...church. Despite the persecution, this group of believers had faith that Jesus would return. As time passed, however, their hope began to wane. The book of Revelation as a whole is a letter to the early Christian Church to encourage them to maintain faithful witness despite persecution and temptation. Revelation reminds us that, even though Christ is no longer on earth, we have Christ in us. He empowers us and gives us hope for the future. He removes all evil so as to transform and renew His creation. He brings peace and a future to those who are sealed. He promises us all things new and, for those who reject him, all things of judgment. When John refers to a new heaven and a new earth he is not just talking about a new version of the same thing, he is talking about God making a complete transformation of His creation. He does not use terms like “heaven” and “earth” because those are literally becoming new but, more likely, he uses those terms because they make sense to him. What he is seeing is beyond his own comprehension and he is trying to put the vision into words that will make sense to his audience. We might be able to understand the old earth passing away but it is difficult to imagine heaven will also dissolve....
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...Bible 104 7/10/15 New Testament Dictionary Project 2 Jesus Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, in the “City of David. Jesus Crist was circumcised on the “8th day.” Jesus mother name is Mary and his adoptive fathers name is Joseph. Both parents live in the City of Nazareth, Nazareth is a Galilean town within the “territory of Zebulun.” At the age of 12, Jesus began talking to religious teachers. As Jesus grew older his wisdom increased. At the age of 30 Jesus was by baptized by John the baptized. Jesus was led by the Holy Sprite in the wilderness where he was fasting “40 days and 40 nights.” At Jebel Qarantal west of Jericho. Jesus was known as the Messiah, the King of the Jews. Jesus was born to save mankind from their sins. Jesus worshiped the synagogues on the Sabbath day. About that time Jesus began to gather his disciples possible, around about the year of 70 A.D. which where twelve. Their names are, (John, Andrew, and Peter, Philip, Nathanael, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, Simon and Judas Iscariot and James.) In the city of Galilee Jesus turns water into wine. Jesus disciples, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John wrote the four gospels of Jesus Christ. Jesus travel different cities like, Galilee, Capernaum, and Jerusalem. Jesus is known for his mercies and healing the sick, rising the dead, opening the blinded eyes. Jesus had to stand trial before the authorities about “9am on Friday outside the walls of Jerusalem to the hill of Golgotha.” Jesus was 33 when he died, possibly...
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...MB532 READING AND INTERPRETING THE NEW TESTAMENT ASSIGNMENT 1: SHORT STUDY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT WORLD KRISTINA TODD DR SARAH HARRIS DUE: 6 AUGUST 2015 WORD COUNT: 824 It is important to examine The Temple and Jerusalem’s past, to understand their significance to First Century Jewish People. Acknowledging what the temple meant before and after the diaspora, and the similarities and differences between the first and second temples, is vital to determine Herod’s Temples significance. Before the diaspora Judaism focused solely on using the Temple for sacrifices, festivals and honouring God. The Jews were a community who gathered to celebrate The Passover, Pentecost and Festival of Booths each year to remember their past and thankfulness to God . These festivals gave the Jews a sense of identity, illustrating where they came from and who they were. After the diaspora, when Solomon’s temple was destroyed in 586BC by the Babylonians, Jewish faith changed, to accommodate the lack of a temple and homeland. In their exile, Jews had to discover a way to repent and worship God without the Temple. Before its destruction, “God was inseparable from the Temple,” to the Jewish society. Synagogues were created during their exile to debate scripture and pray, as a substitute for the temple. It has been believed, that Jews dependence on the second temple spiritually speaking was not as strong as with the first temple. Many diaspora Jews chose not to attend festivals regularly...
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...1272. In general, reasons and motivational factors behind crusades are classified as subjective in nature. The goal of the Christian in this war was to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim possession and retook the control of the holy land. While, Muslims at the beginning of this war were on defensive side and failed to sustain their kingdom. However, after the third crusade, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem and included this state in his Kingdom of Egypt. This paper briefly describes the reasons and impacts of crusades which affected Europe in terms of politics, economy and social system and benefits. Table of Contents John Q. Student Professor Doe English 344 8 May 2000 Crusades Introduction The human history has seen numerous wars which have been fought to achieve the strategic goals of the states. Most of the wars reflect the intention of territorial expansion, acquiring additional resources of occupied land, settling down the political instability and to create balance or dominancy in terms of power in the region. However, history also witnesses to the fact that there are many wars that were fought on the name of religion. Crusades, among them, are generally referred as holy war or series of religious military actions to conquer the land of Jerusalem which has religious significance for major religions of the world including Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The crusades which occurred between the years of 1095...
