...Insiders/Outsiders The religions of division; some see those who belong to a specific religion as having somewhat of an us versus them mentality thus creating an insiders and outsiders situation as the byproduct of such an atmosphere; this is often the result of any community of people who chose to categorize the population into those who belong to the group from those who don’t. In every religion, that has a law attached to it, there are certain rules and regulations you are expected to follow if you are to fit in. Most religions are more strict then others, the word religion comes from the Latin word, “religare”, which means ‘to bind tightly’, so religion could most definitely defined as something that either can bind tightly around you or you can bind tightly around it. Do they control their religion or does their religion control them. There is an element of separatism that is present in religions. In the religion of Judaism, the Pharisees were known as “the separated ones”, to be separated from the rest of the world, considered special. In the Christian religion, the character of Jesus took issue with these separated ones, who claimed to be speakers on behalf of God, he took issue with them because of their holier then though attitudes. We divide ourselves into groups as soon as we slap labels on each other, I am this and you are that. Although there are always acceptations to the rule, I believe for an organized religion to function, servants are needed to serve the...
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...Examine and asses the usefulness of a theory of crime and deviance in terms of explaining crime and or social problems in modern society. This essay is going to examine and asses the usefulness of labelling theory in our understanding of crime and social problems in modern society. This essay is going to firstly look at what labelling theory is and also look at the key writes that have influenced and help to develop the term labelling theory. The essay will then go on to look at empirical research that has been carried out such as Jock Young’s study of marijuana users and their experience of labelling which in turn led to further deviance and also different examples that will help illustrate the key points being put forward in the essay. Finally it will look at some of the criticisms labelling theorists face. This essay will draw information from academic books, websites and articles to illustrate and support the points of few being put forward in the essay. Interactionist generally sees society from the point of view of individuals. They believe that individuals are creative free thinking people who are able to choose their own behaviour and the also believe that behaviour is self-directed based on the interactions we have with one another. The labelling views on deviance is generally grounded in what is now known as labelling theory which emerged in the 1960’s from the work of American sociologist Howard Becker. Labelling theorists are mainly concerned with how and why certain...
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...The Concept of the Outsider Literature often persecutes the most vulnerable, a person who lacks support and therefore power within society. Described by Terry Eagleton for The Guardian as the “literary mainstream”; these characters are often referred to as the Outsider due to their exclusion from the community in which the text is set. The characters who are referred to as Outsiders can be portrayed in different ways; their initial exclusion from society can ultimately lead to a narrative of their acquisition of power throughout the text but similarly, can portray a story of their maintenance of the minimal power they have over the course of the text’s plot. However, this is not to argue that some Outsiders presented within literature do not have power over the course of the development of the text so, as a consequence, remain excluded from the society. In this case, the text would then be considered an exposition of the character’s experience from their position in society rather than the author’s attempt of trying to integrate their character into society through their work. Furthermore, the author themselves may be considered an Outsider through their own status in society; they command their readers to be Outsiders themselves within the novel. As well as to read and observe the narrative in order to emulate the same feeling within themselves, within the reader or to have a specific impact on the issues surrounding humanity at the time. The contrast in the ways in which...
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...In this essay I will analyse the representation of speech in Justin Bieber’s Never Say Never and thought in Kanye West’s Can’t Tell Me Nothing using approaches developed by G.N. Leech, M.H. Short and S. Rimmon-Kenan. I will use the aspects of Leech and Short’s essay ‘Speech and Thought Presentation’ that I consider to be constructive and compensate the shortcomings of their essay with the improvements – in my view – made in Rimmon-Kenan’s essay. Also, since Rimmon-Kenan’s essay ‘Narration: speech representation’ does not include an account of thought representation, I will convert his distinctions of speech representation. Thus “diegetic summary” (DS) will be “diegetic thought summary” (DTS); “Summary, less ‘purely’ diegetic” will be “Thought Summary, purely diegetic” (TS); “Indirect content paraphrase”(ICP) will be “Indirect thought content paraphrase” (ITC); “Indirect discourse, mimetic to some degree”(ID) will be “ Indirect thought, mimetic to some degree” (IT): “Free indirect discourse” (FID) will be “Free indirect thought” (FIT); “Direct discourse” (DD) will Be “Direct thought” (DT) and “Free direct discourse”(FDD) will be “Free Direct thought” (FDT). ITC, FIT, DT and FDT correspond with Leech and Short’s distinctions (in definition and symbol, except for ITC which correspond with their IT). I will give examples of DTS, TS and ITS: DTS: The bare report of a thought, without any specification of how the thinker felt or the language the thinker used to think. E.g.,...
