...prison systems and how it has evolved through the years. This paper will help you learn how the early settlers and colony’s dealt with crime and punishment. As well as the differences between the Pennsylvania system and the Aruban system, and which system was better and abated in the United States. Early on the Punishment to a crime varied based on the beliefs regarding the causes of crime. The earliest responses to crime were extremely brutal and included torture, beatings, branding, and mutilation. According to Seiter (2011), these corporal punishments were often an attempt to relate the punishment as closely as possible to the crime. For instance, liars had their tongues ripped out, thieves had fingers or a hand cut off, and adulterers had a scarlet A branded on their foreheads to reduce their attractiveness and discourage any further adultery. Another form of punishment used was, banishing someone from the group or tribe or transportation. Transportation started in England and was used throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to send undesirables to the colonies in America. The first response to crime in the American colonies was based on the English criminal codes. They would use corporal and capital punishment, which was carried out in public to deter both individual offenders and the broader community. Offenders would be wiped, branded, thieves would have a finger cut off, and serious offenses resulted in brutal torture. The Pennsylvania system seems...
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...The Prison System CJS/200 October 24, 2010 Monty Mathis The Prison System History of the prison system Prisons back in the 16th and 17th centuries were used to punish people who could not pay their taxes, and rent among other things they were called Debtor’s prison these were a form of a work house. A public display of punishment for a convicted criminal such as stock’s even branding. In the 18th century this is when the public started opposing the death penalty except for serious crimes such as murder. From the mid 18th century to be imprisoned meant hard labor for those who committed petty crimes. By 1777 John Howard (namesake of the Howard League) chastises the prison system as being filthy, barbaric, and disorganized. (Howard League, 2006) The Great Penitentiary Rivalry involved the state of Pennsylvania and the state of New York. And, each state believed that the system they had in place was the best system to address the constant issue of overcrowding. Pennsylvania constructed two new prisons; the Western Penitentiary and the Eastern Penitentiary. Their system was based on the concept of silence as a virtue (Gaines & Miller, 2009). In Pennsylvania the inmates were kept separate from one another and the only contact they had was with clergyman and staff. New York’s Newgate Prison, built in 1791, was operated the same as those in Pennsylvania except they were able to eat together – in silence. Although there are different types of systems in place today, both...
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...the American Civil War. The second began after the Civil War and gained momentum during the Progressive Era, bringing a number of new mechanisms—such as parole, probation, and indeterminate sentencing—into the mainstream of American penal practice. Finally, since the early 1970s, the United States has engaged in a historically unprecedented expansion of its imprisonment systems at both the federal and state level. Since 1973, the number of incarcerated persons in the United States has increased five fold, and in a given year 7 million persons are under the supervision or control of correctional services in the United States. These periods of prison construction and reform produced major changes in the structure of prison systems and their missions, the responsibilities of federal and state agencies for administering and supervising them, as well as the legal and political status of prisoners themselves. To compare the Pennsylvania system to the Auburn system first you have to know the history of them both to know the difference in them both. First according to "Pennsylvania system " (2016), the Pennsylvania system, penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation. The idea was...
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...Purpose and History Norris R. Billingsley CJA 234 October 8, 2013 Yolonda Johnson Purpose and History In reference to the history of punishment for crimes, which date back as far as 450 B.C., some of the earliest methods of punishment are replaced by more efficient and humane methods of punishments or corrections. Punishments back then were harsher, brutal, and inhumane because people strongly believed in the retributive approach to crimes committed by individuals. Punishments such as whippings, brandings, torture, beatings, and mutilations were in efforts to make the punishment as relevant as possible to the crime committed also known as corporal punishment. Liars had their tongues ripped out; thieves had their finger or hand cut off; and adulterers had a scarlet “A” branded on their foreheads to reduce attractiveness and discourage any further adultery (Seiter, 2011). Punishments back then also included removing the individual from society or his kind by transportation or deportation, which resulted in decreasing the opportunity for the individual to repeat the crime committed. Also placing individuals in pillories, wooden frames with holes that secured an individual’s hands and head as he or she stand; and placing individuals in stocks, wooden frames with that secured an individual’s head, hands, and feet while he or she sit, deterred both the individual and the broader community through pain and shame as he or she were visible to the public or community (Seiter, 2011)...
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...Crime has existed in the world as long as human beings have walked on it. When there is a crime there must be a form of punishment. A form of punishment must exist when a person commits a crime, he or she must be taught a lesson to prevent the crime from occurring again. To understand how punishment was developed a person must start from the beginning. This essay will discuss the history of punishment, the history of prison development, the comparison of the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system, and last the impact and involvement of prison labor over time. Before discussing the history of punishment one must know what the” term” punishment means. The “term” punishment can be in numerous ways but each “term” possesses the same meaning. One way of defining punishment is, a penalty inflicted on an offender through judicial procedure (Merriam-Webster, 2012). The use of punishment can be dated back to as early as the 1600s. During that era crime in America was punished based on the English criminal codes (Sieter, 2011). Examples of crimes in the 1600s would be drunkenness, stealing something of minor value, and slander (the utterance of false charges or misrepresentations, which defame and damage another's reputation (Merriam-Webster, 2012)). If a person was found committing any of the crimes previously listed he or she would be known as an offender. An offender would receive his or her punishment at the town whipping post or placed in stocks and pillories. Pillories are said...
