0 Critique of Data source ……………………………………………………………………26 7.0 Results From Previous studies ……………………………………………………………29 8.0 Conclusion 30 References List 31 Performance and Trading In Currency Markets 1.0 Introduction The financial money market or the currency market is one of the markets that reports high trading volume. Most investors are keen in the trends of financial markets both from a local and an international perspective (Fanchiotti, Canal, & Zúñiga,2002).Financial traders consider past information to establish the future movements of currency and the behavior of currency markets. Foreign exchange portfolios are some of the most viable investments (Mizen, 2003). Nevertheless, investors need...
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...Detrimental to the Financial Position of a Company Currently Reporting Under US GAAP? Megan N. Cook, CPA, CFE Accountancy 521 Professor Lawrence March 9, 2009 The first pension plan offered by an American employer was that of American Express in the year 1875. Amex’s plan did not resemble the plans that we see in today’s time; the first “modern” defined benefit plan was created in 1940 by the automotive behemoth General Motors. These plans of the past still do not resemble plans that we are familiar with today. In the past, employers could exercise a “pension put” option and, in essence, close the plan down at the current level of funding and turn the assets over to the retirees. This is not an optimal situation, as many plans at the time were severely under funded and retirees would be left with pennies on the dollar of what they were counting on for retirement. (Fortune, 2005) Post-retirement benefits are volatile on a couple of different fronts; up until the reforms in 1974 which created ERISA and the PBGC, employees had to put blind faith in their employers to secure their futures after their working years were over. (Fortune, 2005) On another front, these benefits pose a significant accounting problem – how should a company account for the costs and liabilities associated with these benefits they had to give their employees at a later and relatively indeterminable date? Prior to FAS 87, the only item that a company would record on their financial statements was...
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...Breathing Innovation into Shoes C87 CASE 24 Cola Wars in China: The Future Is Here C368 CASE 10 InterfaceRAISE: Raising the Bar in Sustainability Consulting C107 CASE 25 Embraer: Shaking Up the Aircraft Manufacturing Market C382 CASE 11 Netflix C125 CASE 12 Best Buy after Circuit City: What’s Next? C137 CASE 26 UPS in India—A Package Deal? C395 CASE 27 Genentech: After the Acquisition by Roche C415 CASE 13 JetBlue Airways: Managing Growth C157 CASE 28 Corporate Governance in Three Economies: Germany, Japan, and the United States C441 CASE 29 United Technologies Corporation: CASE 14 Bank of America and the New Financial Landscape C175 Running a Global Ethics and Compliance Program C447 CASE 15 DeBeers’s Diamond Dilemma C194 CASE 30 Apple after Steve Jobs C455 389 C ASE A NA LY S IS How to Conduct a Case Analysis The case study is a fundamental learning tool in strategic management. We carefully wrote and chose the cases in this book to expose you to a wide variety of key...
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...literature, refer to assessing the impact of a rare but plausible shock to the financial system. Stress testing is a simulation technique, which are used to determine the reactions of different financial institutions under a set of exceptional, but plausible assumptions through a series of battery of tests. At institutional level, stress testing techniques provide a way to quantify the impact of changes in a number of risk factors on the assets and liabilities portfolio of the institution. For instance, a portfolio stress test makes a rough estimate of the value of portfolio using a set of exceptional but plausible events in abnormal markets. At institutional level, stress testing techniques provide a way to quantify the impact of changes in a number of risk factors on the assets and liabilities portfolio of the institution. For instance, a portfolio stress test makes a rough estimate of the value of portfolio using a set of exceptional but plausible events in abnormal markets. These tests help in managing risk within a financial institution to ensure optimum allocation of capital across its risk profile. At the system level, stress tests are primarily designed to quantify the impact of possible changes in economic environment on the financial system. The system level stress tests also complement the institutional level stress testing by providing information about the sensitivity of the overall financial system to a number of risk factors. These tests help the regulators to identify...
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...AN ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANISATION OVER THE PREIOD OF THREE YEARS THE CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B.SC (HONS) IN APPLIED ACCOUNTING BY xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ACCA REG. NO: xxxxxxx E-mail: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx MAY, 2011 PAGES: 29 WORD COUNT: 6345 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Reason for choosing the topic 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the report 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Research Approach PART 2 Information gathering 2.1 Sources used for information gathering 2.2 Description of methods used: 2.3 Limitations of information gathered 2.4 Ethical...
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