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...LAW BALANCING COMPETING INTERESTS IN CORPORATE CONTRACTS I. Introduction As an abstract entity, a company can enter into contracts[1] only as a principal through the actions of a natural person (agent) exercising powers within the company’s express or implied authority.[2] Since outsiders and shareholders rarely transact directly, the agent may act opportunistically for their personal benefit.[3] Therefore, the appropriate objective of the law may be balancing in allocations of the risk of fraud and the costs of its avoidance.[4] In other terms, the rule must balance between the business convenience[5] for the outsider and commercial morality factors[6] to prevent fraud.[7] This essay attempts to answer whether the Australian law has got the balance right by analysing the issues relating to remained uncertainties in current statutory provisions. II. Innocent Parties According to the general law of agency, the contract will not bind the company if its agent or organ enters into the contract without actual or apparent authority.[8] This may have harsh outcomes for the outsider who may suffer significant loss (e.g. cases of loan transactions). Therefore, outsiders are always in risky position because of uncertainty of the agent’s authority to enter the contract and unawareness of company’s internal irregularities. On the other hand, if the contract would be binding to the company, the shareholders, who have not authorised the agent to enter into that contract...
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...Laboratory but Affettuoso Naturalism in literature, still popular and widely appreciated nowadays, is a crucial part of the evolution of American literature. In this essay, I’ll explain naturalism from my point of view by referring to some information I found and analyze a few clips of The Age of Innocence in depth to seek the naturalistic technique in it. Naturalism, a prominent literary movement in the mid-19th-century France, spread all its way to many countries’ literature circle and exerted profound effect on the development of the later literature. It is a completely different tune from literally realism while it provided warm-bed for the emergence of the later literal category, temporary literature in America. Though it didn’t last for a long time, plus no systematic formula for it was created, its influence and how popular it was with the readers and critics can be easily seen nowadays. As one of the most well-known naturalists, Zola, once said, “Naturalism, in literature…is the return to nature and to man, direct observation, correct anatomy, the acceptance and the depiction of that which is. The task is the same for the scientist as for the writer. Both have to abandon abstractions for realities, ready-made formulas for rigorous analysis. Hence no more abstract characters in our words, no more history of everyone, the web and woof of the daily life…” We could clearly see that naturalists tend to depict the society and people in the most objective way, trying to...
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...VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM COURSE ETHICS 4.3 with special reference to PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Code 61432100 [final version January 10, 2012] Academic year 2011-2012 Period 3: January. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration: MSc Program Business Administration. Prof. dr. Eduard Kimman course assistant: Karin Tjeerdsma (k.t.tjeerdsma@vu.nl) Background This course, in the setting of various Master Programmes at the Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences, is about the morality of professional people acting in the context of a business organization. Business organizations or organizations as such do have a formal structure in which responsibility ultimately lies with a director or the board of directors. A business organization forms a context for a great variety of decisions. In a juridical perspective the organization is the bearer of numerous transactions. Inside organizations one may find remarkable opportunities for just or unjust behaviour, for moral or immoral behaviour, for situations of equality or inequality which deserve to be evaluated ethically. As FEWEB is a school for the study of economics and business administration in an economic perspective we focus on so-called “economic decisions” which are decisions being taken with some form of economic calculus. In this course we will spend time on questioning whether the economic or financial outcomes of these decisions are morally neutral or deserve some further moral investigation...
