To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein came up with the photon hypothesis. The energy of a photon is associated with its frequency with the relation (1.1)
Where h is the Planck constant.
And to solve the paradox that electrons goes around the nuclear without electromagnetic radiation, Bohr put forward the atom model. In this theory the electrons have stationary orbits (1.2)
Where is called the reduced mass.
When the electrons transit from the high energy levels to the lower ones, the energy of the photons emitted is just the energy difference between two levels. In terms of the wavenumber 1.2 The Pickering Series and the Hydrogen-like Ions
In our textbook the Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics by Fujia Yang it talked about the hydrogen-like ions. And the first well-researched hydrogen-like atom is the helium ions, and this ion …show more content…
Particles from the Universe
2.1 A Brief Introduction of Cosmic Ray
The name of the cosmic ray came from the period when it was assumed as the electromagnetic radiation. Its components are mostly stable particles like protons, atomic nuclear or electrons. A fairly small proportion is stable antimatter. The diversity of the cosmic ray means the wide source of the cosmic ray. The source mat be the Sun or the distant universe through certain unknown mechanics.
The cosmic ray can be divided into two types, the primary cosmic ray and the secondary ray. The primary cosmic ray is referred to as the cosmic ray generated from out of the solar system. These ray interact with the inter-planet matter and generate the secondary cosmic ray. Usually, among the cosmic rays that come into the atmosphere, about 90% is protons, 9% is the alpha particle while 1% is electrons. Gamma ray and the neutrino only takes a small occupation.
2.2 Aurora
Aurora is the luminescence phenomenon that happens in the high latitude region when the charged high-energy particles in the cosmic ray collide with the air atoms and molecules in the upper