...Can endangered species of the world rely on the international law for their safety? Discuss This essay will attempt to discuss how the international law protects endangered species of the world. Using academic commentary and legislation it will also review the ethical, philosophical, economical and moral aspects of this area of law. The essay will also draw attention to the current issue, which has been a controversy in the preservation of endangered species of the world, but will particularly pay more attention to the protection of whales. Ever since the days of illustrious philosophers such Plato, Aristotle, Descartes to the modern scientists there has been a lengthy wait in fighting for laws and acts to protect animals in keeping them in good health and their populations high in numbers. Long ago, most animals became extinct because of natural events, like earthquakes or volcano eruptions. Climatic changes were also a threat i.e. like the ‘beginning of the Ice Age which also led to the disappearance of certain species’ . Today, animals are in danger mostly because of human beings. In the 17th century Descartes and Plato both portraying animals as mere objects, held that ‘animals have no conscience and humans should have no moral obligation’ towards them. However, through the advancement of technology and science Charles Darwin came up with his theory of evolution, bringing new developments and protection to endangered species, with his effort in his work there...
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...urban-industrial modernity, the one place we can turn for escape from our own too-muchness. Seen in this way, wilderness presents itself as the best antidote to our human selves, a refuge we must somehow recover if we hope to save the planet. As Henry David Thoreau once famously declared, “In Wildness is the preservation of the World.“’ But is it? The more one knows of its peculiar history, the more one realizes that wilderness is not quite what it seems. Far from being the one place on earth that stands apart from humanity, it is quite profoundly a human creation-indeed, the creation of very particular human cultures at very particular moments in human history. It is not a pristine sanctuary where the last remnant of an untouched, endangered, but still transcendent nature can for at least a little while longer be encountered without the contaminating taint of civilization. Instead, it is a product of that civilization, and could hardly be contaminated by the very stuff of which it is made. Wilderness hides its unnaturalness behind a mask that is all the more beguiling because it seems so natural. As we gaze into the mirror it holds up for us, we too easily imagine that what we behold is Nature when in fact we see the reflec- 69 70 / UNCOMMON GROUND tion of our own unexamined longings and desires. For this reason, we mistake ourselves when we suppose that wilderness can...
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...types of pollution Preservation of trees Animal experimentation Disagreement • Business Utilitarianism Anthropocentric ethics Kantian theory Counterargument Agreement To future generation Giving a great habitat to animals Biocentric ethics Ecocentric ethics Conclusion We live with the world Introduction: Since the environment problem has taken attention in today's society, there have been number of opinions about our obligations with nature. Some people claim that human has the right to act and that nature is here just to satisfy human desires and needs. In the other hand, there is a group of people who state that this argument sound egoist because we are not the only species living in this world and we should share this earth with species. “Individuals can not be used as merely as a means to the end- there are ends in themselves” Kant basic ideas here are that persons have the position to make rational choice about their own lives. They have moral autonomy and fee will. This fact about person confers dignity upon them. They command respect. To treat people as a mean to some other end, be it own welfare or that of others, it is fail to respect their dignity” (Jhon O'Neill, 2008, p. 34) We can clearly see that Kant draws a distinction between person and thing. There is not point to argue Kant Theory since we draw our attention of how important is the use of natural resources for human being sustention and scientific evolution;...
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...popular attractions are all symptoms of a growing population. If recent human population growth rates continue, our numbers could reach 9.4 billion by 2050. The problem is that the Earth has not grown any larger, and the abundance of its resources has not increased—in many cases, quite the opposite. How, then, can Earth sustain all these people? And what is the maximum number of people that could live on Earth, not just for a short time but sustained over a long period? Estimates of how many people the planet can support range from 2.5 billion to 40 billion (a population not possible with today's technology). Why do the estimates vary so widely? Because the answer depends on what quality of life people are willing to accept. Beyond a threshold world population of about 4–6 billion, the quality of life...
