...“Political science is important because politics is important.” Political science as so called is a particular, practical human science that deals with the study of social relationships involving power or man in society in the context of a state. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and institutions, and organize societies. Man is a social being, a rational creature, without man there is no politics. He has spiritual faculties of intellect and will, and characteristics of spirituality, freedom, individuality, equality and sociability. These characteristics brought man his dignity; therefore, he needs to be respected. In order for him to be respected he must have rights but man must also have a duty to the rights of others. Having other men implies a society. Power is the condition of controlling objects. In politics these objects are men and are equal to the one who is exerting power or the one who is authorized to. Authority demands the right to rule with a corresponding obedience; thus, implies a state. Furthermore it implies a government as an agent of power and exercise political law or sovereignty. Science in its simplest sense means the orderly and systematic study of things through their causes by using a methodology. Man, identified as the most intelligent mammal, with him alone there is no society. Society brings up a government...
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...United States of America (US) Political Discourse Student’s Name University Affiliation Comparative Study of Metaphor in British and United States of America (US) Political Discourse Abstract This study offers a research on the application of metaphor in the discourse of cultural and political aspects between these two countries; The United States of America and Great Britain. As a result, this is an analysis of the various factors related to the perspective in terms of the cultural and socio-political phenomenon, in which a lot of attention is placed on the elements ascertaining the pragmatic, variable, and cognitive details of the British and US's political discourses: The inaugural speeches of four US presidents and party political manifestos of two British political parties during the period between 1974 and 1997 are analysed. The main purpose of undertaking this kind of comparative study of the British and the American political discourses is quite evident, these discourses symbolize intriguing and complex methods of cultural values and political differences as depicted in the respective linguistic contexts. The key findings are that metaphors from the domains of conflict, journey and buildings are general across the divide. However, the British corpus contain metaphors that draw on the source domain of plants whereas the American corpus hugely draws on source domains like fire and light and the physical environments that are excluded in the context of the British corpus. Therefore...
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...environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research...
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...from different countries, negotiating a business deal. There are 2 factors in the international negotiation. The environmental context – this Includes environmental forces that neither negotiator controls that influence the negotiation The immediate context – this Includes factors over which negotiators appear to have some control The following diagram below shows the context of international negotiations. According to the above diagram, the 6 factors in the environmental context that makes international negotiation different from the national are: (1) Political and legal pluralism Firms from different countries work with different legal and political systems. There are large concerns about the political risks. (2) International economics The value of foreign currencies which fluctuates from time to time; this factor needs to be negotiated. (3) Foreign governments and bureaucracies The level of governmental meddling in business in many nations is wide-ranging. In countries firms are free from government regulations while in others they are not. Parties need to know whether the governments should be included in their negotiations or not. (4) Instability Instability can be caused due to lack of resources (electricity/computers), shortages of other goods and services (water, transportation and proper food) and political instability (government policies). (5) Ideology & Culture Negotiators from different countries believe in different ideology...
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...theory better explains the rise of nationalism? Illustrate your answer in the context of Macau, China or any one country that you are familiar with. Brief Introduction The word nationalism was created in the late 18 centuries, but it only got popular from the 1830s. It used to convey the idea of identification with a nation in which a group of people shares common ancestry in the early time, but later it began to link with patriotism and with aspirations to statehood. This concept became widely accepted by more and more people during twentieth century. Nationalism now is defined as a subjective feeling of a membership in a nation; a belief that a nation should form the state, or a belief that the identification with the nation should be above all other forms of identity. Nowadays Nationalism has set off a wave around the world. Primordialism and constructivism can be used to explain this phenomenon. We will see the key arguments of both theories. The first one is primordialism. Key arguments of two theories The emergence of the theory of primordialism was in the second half of the eighteenth centuries, in general, primordialism assumes political identity are innate and largely unchanged. It comes with when you are born or in nature way. Since the identity is with you by born, so it’s extremely difficult to choose or change it. Primordialism is an argument, which contended that political identity is ancient, natural phenomena. It emphasis that identify of nation is...