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...History of Penitentiaries Nelly Madrigals CJ234 May 12, 2014 Sidney Hammond History of Penitentiaries The prison system is a very important component of our society. The prisons house and rehabilitate offenders to ensure that once they do get released they will no longer be a danger to the community they live in. In the early 16th century the very first prison opened and through out the centuries the prison system evolved to what we have now. This paper will cover the history of punishment, prison development, a comparison of the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system, and the impact and involvement of prison labor over time. (Seiter, 2011) In the early 16th and 17th century prisons were used only to hold people meanwhile they are awaiting punishment. Very rarely was prison used as punishment. In these prisons men, women, girls, boys, were all held together no matter what the crime was that they committed. The guards of these prisons were negligent, therefor, people died of diseases like goal fever. In the18th century hard labor and imprisonment was beginning to be seen as the right punishment for petty offenders. Those who were convicted were shipped out to British colonies like America, Australia, and Van Diemen’s Land. Another type of punishment used was a prison hulk, which, were located inside these ships. The ships were anchored in the land and the prisoners were sent out in the early morning to work hard labor, and at night they would be loaded and chained...
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...indicators of a quality hospital. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is amongst the top 100 hospitals in the world. At this medical facility, the staff puts its patients first. Penn Medicine is dedicated to high-quality patient care and service, advancing medical science through research, and educating the next generation of leaders in medicine. It includes three hospitals in Philadelphia and outpatient centers throughout the region (The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 2012). A leader in medicine for more than 240 years, Penn opened its School of Medicine, the nation's first, in 1765. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was established in 1874 as the nation's first teaching hospital. Since its founding days, Penn has expanded medical frontiers by creating some of the nation's earliest programs in areas ranging from dermatology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology and radiology, to the Philadelphia region's only program to transplantation of five major organs (The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 2012). Over the past 30 years, Penn physicians and scientists have participated in many important discoveries, including: the first general vaccine against pneumonia. The introduction of total intravenous feeding. The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging technologies. The discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome (The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 2012), which revolutionized cancer research by making the connection...
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...Unit 3 Project: The U.S. Court System Tonya Laubs Kaplan University PA 101: Intro to Paralegal Profession Professor Hamilton February 21, 2012 The organization of the Federal Court consist of questions of law arising from the Constitution, questions concerning federal laws, statutes, codes, acts, and courts such as: bankruptcy, patent and trade. Federal courts have limited jurisdiction to hear federal questions, and diversity of citizenship. The diversity that Federal Courts can address are only if parties are from two different states and the controversial amount is $75,000.00 or above. It can be heard in Federal Court; however the case will still be held to applicable state laws. If it does not fall under federal jurisdictions then the issue is heard by the corresponding State. Federal Courts have jurisdiction over all citizens and resident’s at all times. There are tiered levels of the Federal Court System which include: * Trial Court - Beginning * Court of Appeals - Middle * U.S. Supreme Court - Highest Trial Court is where all cases begin. This is where they hear evidence, testimony, and make a ruling. The Court of appeals gives you the right to appeal this decision and the Supreme Court is the last opportunity to have an issue resolved. My State is Pennsylvania and I have discovered interesting information regarding my State system compared to the Federal System. Pennsylvania has the following Courts established: * Minor Courts...
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...sentenced a period in which they live in a horrible place where their rights and liberty is taken away. The criminal justice system has been in one form to another. Religion was the fundamental block that developed prison. Religion shaped so much of our nation’s history, culture and of our values. The criminal justice system has been around through so many years in which it has evolved to what is today. The Pennsylvania System is known as the Eastern State Penitentiary, located...
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...Punishment and Penitentiaries Punishment and Penitentiaries The History of Punishment The earliest history of punishment began when the founder of the 3rd dynasty of Ur, created the earliest code known as the Ur-Nammu back in 2050 B.C. In the Ur-Nammu code, there were clear statements about if a person does something, what he will have to pay. Usually the payment was in silver and in later years there were records that the death penalty was given to murderers. The Code of Hammurabi was written in 1750 B.C. By this code, the abiding principle was Talio, which had to do for mutilating or amputating the part of the body that had committed the crime. Under the Code of Hammurabi, the death penalty was awarded for crimes such as thievery, selling or receiving stolen goods, kidnapping, assisting fugitive slaves and for the sale of drink or even keeping a disorderly tavern. In the first five books of the Bible, Biblical punishments follow Hammurabi. In later eras, each civilization developed their set of codes and punishments to fit their needs and own beliefs. The Development of Prisons Until the late 18th century, prisons were used mainly for the confinement of debtors who could not meet their obligations, of accused persons waiting to be tried, and of convicts who were waiting for their sentences—either death or banishment—to be put in effect. Imprisonment, later, also became the means of punishing convicted criminals. During the 16th century, a number of houses...