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...Chapter 14 Accounting and Financial Statements True / False Questions 1. (p. 425) Only large businesses use the financial information compiled by accountants. FALSE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 2. (p. 425) Accounting is the recording, measurement, and interpretation of financial information. TRUE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 3. (p. 425) Only business organizations use accounting information to demonstrate how their funds are being used. FALSE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 4. (p. 427) The terms accounting and bookkeeping are interchangeable because they mean almost the same thing. FALSE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1 5. (p. 427) Bookkeeping is only one aspect of accounting and involves the recording of routine, day-to-day business transactions. TRUE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 6. (p. 429) Governments are immune from accounting scandals FALSE AACSB: Reflective Thinking Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 Multiple Choice Questions 7. (p. 425) Accountants compile financial information to A. give to competitors. B....
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...This review essay is based on the report “Building Safe, Active Communities: Strong foundations by local people”, the third report written by Baroness Helen Newlove, the Government’s Champion for Active, Safer Communities (Newlove, H, 2012). The report covers issues in areas of community safety, voluntary and community sector as well as community engagement. In Baroness Newlove’s view, “local people are the foundations for safe, active communities”. (Newlove, H, 2012). The report, which highlighted various case studies from different communities, is aimed at offering advice, know-how and a map for grassroots activists to follow, which will bring new ideas that have been proven to work. In essence the report called for a change of culture so neighbourhoods no longer see crime, antisocial behaviour and disorder as someone else’s problem. Furthermore, this review essay will highlight how the policy report engages with the ideas and concept of community as discussed in Book 3 of DD208. It will show how the report draws on evidence and constitutes evidence itself. This review will also reflect the entanglement of community, social welfare and crime control concerns as well as responses to the same. Baroness Newlove was appointed the government’s Champion for Active, Safer Communities in October 2010 and has since then worked with communities across the country to discover the needs and wants of grassroots activists. She highlighted the progress in her first two reports and also announces...
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...Book Review: The Invisible Arab: The Promise and Peril of the Arab Revolution Written By: Marwan Bishara Lilia Gomez INTL 5000 (Fall Semester) The book that I am reviewing is titled The Invisible Arab: The Promise and Peril of the Arab Revolution. It is written by a well-known political analyst named Marwan Bishara. Mr. Bishara works for the Al Jeezera (the primary news channel for the Arab world) as a Senior Political Analyst. The book is in the perspective of an Arab and not by someone within the Western media/culture. He writes about the Arab revolutions and the history behind it. Mr. Bishara debunks several thoughts of how the Arab revolutions started and how the media (both Arabic and Western) have played a major role within these causes. Mr. Bishara’ book is self-described as an essay in which he reflects on the history of the revolutions up until present and how social media and the Arab youth population played a part. He credits the youth of being able to over throw decade old customs, governments, and regimes. In addition, he describes the rise of many positive organizations that formed because of the revolutions such as women’s groups, sports teams, and a higher employment rate. Although he praises the rise of these types of organizations, Mr. Bishara faults the lack of organization and commitment to principles as the basis of...
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...org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Asian Survey. http://www.jstor.org W i l l i a m a . Ca l l a h a n China’s Strategic Futures Debating the Post-American World Order a b S t r aC t This essay examines how China’s “harmonious world†foreign policy has unintentionally created opportunities for citizens to challenge elite discussions of foreign policy. Although they are relative outsiders, the essay argues that citizen intellectuals are a growing influence as a source of ideas about China’s future—and the world’s. K e y W o r d S : China, foreign policy, strategy, public intellectual, civil society Although we did not recognize it at the time, Beijing’s current assertive foreign policy started in September 2005 when Chinese President Hu Jintao delivered a major speech to a global audience at the United Nations. From the podium of the General Assembly, Hu introduced “Harmonious World†as a new concept of global politics, explaining that his goal was to “build a harmonious world of lasting peace and...
