...The Negative Effects of Digging the Panama Canal Several historical events have impacted the world in which we live, and some of those events have impacted history forever. Whether these events prove to be beneficial or unbeneficial for our future, only time will tell, but one event that clearly proves to have a significant effect on history is the digging of the Panama Canal. This paper will examine the negative events that occurred while digging the Panama Canal. In addition, this paper will examine what has been learned based on those negative effects. In digging the Panama Canal, builders and contractors faced many challenges that went far beyond the construction of the Panama Canal itself. The deadly endemic diseases of Yellow Fever...
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...Malaria is a disease impact the human health throughout the universe. It is a dangerous and it can be a life threatening disease. Also, it being to be more serious especially when it infects pregnant women or children. Malaria has cure ,so it can be treated efficiently. But, it becomes fatal if it is not detected and treatment early. Malaria is transported to human by certain type of mosquitoes or from another person that has infected. It has many symptoms, most of them resemble the symptoms of usual diseases such as flu. People can get the Malaria infection in all ages . Most of the Malaria cases are detected in Africa. Malaria has four different types each of them has specific parasite which is a primary cause of it . Malaria is...
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...The last section of this book discusses many of the ideology’s that have resulted in failed treatment for malaria. The author discusses how over the centuries research on malaria has searched for a single cure to the problem. She shows how this futile search for a single answer to malaria has led to years of wasted effort and resources. Malaria is a constantly evolving disease and so research and cures need to evolve along with it if we wish to conquer malaria. She also points out that the fight against malaria needs to be ongoing and we can’t stop research simply because there is currently a solution for malaria. When the United States found that DDT killed the mosquitos that carried malaria they almost entirely stopped research on malaria...
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...Infectious disease | Impact on individual | Impact on society | Impact on Environment | Malaria in Urban Tanzania | Symptoms of malaria can have the following impact on an individual; high temperature, headache, sweating, vomiting, diarrhoea and muscles ache.These symptoms are common in other diseases too, so it is important for the doctor to take more tests or identify more severe symptoms such as severe anaemia, cerebral malaria; causes seizures etc. In terms of the symptoms; With some types of malaria, the fever occurs in 48-hour cycles. During these cycles, you feel cold at first with shivering. You then develop a fever, accompanied by severe sweating and fatigue. These symptoms usually last between 6 and 12 hours.Disease prognosis - if malaria is diagnosed early and the correct medication is given the prognosis of the disease is good. However if treatment is not given to the individual when needed it can result in their disease developing further. | The disease malaria can have effects on society these are some points; 1. Public health expenditures. 2. Inpatient hospital admissions. 3. Outpatient health clinic visits. 4. Increases the amount of people to be off from school and work. 5. It will decrease tourism. 6. Inhibits foreign investment. 7. Affects crop production. | Malaria has not been properly avoided as the widespread of insecticide spray has led to environmental issues occurring. This can also lead to health issues for example when the pesticide...
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... 4 May 2015 Malaria Outline I. Introduction A. “Grabber” B. Road Map C. Thesis: Due to the negative impact of Malaria, organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and ALMA should work to find a cure and help prevent the disease from spreading to more people in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and Asia. II. History of Malaria A. Anopheles mosquito i. Species of the Plasmodium protozoan ii. How the strain infects a person B. How it was believed to be started i. Swamps, bogs, wetlands ii. People who found it III. Effects A. Early Diagnose i. Resembles many other diseases ii. Early symptoms- explain them B. 3 stages of Malaria- explain them C. People who were believed to have got it and died from it IV. First-hand Account A. Mandy George Story i. What happened to her ii. How she got treated V. Treatments A. Treatments used to help patients with Malaria- name and describe them i. Quinine, Chloroquine, Herbs, RTS, and antibiotics, bed nets B. Self-testing Kit i. Cost of it ...
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...Culture and Disease: Malaria Jocelyn M. Atkinson HCS/235 September 12, 2011 Windy Tanner Culture and Disease: Malaria There are 300 million cases of malaria globally each year, resulting in more than one million deaths. Ninety percent of the deaths caused by malaria occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is the leading cause of death in children under age five. Malaria constitutes as ten percent of the continents overall disease burden. Africa has a tremendous amount of the malaria burden due to the Anophelus genus mosquito. This species of mosquito is the only species that can transmit the disease. Malaria cannot be transferred directly from one person to another. It has to be contracted from the bite of a mosquito. The female Anophelus picks up the parasite from an infected person when she bites to obtain blood needed to foster her eggs. Once inside the mosquito, the parasite develops and reproduces. This parasite needs an incubation period of one week before it can actually be spread. When the mosquito bites another person, the parasite mixes with its saliva and then passes it into the blood stream of the person bitten. Once the parasite has entered the body, it travels to the liver where it can remain dormant for months or years. When in the liver, the parasite can multiply rapidly. The parasite attacks the red blood cells destroying them and obstructing the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and other vital organs. Symptoms typically...