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...Evolution of Corrections The history of punishment and the development of a system to detain offenders has evolved continuously over the centuries. The implementation of the Pennsylvania and Auburn system has set a foundation for the corrections system we use today. Having inmates perform labor during a prison sentence has contributed to the ongoing change over time of the prison system and in a way that has contributed to the rehabilitation of offenders. One might find it quite interesting to see how society and its evolution has greatly changed the system we use to punish offenders. History of Punishment Punishment for wrongful acts have dated back many centuries and could have began shortly after the beginning of the human race. One of the earliest know penal codes dates back to 1780 B.C. and is known as the Code of Hammurabi. This code was established by King Hammurabi during his reign of Old Babylon. The different types of punishment have changed greatly over the centuries. Punishments that were accepted by society in the early centuries are viewed as inhumane in our society today. The earliest responses to crime were brutal when compared to punishments in the society of the 20th century. Punishments such as torture, beatings, branding, and mutilation were accepted centuries ago. Although there are some countries that still accept some of these forms of punishment, most societies today would deem it inhumane. In today's society one is innocent until proven...
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...Penitentiary Ideal and Models of American Prison A prison is in place to confine and deprive people from their basic freedoms. A prison is an institution that is part of the criminal justice system that is imposed for the conviction of a crime. A criminal that is charged or going to be charged will be held in a prison if unable to come up with the money for bail. A criminal defendant is also placed in a prison if they are found guilty of a crime (Americanprisonsystem.com, 2009). Throughout this paper the history of a prison, the Penitentiary Rivalry between Pennsylvania and New York and the effect these have had on the prison system we have in place today. The American prison system has been in place since the late 18th century. “Bridewells” were the first prisons and they were found in England. These prisons had very little to do with any form of punishment and were mainly used as holding cells for those facing a trial or those about to be executed, or those being banished from their community. The Walnut Street jail was the first penitentiary to be opened by the state of Pennsylvania in 1790.This particular jail was ran on the ideal that silence from the inmates would encourage them to think about their crime and then their conscience would lead them to repent for their crimes (Gaines & Miller, 2009). Being isolated from one another and being kept busy with different tasks was how the inmates lived. The prison eventually began to experience the same problems that...
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...development of prisons date as far back to the early Roman times, which forms of punishment were being used for offenders suspected or convicted of criminal activity. Prisons have developed and modified the effectiveness and appropriateness of punishment over time to function the way they do in today’s society. The correction process is among three of the major components of the criminal justice system, but could not be successfully complete without the police and the courts. There are two types of systems that prisons use to design and enforce punishment among offenders – Pennsylvania and Auburn. The systems tweaked and modified the original ideas, in order to form a prison system that would be effective and serve the purpose intended for criminals and impact and distinguish the amount of involvement of prison labor over time. History of punishment The history of the word punishment derives from the Latin word peonalis. Before the word punishment was used penology was the term used, which meant “punishment.” The term penology was later replaced by the term corrections. Our criminal justice system has a broad perspective of corrections for the criminal offenders convicted of criminal acts against another person or community. The use of punishment in earlier days resulted in public shaming, which was thought to prevent the accused from committing future crimes. These punishments were both painful and shameful; stocks and pillories were used for physical punishment and to ridicule the...
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...A Historical Overview of Inmate Labor in Pennsylvania: The Pioneer in United States Prison Labor http://www.pci.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/history_of_pci/17812 The evolution of American prison labor is rooted in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania penal system, originating in 1682 under the leadership of William Penn, was the first state prison system to suggest the replacement of torture and mutilation as punishment for crimes with hard labor in houses of correction. Penn's intentions were not systematically executed when his penal code of 1682 was repealed. As a result, labor in penal institutions was practically non-existent in Pennsylvania during the Colonial Period. However, Penn's efforts were not futile as the penal code outlined in 1682 left a mark on the laws of Pennsylvania, and the evolution of prison labor across the nation. In 1773, the Walnut Street Jail was constructed in Philadelphia. During the early years of the Walnut Street Jail, Penn's order to establish workhouses was revived. The constitution of 1776 directed the enactment of laws establishing houses of correction for "punishing by hard labor, those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital." Legal force was added to the provision of the constitution by the law of 1786, which ordered the punishment of prisoners by "continued hard labor, publicly and disgracefully imposed." This act provided that prisoners were to be employed in workhouses and in the repairing and cleaning...
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...go and rehabilitate themselves on all levels for any crime that they may have committed. It was meant to be a place where a criminal could make a spiritual and scholar connection. The penitentiary was created to be a place of humane punishment and should not be a place for physical punishment. It was meant to be a clean and healthy environment unlike the common jails that usually housed criminals (Foster, 2006). There were two models of American prisons created back in the middle 1700-1800’s among several other prisons. The two models were known as the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems. These two systems were said to be built from the main ideal of what a penitentiary should be like, but these two prisons were conducted in two separate ways. Some ways help with the rehabilitation of criminals and some ways just made criminals worst. When prisoners were admitted within the Pennsylvania system, they had to wear woolen hoods over their heads and they would be escorted into their cells. Prisoners were told that they had to stay confined to their cells and were only allowed out into the...
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