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...series of Wars fought over the Holy Land Jerusalem, between Christian Europe and Muslim Asia. Jerusalem held a high significance to Christians because the Church of the Sepulchre was built upon the hill Christ was crucified on top of. The start of the Crusades was influenced by Pope Claremount in 1095. There were about nine crusades in total, the first four were known as the Principal crusades, and the four remaining, Minor crusades. The Holy crusades had many effects on both Europe and Asia. Before the 11th century most Christians were encouraged and even welcomed by the Muslim people of Jerusalem to journey on pilgrimages to experience Christ. Muslims had an open policy for pilgrims seeing them as a source of revenue. In the 1065 the Turkish took over control of Jerusalem and murdered Christians. The Pope Urban II hired a man named Peter the Hermit, a native monk of France, to spread the word and influence people to stand up and fight against the Infidels controlling Jerusalem and attacking Europe. August 15th 1096 marked the start of the crusades into Asia. The most important Crusades are the first four known as the Principle crusades. 3000 Christians were slaughtered in Jerusalem, prompting the first crusade, known as the People’s Crusade, made up of all kinds of classes of people, men, women, and children. Many preachers’ excited people of Europe, swaying them with their words of “Gods Will” to set out on a march to Jerusalem. The first crusade was mostly unarmed and...
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...INTRODUCTION In Religious terms if we define Divinity, so it is the state of things which come from a deity or supernatural power, such as God and therefore are regarded as holy or sacred. These things are divine due to their transcendental origin. Divine things are eternal and also they are based in truth. These Divine things are visions, prophecies, grace, miracles, salvation, and apparitions. The word “Divine” literally means “Godlike”. Divine force or power are the forces that are universal. Divinity always carries the connotations of beauty, goodness, justice, beneficence, positive and pro-social attributes. In monotheistic faiths there is an equivalent group of malefic supernormal beings and powers, like the demons, afreet and devils etc. They are not conventionally referred to as divine, for them what used is demonic. Demons, devils, afreet, etc., which are not conventionally referred to as divine; demonic is often used instead. Polytheistic and pantheistic faiths never make such distinctions. About the power of divine many writers have talked about in English literature, one among them is William Blake who was a 19th century poet, writer and artist. Blake is regarded as a very influential figure of the romantic age because of his writings which have influenced the artists and writers through ages. He was a major poet and considered as an original thinker. William Blake was a visionary poet, and a greatest contributor to art and English literature. Blake was born...
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...Jerusalem and It’s Changes. Jerusalem was a very significant piece of land for the Romans. The second temple period was an important time for Jerusalem as The Roman Empire accepted Christianity in 324. Jerusalem was constantly an area of conflict. It was always caught in the middle of wars between powerful rulers. The Second Temple period in Jerusalem was very important to the Roman Empire. Jerusalem went through major changes during this era. It went from Persian rule to Hellenistic to Hasmonean to finally Herodian, which was coming to an end when Jesus was born (Freedman vol.3 p. 757-758). Jewish exile plays a very important role in the history of Christianity. Exiled elders feared for their young as they began to adapt to the Babylonian culture that surrounded them. One of the Genesis stories was created as a result of this. They also started practicing things like Sabbath. This exile from and back to Jerusalem helped shape many of the Jewish customs we see today. For example, the Hebrew calendar was adapted. It also saw Torah as being the central role in their lives. Many of the books mark this exile. Daniel 1-6, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, three youths (Esdras 3:1-5:6). The books of Tobit and Judith. 2 Chronicles talks about the end of the exile as it refers to it as the Sabbath of the Land. Jerusalem is also a very significant place for Christianity. Jesus was there as a child (Luke 2:22). Jesus also preached there. He also healed there. This is recorded in the...
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...relationship to Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher was a bit difficult to find. But the deeper I looked into the history of the Ethiopian people, I have found that there Jewish roots connects them to Jerusalem further back than the newly revised version of the Holy Sepulcher’s presence. Currently they live in a kind of African village on the roof called, Deir Sultan, but many centuries ago they once held services and lived inside one of the Holy Sepulcher chapels. According to biblical history, Ethiopians presence has been in the region of Jerusalem since 1000 B.C., surviving for more than 1500 years through many wars and challenges. Though there has been many landlord changes in Jerusalem and the Middle East, Ethiopian monks have retained there monastic covenant until the mid-19th century. This is how the Armenians and Coptics expanded control over Ethiopians. Since the Ethiopian’s historical records were destroyed they were unable to provide evidence or claims to their original chapel inside the Holy Sepulcher. Today the ownership of the church is shared between the Greek Orthodox, Catholics, and Armenian Orthodox. The three minor Orthodox communities Coptic, Syriac and Ethiopian Orthodox have rights to use certain areas of the Church, Leaving the Ethiopian monks and nuns as the only black presence in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulcher. Ethiopian monks have recorded historical data saying that Queen Helena of Rome gave them the keys to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem since the 4th century...
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...Holy Land and liberate the city of Jerusalem. He called on the knights in a response to a request from Emperor Alexios I who wanted to stop the invading Turks from Anatolia. 2. June, 1097 The Crusaders have taken Nicaea The Crusaders along with serfs, and peasants from the Christian world have taken the walled city of Nicaea from Kilij Arslan I, who is a Seljuk sultan. The Crusaders reached Constantinople then crossed into Asia Minor. Then advanced to Nicaea where they then took control of the city. 3. June, 1098 Crusaders just broke into Antioch...