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...Malaria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malaria Malaria.jpg A Plasmodium from the saliva of a female mosquito moving across a mosquito cell Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD-10 B50-B54 ICD-9-CM 084 OMIM 248310 DiseasesDB 7728 MedlinePlus 000621 eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357 Patient UK Malaria MeSH C03.752.250.552 Orphanet 673 Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Plasmodium.[1] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death.[2] The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.[1] In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2] The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood.[1] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread...
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...DETERMINING EFFECTIVESS OF DELTAMETHRIN AND CARBOSULFAN, AND THEIR SYNERGIST EFFECT IN CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES BY OCHIENG’ JAMES WYCLIFFE S12/21157/12 A research proposal submitted to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science & Technology of Egerton University. EGERTON UNIVERSITY 2015 DECLARATION I, Ochieng’ James Wycliffe, hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Candidate: Sign ……………………………… Date……………………………….. …. RECOMMENDATION Supervisors: This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as supervisor Dr. Vincent Adunga, Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biology, Egerton University. Sign: …………………………………………Date: …………………………………… ABSTRACT The development and spread of insecticide resistance in the population of Anophene species, a major vector of malaria in Kenya, presents a serious threat to the progress made in malaria control interventions. This has significantly contributed to negative gains in eradication of mosquito population that spread malaria hence increased cases of deaths due to the disease. With this resistance to insecticides on the rise, surveillance of the target population for optimal choice of insecticides is a necessity. The objective of this study is thus to assess the level of insecticides...
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...However, the artemisinin derivatives (artemether, arteether, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin) have proved to be as effective as quinine and have less adverse effects. Furthermore, in some areas the malaria parasite has developed resistance to quinine. Nowadays artesunate is the drug of first choice for the treatment of cerebral malaria. It is given by intravenous injection in a dose of 2.4mg/kg body weight twice daily on the first day followed by 2.4 mg/kg once daily for another 6 days. If the artemisinin drugs are not available quinine should be used. Quinine loading dose (20 mg salt/kg body weight over 4 hours) should be given intravenously as soon as possible. Eight hours after the loading dose treatment is continued with the intravenous infusion of 30 mg salt/kg per day. Quinine treatment requires careful monitoring as the drug may cause hypoglycaemia and hypotension. The clinical outcome also depends on the timely and appropriate management of acute complications of cerebral malaria, including cerebral oedema, hypoglycaemia (especially when quinine is used because it causes insulin release from pancreatic cells), shock, hyponatraemia, acidosis, pulmonary oedema, and acute renal...
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...Introduction Scientific frauds could be also called as knowledgeable deception and they are high on rise, some of them stayed within the scientific community making headlines and some them have reached the public who have paid the price of such frauds such as in the case of Autism linked MMR vaccine, which had caused a stir and people still remain to be affected by it and then there is the case of Woo-Suk Hwang,an stem cell researcher who rose to fame however soon it was known that the data was fabricated and the papers were retracted.The general public wasnt affected by it however it does involve and time and money to replicate such results and which is never acheived. So it actually a fraud or a human error, the only difference between a fraud and an error is intention. It could be argued that is there any room for scientists to make errors and yes we all are capable of making errors, they can make errors too however they have the chance to correct such errors before publishing such data instead such papers do see the light of the day, a lot is dependent on these scientific researchers then why is the data tampered and results are achieved per the own needs, a research shouldn’t driven as per the needs of an individual or for any sector [1]. It is based on any actual data which may eventually lead to saving lives or aiming for a better world or better resources or a better environment. Driving factors for scientific frauds Science is a result driven discipline, a ‘Publish...