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...Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniːtʃə/[2] German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːt͡sʃə]; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philologist, philosopher,cultural critic, poet and composer. He wrote several critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism. Nietzsche's key ideas include the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism, the Will to Power, the "death of God", the Übermensch and eternal recurrence. One of the key tenets of his philosophy is the concept of "life-affirmation," which embraces the realities of the world in which we live over the idea of a world beyond. It further champions the creative powers of the individual to strive beyond social, cultural, and moral contexts.[3]Nietzsche's attitude towards religion and morality was marked with atheism, psychologism and historism; he considered them to be human creations loaded with the error of confusing cause and effect.[4] His radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth has been the focus of extensive commentary, and his influence remains substantial, particularly in the continental philosophical schools of existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism. His ideas of individual overcoming and transcendence beyond structure and context have had a profound impact on late-twentieth and early-twenty-first century thinkers, who have used these concepts as points of departure in the development of their philosophies...
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...DEPARTEMENT SOSIOLOGIE / DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY TITEL VAN WERKOPDRAG TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT :__Migration, Xenophobia and New_ ___Racism in Post-Apartheid in___ _________South Africa________ VAN EN VOORLETTERS SURNAME & INITIALS :__________Murray R_________ STUD NR/ STUD NO :__________ MODULE KODE/ MODULE CODE :__________SOC 120_________ DOSENT/LECTURER :______Ms Vangile Bingma______ INHANDIGINGSDATUM DATE OF SUBMISSION :______16 September 2013_____ Table of Contents Introduction 2 Question 1 2 Question 2 4 Question 3 5 Conclusion 6 Bibliography 7 Plagiarism Declaration 8 Introduction Post-apartheid South Africa was intended to bring together people of all races and ethnicities; however, black South African citizens are discriminating against and showing prejudice towards African migrants. Research has shown that the main causes of xenophobic attitudes are a result of politics of access and the struggle for political and socio-economic resources (Adjai & Lazaridis 2013:192). Question 1 Old racism is discrimination based on race which is a group that is different biologically to one’s own group. New racism is discrimination based on someone else’s national origin or ethnicity (Adjai & Lazaridis 2013:192). Old racism is exclusion based on biological features whereas new racism is exclusion based on...
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...Outline and critically assess the key assumptions underpinning approaches to crime prevention.Outline and critically assess the key assumptions underpinning approaches to crime prevention. If we look at the definition of crime, we can learn that crime is “an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law”.Crime could be labelled as one of the most disturbing facts in human`s life. Even if we can see the decrease in overall crime in 2012, we cannot be absolutely sure that it will completely disappear. Many criminologists are interested in crime prevention topic but when people are actually trying to do something with the aim to reduce crime itself, they could struggle with some issues. For example, do we actually know the cause of crime? Are we able to prevent it without a cause? How can we measure it, if it was prevented? The crucial point criminologists are making is that we have got not just crime itself but the fear of crime among society. The fear of crime was introduced to English society by the Conservative party in order to win the election. They use it as a tool, with a purpose to manipulate people. That time could be named as a starting point to massive development of programmes in order to prevent crime and if we talk about citizens - to protect themselves. For example, Farell and Pease discovered that not just the area is important as a victimisation element but that people, who have been victimised once, are more likely to experience it...
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...INT401I/202/0/2013 Tutorial Letter 202/0/2013 Information and Technology Management IV INT401I Year module School of Computing This tutorial letter contains the model answers to assignment 1 & 2, and the Oct/Nov 2013 examination and Jan/Feb 2014 supplementary examination preparation notes. Bar code CONTENTS 1 TUTORIAL MATTER THAT YOU SHOULD HAVE RECEIVED TO DATE .................................. 3 Plagiarism ................................................................................................................................... 3 2 THE MODEL ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT 1 ........................................................................... 3 3 THE MODEL ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT 2 ........................................................................... 6 4 THE OCT/NOV 2013 EXAMINATION AND JAN/FEB 2014 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION PREPARATION NOTES ............................................................................................................12 2 INT401I/202 1 TUTORIAL MATTER THAT YOU SHOULD HAVE RECEIVED TO DATE Title Description TUTORIAL LETTER 101/0/2013 Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about your module. VERY important information. TUTORIAL LETTER 201/0/2013 TUTORIAL LETTER 202/0/2013 Tutorial letter 202 contains the model answers to assignment 1 & 2, and the Oct/Nov 2013 examination and Jan/Feb 2014 supplementary examination preparation notes (this tutorial letter). Plagiarism NB: Plagiarism is the act of taking words...
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