...How pendulum length affects the time of swing AIM: To find the relationship between the length of a simple pendulum and the period of swing Hypothesis: The longer the length of a simple pendulum, the longer will be the period of oscillation Materials: Retort stand, pendulum mass, clamp, ruler, stop watch and string Method: Functional Diagram Procedure * Set up retort stand and other equipment * Decide angle of swing (40o) * Measure length by metre ruler * Measure length of pendulum (20cm) * Measure the time of 4 swings * Average the time taken of 4 swings * Change the length of pendulum to (30cm) * Measure period of 4 swings * Average the time taken of 4 swings * Change the length of pendulum to (40cm) * Measure the time taken of 4 swings * Average the time taken 4 swings For safety (nothing important) A. Average the 4 swings B. Repeat the experiment as often as possible Results (See assignment book) Conclusion There is a relationship between the pendulum length and the period of time taken for the pendulum to swing. When the length of the string is increased, the value of the period also increases. When the length of the string is decreases, the period also decreases. The length of pendulum does change the duration of the swing. Discussion A. To improve the experiment the angle (40o) has to be the same, the length of pendulum has to be...
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...Pendulum coursework The year 10 extended group is investigating a pendulum; each one of us is going to change something to it, to make the investigation more interesting. The things that we could change are: * The length of the string (20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180,200; in cm) * The weight of the plasticine (55 grams) * Shape of the object, aerodinamicity (ball, sphere) * The angle of where you started to throw the plasticine, (45º) The things that we could measure or observe are: * Amounts of laps in a given time (10 laps) * In how much time it stops * Its speed/ acceleration * Time to do certain amount of laps I decided that I will change (independent) the length of the string of the pendulum (measurements: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200; in cm) and I will measure/observe (dependent) time to do certain amount of laps. (10 laps.) My question is: How much time it takes to do 10 laps? What I will keep the same is: * The weight of the plasticine (55g) * The shape of the object (sphere) * The angle of where I started to throw the plasticine (45º) My prediction is: When I change the length of the string of the pendulum I think what will happen to the laps of the pendulum is that as longer the string the less laps will the pendulum do. This is because the pendulum will take more time to return to its initial point, for the reason that it is a longer distance to travel so it will take longer. Method 1. Make the...
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...1 The Pit and the Pendulum By Edgar Allan Poe I WAS sick—sick unto death with that long agony; and when they at length unbound me, and I was permitted to sit, I felt that my senses were leaving me. The sentence—the dread sentence of death—was the last of distinct accentuation which reached my ears. After that, the sound of the inquisitorial voices seemed merged in one dreamy indeterminate hum. It conveyed to my soul the idea of revolution—perhaps from its association in fancy with the burr of a mill-wheel. This only for a brief period, for presently I heard no more. Yet, for a while, I saw—but with how terrible an exaggeration! I saw the lips of the black- robed judges. They appeared to me white—whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words—and thin even to grotesqueness; thin with the intensity of their expression of firmness—of immovable resolution—of stern contempt of human torture. I saw that the decrees of what to me was Fate were still issuing from those lips. I saw them writhe with a deadly locution. I saw them fashion the syllables of my name; and I shuddered because no sound succeeded. I saw, too, for a few moments of delirious horror, the soft and nearly imperceptible waving of the sable draperies which enwrapped the walls of the apartment. And then my vision fell upon the seven tall candles upon the table. At first they wore the aspect of charity, and seemed white slender angels who would save me; but then, all at once, there came a most deadly nausea over...