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...Intro Malaria has been affecting many countries such as Africa by claiming many lives from adults to young kids. Transmission is high is most of the places such as Africa, South America, and South Asia. (Graph 1) There are five types of malaria that are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. Alphonse Laveran was the first to discover parasites in the blood of a patient that was suffering from malaria in 1880. On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British office in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. This paper will discuss history, causes, prevention, and treatment of malaria. Pathophysiology Malaria causes disease through a number of pathways, which depends on the species. Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus Plasmodium. There are five types which infect human beings Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. All these species are lead into the human blood stream through the bite of an infected mosquito, the life stage of malaria at this point is called a sporozoite and they pass first to the liver, where they undergo an initial stage of replication called exo-erythrocytic replication, before passing back into the blood and invading red blood cells called erythrocytes, therefore this is the erythrocytic part of the cycle...
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...Health is often defined as complete physical, social, and mental wellbeing; not only the absence of sickness. It is shown that the effects of climate change in the Anthropocene era have an impact on all aspects of human health. While illness and disease are constant elements of human existence, the causes and ways in which they are treated is constantly evolving. Using an ecological framework to examine human sickness and health reminds us that there is no sole cause of either—and that public health is impacted by many—often interacting—elements on both the individual and global level. Professor Monica White defines the Anthropocene as the “current geological period where human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and environment” (White 2/1/2018). The changing climate of the Anthropocene era plays a large role in impacting human health and disease-- from disease outbreaks to natural disasters the effects of climate change have a monumental impact on sickness and health. As an example, the raising global temperatures cause mosquitos to become...
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...Overview of Malaria as a Microbial Disease Students Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Quinn et.al. (2011) defines microbial diseases as sickness or ailments that affect animals and humans as a result of the introduction of one or four different types of microbes. For instance, Sorvari and Pirttila (2008) define microbes as tiny invisible disease-causing organisms only seen by the use of a powerful. Notably, there are four different types of pathogens that cause sickness. These are viral diseases that are the most common type of microbe causing diseases to human beings. Examples of viral diseases include AIDS, chicken pox, influenza and measles (World Health Organization, 2004). Bacterial diseases such as anthrax, cholera, chlamydia and peptic ulcer diseases give an account of the second class of microbial diseases. Fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot and Dutch elm disease form the third class whereas protozoan diseases occupy the fourth place in the division and consist of diseases such as malaria, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organization (2004) an epidemic refers to a rapid spread of infectious diseases to affect large numbers of people in a given location. For example, the spread of meningococcal infection. Endemic diseases are infections with the ability to remain constant in a given region without the need for external inputs such as malaria and chicken pox. In addition, pandemics are diseases that spread throughout...
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...Environmental Effects of Global Warming The greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that are talked about by geologists all the time. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures that are livable. Energy from the sun warms the earth when its heat rays are absorbed by greenhouse gasses and become trapped in the atmosphere. Some of the most common greenhouse gasses are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no greenhouse gasses, very few rays would be absorbed and the earth would be extremely cold. When too many rays are absorbed, the earth?s atmosphere starts to warm, which leads to global warming. Global warming can lead to many problems that affects the environment in which we live. In order to talk about global warming, we must first learn what causes the greenhouse effect. A lot of the rays from the sun are absorbed by water vapor that is naturally in our atmosphere. Water vapor accounts for ?80 percent of natural greenhouse warming. The remaining 20 percent is due to other gasses that are present in very small amounts? (Murck, Skinner and Porter 488). Carbon dioxide is also a big absorber of the sun?s heat rays. Humans can cause a lot of carbon dioxide to be released. Every time we burn fossil fuels, we release more carbon dioxide. Emissions from cars also increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere more...
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...Jill Cottle Econ 2302 Professor Nervo July 30, 2013 Deforestation and its Effects Deforestation is a prosperous business. Land is cleared to make room for infrastructures and other transportation which links once inaccessible populations to valued marketplaces and vice-versa. The scope of the problem with deforestation has been seen world-wide from the Brazilian Amazon, Indonesia, Russia, and even in the United States. Deforestation has a big payoff in the beginning; as trees are cleared, the lumber is sold and the bustle surrounding deforestation entices migrant laborers who profit from the freshly accessible acreage, lumber, and natural resources (Walsh, 2009). While deforestation is beneficial in the beginning, the ecological effects of the deforestation take a toll on our environment. Many studies have been done to analyze the effects of deforestation in and around local villages, as well as mountainous regions. Each study has a purpose for looking into the effects of deforestation. One study looks at the effect of deforestation and the connection within malaria-endemic areas, specifically in the village of Cacao in French Guiana. In this study the authors are looking at the run off issue associated with the endemic of malaria. They used a group of 839 people living permanently within the village between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 (Basurko et al, 2013). The information about the number of people for each domiciliary, the total of confirmed cases of...
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