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...These inhuman activities are obliging morally some conscious people to think about its protection. As a result, if any pre-emptive measure for maintaining peace and tranquility is taken all over the world, respecting human rights and humanity is considered as prime concern in such exceptional circumstances. Constitution, national laws and international conventions have accommodated few rights emphatically. ‘Right to life’ is that types of rights. In addition, non-complying with many other rights originated from nature is essential; otherwise, enjoyment of ‘right to life’ would be impossible. Safe environment is one of those significant rights which facilitate us to ensure ‘right to life’. Judiciary, legal instrument of national and international arena and Constitution of many countries have contributed significantly to consider safe environment as sine qua non to ‘right to life’. We would try to see how much judiciary, national or international legal documents feel obliged in ethical perspective to emphasize on the importance of safe environment to ensure ‘right to life’ from jurisprudential...
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...a lawful purpose. Capacity: the parties must be adults of sound mind. Describe the various types of contracts. bilateral: BOTH parties make a promise. This is the most common and is used for services, sale of goods and almost anything else. A promise for a promise... unilateral: ONE party makes a promise the the other party can accept only by doing something. This is a less common contract. express: In an express contract the two parties explicitly state all important terms of their agreement. This is the majority of contracts. implied: In an implied contract, the words and conduct of the parties indicate the intended agreement. This is less common. executory: one or more parties has not fulfilled obligations executed: all parties have fulfilled their obligations valid: satisfies all of the law's requirements unenforceable agreement: the parties intend to form a valid bargain but a court declares that some rule of law prevents enforcing it voidable: the law permits one party to terminate the agreement void agreement: neither party can enforce, usually because the purpose of the deal is illegal or one of the parties had no legal authority to make a contract Identify and describe the theories of recovery in contract law. express: In an express contract the two parties explicitly state all important terms of their agreement. This is the majority of contracts. (promise explicitly made, contract) implied: In an implied contract, the words and conduct of...
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...The Forensics Files - 2 – The LD File Civil Disobedience Index Topic Overview 3-7 Definitions 8-10 Affirmative Cases 11-19 Negative Cases 20-25 Affirmative Extensions 26-34 Civil disobedience worked to free India. 26 Civil disobedience overthrew the communists in Poland. 26 The tradition of civil disobedience in America goes all the way back to the founders. 26 Civil disobedience can serve to prevent situations from escalating into violence. 27 Civil Disobedience has been used to promote peace. 27 Civil disobedience was used to promote racial equality. 27 Civil disobedience is used to try to prevent the destruction of the environment. 27 Civil disobedience is effective at changing the law. 28 Legal channels can take too long. 28 Consent to obey just laws does not imply consent to obey unjust ones. 28 Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience...
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...BUSINESS ETHICS GROUP ASSIGNMENT WHAT LIES BENEATH THE BEAUTY Adityo Prasidi (1340000582) Cinthya Natalia (1340001244) Jeannie Purnamasari (1340001175) Karina Rizki (1340001130) Niltha Mathias (1340000462) Oktavius Ivoni (1340000771) Regvred Reinaldo (1340000784) Talita Anggreni (1340001023) TABLE OF CONTENT WHAT LIES BENEATH THE BEAUTY 1 CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND: UNILEVER 2 1.1 Company Background: Unilever 2 1.2 Overview of Unilever Indonesia 3 1.3 Unilever Indonesia Foundation 3 1.4 Overview of Dove Products 4 1.5 Environmental Record 5 CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDY: UNILEVER VS GREENPEACE 7 2.1 Indonesia Palm Oil Plantation 7 2.2 Unilever Palm Oil Suppliers 11 2.3 Environment Destruction Caused by Palm Oil Plantations 14 2.3.1 Deforestation 15 2.3.2 Destruction of Orang Utan Habitat 17 2.4 The Impact to Unilever 18 CHAPTER 3 CASE ANALYSIS 19 3.1 Ethical Theory 19 3.1.1 The Stockholder Theory 19 3.1.2 The Stakeholder Theory 20 3.1.3 The Social Contract Theory 20 3.2 Triple Bottom Line 21 3.2.1 People 21 3.2.2 Planet 22 3.2.3 Profit 22 3.3 Environmental Issues of Business Ethics 22 3.3.1 Business and Ecology 23 3.3.2 The Ethics of Environmental Protection 24 3.3.3 Who Should Pay the Cost of Environmental Damage 24 3.3.4 Regulation 24 3.3.5 The Value of Nature 24 3.4 Ethical Issues 25 3.4.1 Environment Destruction 26 3.4.2 Violating the RSPOs Principles 28 3.4.3 Unilever Failure of Screening its Suppliers’ Code of Conduct 30 3.4.4 Government...