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...Alexius to ask Pope Urban II for help in the form of mercenary soldiers in 1095. The relationship of the Christians between the east and west were never great; but at the time of the request they had been improving, so the request was granted. The Pope at the time, Urban II at the council of Clermont called for all the Christians in the west to go help the eastern empire defeat the Muslims, recapture the holy land, and Aid the Byzantines. The response was great as many westerners were eager to fight in the name of the church, so much so, they wore the cross as a symbol of the Church. “To provide a focus for commitment and a sign of distinction, Urban instituted the ceremonial granting of crosses to those who had sworn to undertake the Jerusalem journey. Thus, they became ‘signed with the cross’, crucesignati.” [1]...
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...believes of Islam and Christianity, and during the time of the Crusades tension was an understatement. The main goal was to take control of the sacred land, Jerusalem. These two religions had different interpretation on what to believe in. They believed that their beliefs were correct and the other was just an interpretation of their’s that was changed slightly. Both of these religions revolve around god, their are just smaller aspects that are different between the two. The Muslims were the first group to gain control of Jerusalem during the First Crusade. They took the sacred land of Jerusalem from the Franks who were so frightened by the Muslim army that they surrendered the city over for 30,000 dinar ransom for the poor. “Balian ibn Brazan offered 30,000 dinar as a ransom for the poor, which was accepted, and the city surrendered… the Muslim flags were hoisted over the walls of Jerusalem…(Heritage Reader, 173). As the Muslims raided through their new cit the Franks moaned and groaned, while the Muslims sang cried Allah akbar in much joy. The Muslims gained control over Jerusalem during the Muslim conquest. The Roman Catholics of Europe and their leader Pope Urban II, wanted to regain the land that had been taken from the Franks. The Roman Catholics believed that the Muslims had tarnished the holy land of Jerusalem with their Islamic beliefs. “They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They have destroyed alters...
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...The LORD God sent the Messiah into the world, with His pending resurrection, and that He would die once. He knew that He had to go into Jerusalem, because the prophecy could not be fulfilled outside of Jerusalem. Earlier, Jesus proclaimed, "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you, how often I have longed to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were not willing.” It was a woeful farewell to the beloved holy city Jerusalem. Jerusalem was the place that Christ has affixed as His home, because it was the place that the King of Israel was to keep watch over the favored capital of His chosen people. The LORD loved Israel and even when Moses judged them, He never totally withdrew His love from them. He bore them under His wings and protected them, as an eagle does her chicks. He lamented that even after their long and continuous relationship they rejected the one that the LORD God sent and they were not repentant. He responded to the rejection by saying, “But you denied the Holy and...
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...City |Country |Notes | | |Sukhumi |[pic] Abkhazia |De facto independent state recognised by| | | |Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, | | | |South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed | | | |in whole by Republic of Georgia as | | | |the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. | |Kabul |[pic] Afghanistan | | |Episkopi Cantonment |[pic] Akrotiri and Dhekelia |British Overseas Territory | |Tirana |[pic] Albania | | |Algiers |[pic] Algeria | | |Pago Pago |[pic] American Samoa |Territory of the United States | |Andorra la Vella |[pic] Andorra | | |Luanda ...
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...would take a vow and granted indulgences. The Crusades are often related to pilgrimages, spreading Christian love and piety that paid for penalties earned by sin. Crusades were a combination of Holy war and pilgrimage to produce the concept of indulgence, “remission of penance and/or sin granted by papacy for participation in sacred activity”. This paper will be looking to answer the question, “Although there were clearly political, intellectual, and technological benefits to Europe as a result of the Crusades, can it be said that the Crusades advanced the cause of Christ?” Scholars argue what is covered as a Crusade and what is not. There are traditionalists that limit the true crusades to expeditions aimed at recovering or protecting Jerusalem. Pluralists, regard any expedition preached as a crusade in which the participants took crusading vows and received crusading privileges should be regarded as crusades. I will try to touch on both sides throughout this paper. The scope of this paper will cover modern day Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Spain, the Baltic, Italy, Sicily, and Southern France. The Crusades were first launched by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. The traditionalists believe the last Crusades ended...
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...back the Holy Lands, Jerusalem, which was the birhplace of Jesus Christ. The origins of the Crusades lie in the development inWestern Europe during the Middle Ages. In 1063, Pope Alexander II had given his blessing to the Iberian Christians in their wars against the Muslims. Pope Alexander II offered indulgence to those who were killed in battle. A soldier in the Crusades would resite a solemn vow, receive a cross from the hands of the pope or of his legates, and was then considered a "soldier of the Church". The cause of the First Crusade, which took place from 1095 to 1099, was Alexius I's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of Northern Iberia had beenfighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque Country, and Navarre, for about a hundred years. Crusader armies managed to defeat two substantial Turkish forces at Dorylaen and at Antioch. The Crusaders were finally able to journey to Jerusalem, but with only a fraction of their original forces. The fall of Moorish Toledo, a Muslim kingdom, to the Kingdom of Leon, a Christian kingdom, in 1085 was a major victory. An effect of the First Crusade were mass executions of the Jews that accompanied the movement of the Crusader mobs through Europe. Another effect occured in 1099 during the Seige of Jerusalem where the Crusader army...
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