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...Danierian Williams Ms. Cooper Physics 2 December 2013 Periods of a Pendulum Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the varying masses from the three large washers influence the period of a pendulum. Data/Observation: Mass | Time for 10 Periods | 10 Period Average | Period | 17.3g | Trial 1 | 19.77sec | 20.05sec | 2.01sec | | Trial 2 | 20.74sec | | | | Trial 3 | 19.64sec | | | 33.8g | Trial 1 | 20.15sec | 20.18sec | 2.02sec | | Trial 2 | 20.40sec | | | | Trial 3 | 19.99sec | | | 50.3g | Trial 1 | 19.93sec | 19.69sec | 2.00sec | | Trial 2 | 19.52sec | | | | Trial 3 | 19.61sec | | | Conclusion: In conclusion, the data shows that if the varying mass of the washers at the end of the paper clip hook increase, then the time it takes for the pendulum to complete 10 periods will not change greatly. In result, the average periods of the three masses are close in time (2.01sec, 2.02sec, and 2.00sec). Variables: * The independent variable in the experiment is the number of washers and mass on the end of the paper clip hook. * The dependent variable in the experiment is the time it takes for the pendulum to complete 10 periods. * The controlled variable is the 20 degree amplitude from the resting point. Procedure: After assembling the pendulum and taking the mass of the washers, align the protractor’s 90° mark with the vertical string and use it as your 0 point of reference. While facing the protractor,...
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...The Simple Pendulum Laboratory Report Abstract The pendulum method is used for determination of the acceleration of gravity (g). The thin string used and a large mass reduces frictional effects and air drag. The long pendulum arm and a small swing about a small angle helps in the approximation of the simple harmonic motion. The slope of the graph was 0.23 while a graphical value of the acceleration of gravity was g=9.0824. The acceleration of gravity from the calculation was g = 9.7744. Hypothesis As the length of the string increases, the period (T) of oscillation increases Introduction In pendulum method, the period of oscillations is independent of the pendulum mass, but dependent of the square root of the string length. The simple pendulum setup can be used for the determination of acceleration of gravity value (g) (Cutnell, & Kenneth, 2013). The mass of the pendulum should be kept constant while the length of the string is varied. The length is the manipulated variable, period (T) a responding variable while the mass of the pendulum a fixed variable. L=lengt M= mass X=amplitude g = acceleration of gravity 1. From Newton’s 2nd law of motion F= dp/dt 2. Hooke’s law F = -kx, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement Therefore, the back and forth motion can be expressed as w=2Πf = Replacing the mass with a moment of inertia (I), then the equation becomes; w=2Πf = ) mw2=k For small angles of displacement, The equation below gives...
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...The Simple Pendulum Laboratory Report Abstract The pendulum method is used for determination of the acceleration of gravity (g). The thin string used and a large mass reduces frictional effects and air drag. The long pendulum arm and a small swing about a small angle helps in the approximation of the simple harmonic motion. The slope of the graph was 0.23 while a graphical value of the acceleration of gravity was g=9.0824. The acceleration of gravity from the calculation was g = 9.7744. Hypothesis As the length of the string increases, the period (T) of oscillation increases Introduction In pendulum method, the period of oscillations is independent of the pendulum mass, but dependent of the square root of the string length. The simple pendulum setup can be used for the determination of acceleration of gravity value (g) (Cutnell, & Kenneth, 2013). The mass of the pendulum should be kept constant while the length of the string is varied. The length is the manipulated variable, period (T) a responding variable while the mass of the pendulum a fixed variable. L=lengt M= mass X=amplitude g = acceleration of gravity 1. From Newton’s 2nd law of motion F= dp/dt 2. Hooke’s law F = -kx, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement Therefore, the back and forth motion can be expressed as w=2Πf = Replacing the mass with a moment of inertia (I), then the equation becomes; w=2Πf = ) mw2=k For small angles of displacement, The equation below gives...
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...The Simple Pendulum Laboratory Report Abstract The pendulum method is used for determination of the acceleration of gravity (g). The thin string used and a large mass reduces frictional effects and air drag. The long pendulum arm and a small swing about a small angle helps in the approximation of the simple harmonic motion. The slope of the graph was 0.23 while a graphical value of the acceleration of gravity was g=9.0824. The acceleration of gravity from the calculation was g = 9.7744. Hypothesis As the length of the string increases, the period (T) of oscillation increases Introduction In pendulum method, the period of oscillations is independent of the pendulum mass, but dependent of the square root of the string length. The simple pendulum setup can be used for the determination of acceleration of gravity value (g) (Cutnell, & Kenneth, 2013). The mass of the pendulum should be kept constant while the length of the string is varied. The length is the manipulated variable, period (T) a responding variable while the mass of the pendulum a fixed variable. L=lengt M= mass X=amplitude g = acceleration of gravity 1. From Newton’s 2nd law of motion F= dp/dt 2. Hooke’s law F = -kx, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement Therefore, the back and forth motion can be expressed as w=2Πf = Replacing the mass with a moment of inertia (I), then the equation becomes; w=2Πf = ) mw2=k For small angles of displacement, The equation below gives...