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...PETER SINGER ETHICS AND INTUITIONS (Received 25 January 2005; accepted 26 January 2005) ABSTRACT. For millennia, philosophers have speculated about the origins of ethics. Recent research in evolutionary psychology and the neurosciences has shed light on that question. But this research also has normative significance. A standard way of arguing against a normative ethical theory is to show that in some circumstances the theory leads to judgments that are contrary to our common moral intuitions. If, however, these moral intuitions are the biological residue of our evolutionary history, it is not clear why we should regard them as having any normative force. Research in the neurosciences should therefore lead us to reconsider the role of intuitions in normative ethics. KEY WORDS: brain imaging, David Hume, ethics, evolutionary psychology, Henry Sidgwick, Immanuel Kant, intuitions, James Rachels, John Rawls, Jonathan Haidt, Joshua D. Greene, neuroscience, trolley problem, utilitarianism 1. INTRODUCTION In one of his many fine essays, Jim Rachels criticized philosophers who ‘‘shoot from the hip.’’ As he put it: The telephone rings, and a reporter rattles off a few ‘‘facts’’ about something somebody is supposed to have done. Ethical issues are involved – something alarming is said to have taken place – and so the ‘‘ethicist’’ is asked for a comment to be included in the next day’s story, which may be the first report the public will have seen about the events...
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...R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 Each Routledge Q&A contains approximately 50 questions on topics commonly found on exam papers, with answer plans and comprehensive suggested answers. Each book also offers valuable advice as to how to approach and tackle exam questions and how to focus your revision effectively. New Aim Higher and Common Pitfalls boxes will also help you to identify how to go that little bit further in order to get the very best marks and highlight areas of confusion. And now there are further opportunities to hone and perfect your exam technique online. New editions publishing in 2011: Civil Liberties & Human Rights Commercial Law Company Law Constitutional & Administrative Law Contract Law Criminal Law Employment Law English Legal System Routledge Q&A series Equity & Trusts European Union Law Evidence Family Law Jurisprudence Land Law Medical Law Torts For a full listing, visit http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/revision R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 David Brooke Senior Lecturer in Law and Module Leader in Jurisprudence at Leeds Metropolitan University Fifth edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the U S A and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011...
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...The Decline and Fall of Literature November 4, 1999 ANDREW DELBANCO E-mail Print [pic]Share [pic] [pic]In Plato’s Cave[pic] by Alvin Kernan A couple of years ago, in an article explaining how funds for faculty positions are allocated in American universities, the provost of the University of California at Berkeley offered some frank advice to department chairs, whose job partly consists of lobbying for a share of the budget. “On every campus,” she wrote, “there is one department whose name need only be mentioned to make people laugh; you don’t want that department to be yours.”1 The provost, Carol Christ (who retains her faculty position as a literature professor), does not name the offender—but everyone knows that if you want to locate the laughingstock on your local campus these days, your best bet is to stop by the English department. The laughter, moreover, is not confined to campuses. It has become a holiday ritual for The New York Times to run a derisory article in deadpan Times style about the annual convention of the Modern Language Association, where thousands of English professors assemble just before the new year. Lately it has become impossible to say with confidence whether such topics as “Eat Me; Captain Cook and the Ingestion of the Other” or “The Semiotics of Sinatra” are parodies of what goes on there or serious presentations by credentialed scholars.2 At one recent English lecture, the speaker discussed a pornographic “performance artist”...