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...Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 1999 © 1999 Andrew K. Stimac All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants permission to MIT to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: ............................................................................................................ Department of Mechanical Engineering May 5, 1999 Certified by: ......................................................................................................................... David L. Trumper Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: ........................................................................................................................ Ernest G. Cravalho Chairman, Undergraduate Thesis Committee Department of Mechanical Engineering Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on May 5, 1999, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Abstract The inverted pendulum is a common, interesting control problem that involves many basic elements of control theory...
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...Simple Pendulum Investigation Purpose To investigate the different factors, such as varying length, mass, and angle, that affect the period (Time) of a pendulum every 10 cycles. Hypothesis I predict that the pendulum period will change by the length you add to the string. The more length, the longer period cycle. Also the mass will not effect the period since regardless of how heavy an object, everything falls at the same speed. Finally the angle will not make too much of a difference since I do not think it is a big factor. Materials 1 M String Retort Stand Mass Set Meter Stick Protractor Stop Watch Procedure First of all, the retort stand was set up to create a simple Pendulum. The string was attached to the cork on the out most end of the retort stand. We attached our desired mass wight (100g) to the end of the string. Then, the string had been adjusted to its first height of 15 cm, measured using a meter stick. Next, the 100g mass was held to a 30 degrees angle, from which it was to be dropped The person with the stop watch counted down from 3, which was the signal to start the timer and drop the mass weight at the same time. Once 10 cycles were completed (mass weight reached it starting position), we recorded the time it took in our data table. We repeated steps 3-6, each time changing the height of the string by 10 cm. Diagram Data and Observations Table 1: Pendulum Period versus Pendulum Length...
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...on a capacitor at any point we use this equation. To calculate the charge left on a capacitor at any point we use this equation. Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge When the switch is at A the capacitor charges exponentially up to a point where the capacitor cannot hold anymore electrons When the switch is at A the capacitor charges exponentially up to a point where the capacitor cannot hold anymore electrons When 2 Pendulums are suspended from the same piece of string when one pendulum is displaced it can transfer energy to the other pendulum causing it to swing When 2 Pendulums are suspended from the same piece of string when one pendulum is displaced it can transfer energy to the other pendulum causing it to swing This occurs because the pendulums have the same length string and as the resonant frequency of the pendulums depends on the length of the string they have the same resonant frequency. This occurs because the pendulums have the same length string and as the resonant frequency of the pendulums depends on the length of the string they have the same resonant frequency....
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...Report: Acceleration of gravity, g Introduction In this experiment you will be measuring the acceleration of gravity using a pendulum like apparatus. The value of g is an important issue as it forms the basis for many mathematical theories and allows for life to exist on this planet. If we keep in contact with the Earth, ordinary tasks will be very difficult. Establishing due value for the acceleration of gravity allows to utilise many of theories that could allow us to solve the big problems. Everyday life would be difficult if we did not have gravity, we would be constant free fall and stopping us to function as a society. The concept of zero gravity can be seen on the International Space Station (ISS), however theoretically they should be not experiencing as they as still in the Earth's gravity field however as the constantly circling the Earth to stay above the surface this causes a state of free fall allowing for the zero gravity to occur in the ISS. You will be using this setup to calculate the acceleration due to gravity using pendulum motion. The investigation is designed to demonstrate: • Air friction • Pendulum motion • Acceleration due to gravity Historical Context: Gravity has been long-known concept, first conceived Isaac Newton with the famous moment of the apple dropping on his head. With that remarkable accident, he derived the law of universal gravitational attraction. F =G ( m1 m2 ) d 2 F = Attraction force between two objects (N) G = Universal Gravitational...