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...ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE REVIEW OF COST-BENEFIT ASSESSMENT IN THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH JUNE 2003 REPORT OF THE COST-BENEFIT WORKING GROUP OF THE ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE PREFACE Letter to the Minister from Michael Banner, Chair of the Animal Procedures Committee 17 June 2003 Dear Ms Flint ANIMAL PROCEDURES COMMITTEE: RECOMMENDATIONS ON COST-BENEFIT ASSESSMENT UNDER THE ANIMALS (SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES) ACT 1986 On behalf of the Animal Procedures Committee I enclose the Committee’s report on cost-benefit assessment. In it we address the adequacy of the current cost-benefit assessment performed in the course of evaluating project licence applications. We have sought to look at the many issues which arise in relation to this important element of the regulation of the use of animals, but would draw attention to three particular aspects of our work. In the first place we have addressed the fundamental question as to scientific validity of the use of animals. We believe that our considerations and conclusions offer an important clarification of the debate and fulfil the request made by your predecessor, Mike O’Brien, to provide advice on this issue. Secondly, while we conclude that some uses of animals may yield scientific knowledge, we argue that this does not settle the question of justification. We go on to elucidate the full range of factors which must be considered for there to be a rigorous application of the cost-benefit assessment. Thirdly, we also consider how...
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...1. Introduction 1.1 From the dawn of human civilization, we, human being are directly or indirectly dependent to each other. For our better living, we created family, then formed group/society, then country and international community. Each individual, each family, each group and each country are dependent on each other by some means. For the easy exchange of dependency, people introduced business. “Business is defined as the exchange of goods, services or money for mutual benefit or profit.” (Skinner and Ivanncevich, 1992, p.8) The organizations that involve in profit making activities are called business organizations. Business may be trade, commerce or industry. To make business organized, it must be governed by some rules and regulations which we call business laws. Each country has independent business laws. Business organizations must operate within the boundaries of laws and government regulations. 1.2 Laws have been developed not only to protect consumers but also to preserve competition. Government agencies enforce these laws at the federal, state, and local levels. Business firms that do not comply with the laws face fines and other penalties. 2. Aim The aim of this assignment is to give a general idea regarding the laws that affect business. 3. Scope In this assignment I have limited my focus on the laws of Bangladesh that affect business. However, I have also focused on some of the laws of USA, UK and India those affect business but not yet clearly...
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...other Ordinaries of Places having Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See. That the spirit of revolutionary change, which has long been disturbing the nations of the world, should have passed beyond the sphere of politics and made its influence felt in the cognate sphere of practical economics is not surprising. The elements of the conflict now raging are unmistakable, in the vast expansion of industrial pursuits and the marvelous discoveries of science; in the changed relations between masters and workmen; in the enormous fortunes of some few individuals, and the utter poverty of the masses; in the increased self-reliance and closer mutual combination of the working classes; as also, finally, in the prevailing moral degeneracy. The momentous gravity of the state of things now obtaining fills every mind with painful apprehension; wise men are discussing it; practical men are proposing schemes; popular meetings, legislatures, and rulers of nations are all busied with it -- actually there is no question which has taken a deeper hold on the public mind. 2. Therefore, venerable brethren, as on former occasions when it seemed opportune to refute false teaching, We have addressed you in the interests of the Church and of the common weal, and have issued letters bearing on political power, human liberty, the Christian constitution of the State, and like matters, so have We thought it expedient now to speak on the condition of the working...
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...Learning Unit 1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship Define and compare entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the process of conceptualising, organising, launching and — through innovation — nurturing a business opportunity into a potentially high growth venture in a complex, unstable environment. Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs are those individuals who discover market needs and launch new firms to meet those needs. They are risk takers who provide an impetus for change, innovation and progress in economic life. Intrapreneurship: Intrapreneurship is the form of entrepreneurship which takes place in existing businesses around new products, services or markets. Intrapreneur: Intrapreneurs are innovative employees who either rejuvenate existing organisations or create new ventures within a corporate structure. Intrapreneurs are also referred to as internal or corporate entrepreneurs. Discuss the entrepreneurial motivation. Push Factors: Poor remuneration Lack of Job advancement Restrictive employers Potential restructuring and / or retrenchment Inability to secure a job Lack of innovation in the current workplace Pull Factors The motivation of profit The need for a challenge and self actualisation The desire for independence The desire to improve one’s community Describe the profile of an entrepreneur. Prominent among the character traits of successful entrepreneurs have the following traits: * * The ability...
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