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...Abstract: In performing the Simple Harmonic Motion Lab, our goal was to determine the period of motion for objects performing simple harmonic motion. We did five trials of measuring the time it took a pendulum to make 30 complete oscillations. We divided that time by 30 to get the period and then took the average of all 5 trials, getting an average period of 1.88 seconds. To compare our results, and see if they were correct, we used the given equation for the period of motion that includes the length of the pendulum to calculate the period for the same pendulum, resulting in 1.87 seconds, which agreed with our earlier results. This shows that period of oscillations can be determined by length and gravitational acceleration, and doesn’t depend on mass. In our other activity, we measured the period of an oscillating mass connected to a spring. We had a hanging spring, and hung mass to the bottom of it, each time measuring the change in length of the spring from the time before. To find the spring constant, we used the masses added to calculate each of their elastic forces, by multiplying each by gravitational acceleration, then plotting them with their corresponding spring deformation, and the slope of that graph was the spring constant, k, which was 8.22 N/m. Using this value, we calculated the period of motion for the mass of 0.1 kg using a different given equation than the one before, obtaining a period of 0.69 seconds. To verify our results, we used the VideoCom...
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...Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery. After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished. Galileo Galilei - Law of the Pendulum At age twenty, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth, he used his pulse to time large and small swings. Galileo discovered something that no one else had ever realized: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The law of the pendulum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galilei instantly famous. Except for mathematics, Galileo Galilei was bored with university. Galileo's family was informed that their son was in danger of flunking out. A compromise was worked out, where Galileo would be tutored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tuscan court. Galileo's father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of events, since a mathematician's earning power was roughly around that of a musician, but it seemed that this might yet allow Galileo to successfully complete...
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...Abstract This report is express results and findings from three different experiments which were done by Galileo. The link between weights, time, angles, and lengths of pendulums . The results showed that the shorter pendulum took less time to complete full 10 swings. The length and weight has no influence on the pendulum. 1.0 Introduction The Italian scientists Galilie Galileo (1564-1642) established experimentally that heavy objects fall at practically the same rate. It was obvious to this scientists that a feather and heavy stone did not fall at the same acceleration. But, heavy objects of different masses appeared to fall at a uniform acceleration. Galileo did not measure the magnitude of the acceleration of falling object. Instead, Galileo was able to compare the velocities of objects on ramps at different heights. But Galileo’s ramp investigations is believed to have been after his investigation of the movement of pendulums. This investigation aim to find out some relationships between three quantities by three experiments . The features measured the time, length and weights, angles which are all dependent factors in experiments. The hypothesis is that there is no effect by changing the weights and lengths and shorter pendulum took less time to complete full 10 swings based on the formula : 2.0 Procedure and Materials To test this hypothesis, the equipments were some strings, coins(masses), nails(fix point), cups, timer and protractor. Experiment 1: a) Attach a weighted...
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...abstract. After you have written the abstract, write the title. In not more than 13 words, choose a title that would reflect your abstract. To do this you may use the “variable-method” structure, e.g. “Measuring a car’s acceleration using a pendulum.” Here the variable is the gravitational acceleration and the method is the simple pendulum. Another way is to use the “dependent-independent variable” structure, e.g. “Angular displacement of a pendulum in an accelerating car.” Here the dependent variable is the angular displacement of a pendulum and the dependent variable is the car’s acceleration. Note: do not mention any keyword in the title that you will never discuss in your report. A title is a promise that you must keep. (9) I. INTRODUCTION (8) The main purpose of the introduction is to give a motivation for the problem in the laboratory experiment performed. There are many ways to do this. One way is to start with mention something familiar to your reader, then slowly lead him to something unfamiliar—your problem. Along the way, define the terms in the title starting from the subject to the modifiers. Let us give an example. Suppose your title is “Measuring a car’s acceleration using a pendulum.” Notice that the structure of the title is “variable-method.” Because “car” is the most familiar, begin with “car” and relate it with “acceleration”: describe what pedal to press, what then happens to your car, and end with a note that this is acceleration...
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