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... nations have strategic purposes, the capacity to mobilize resources, and the power to affect their economies. The country analysis framework has three interrelated components: strategy, performance, and context. Each of these has economic, political, and social dimensions. All governments have a national strategy composed of explicit or implicit goals and a set of policies to achieve those goals. These lead to performance, which can be judged by assessing how well the country is doing economically, politically, and socially. These outcomes also depend on a country’s context, which has domestic aspects (economic, political, social, institutional, and ideological) and international aspects (trading relationships, political links, multilateral institutions, global industries). In turn, the outcomes affect the context for future strategies. Thus, strategy, performance, and context are interdependent. Country analysis can therefore begin with any of the three components, but requires examining all of them. Country analysis is not a mechanistic or deterministic process; it requires critically interpreting data, analyzing causal relationships, and assessing options. One can begin with the descriptive question: What is the country’s strategy, performance, and context? But full analysis requires follow-on questions such as: Why did the government chose its strategy? How well did the country do (relatively, absolutely)? Why...
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...Communication From personal context: An individual can do nothing without communication. He or she can achieve his or her goal of life and maintain proper relation with relatives and other by effective communication. Form social context: Men of societies communicate each other in various meeting, function etc. and contribute for social development. From organizational context: Communication involves proper planning, decision making, controlling, directing, coordinating etc. and plays role to achieve organizational goal. From political context: Political parties depend on various media of communication to face their opposition and get power. Such as: Radio, television, newspaper, meeting, public gathering, press conference etc. Form religious context: Without proper communication it is not possible to give perfect concept about each religion to their followers. Religious group depend on interpersonal, intergroup and mass communication to preach their religion. From global context: Every nation of present world depends on each other in different affairs. For this reason UN, EU, NAFTA, SAARC, are formed to maintain international communication. From national context: Effective communication system helps general public to participate various government activities through their elected representatives and coordinate among the various government authorities and departments to develop socio-economic condition of the country. From the context of business: Effective...
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...that began in December, 2010. The catalyst for these uprisings was a twenty-six year old Tunisian, who lit himself on fire outside of a civic building.[1] Mohamed Bouazizi was a fruit and vegetable cart vendor and was trying to sell produce on the streets when his cart was confiscated by a Tunisian government official. This was one of a series of harassments that he had experienced, and the last indignity that he suffered was being slapped by a female Tunisian government employee.[2] He then subsequently set himself on fire, and this event is was set off the Arab Spring, or the Arab Awakening, as it is also called.[3] However, this was only the catalyst; the Arab Spring is a fluid, ongoing event that is steeped in history with economic, political, and social factors contributing to its occurrence. After Mohamed’s self-immolation there were thirty days of national protests in Tunisia before the former Tunisian dictator Zine El Abidine was removed from power.[4] During this time there were others in the Arab world watching this on satellite channels like Aljazeera, so there was an increase in cases of self-immolation in other parts of the Arab world, including Egypt.[5] Many in Egypt were watching this going on and thought that if a small country like Tunisia can overthrow a dictator through popular uprising then perhaps they could do the same thing.[6] In Egypt there was a situation in which several forces came together to call for people to go to the streets to protest...
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...of 1949-1963, particularly within the context of economic and foreign policy. The immense economic growth Germany experienced and the partial reestablishment of the German military due to successful international cooperation with other nations cannot be ignored, and it’s necessary to assess the economic and political planning by Adenauer that enabled these achievements. The 50’s and the 60’s in Germany were a time of social stability, and there was no significant revival of Nazism due to the successful reintegration of many old Nazi sympathizers into society, ensuring stabilization of democracy. It’s also significant to consider Adenauer’s political success and immense popularity amongst the Germans themselves, inherently ensuring political stability. On the other hand, within a few policies Adenauer achieved only...
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...The process of public policy-making involves interactions between diverse interests and stages in which political pressure groups take different strategies. Australian society has had an increasing number of pressure groups, one of main concerns of which has been public welfare policies. As the history of Australian welfare state has developed with substantial inputs from pressure groups, it is worth questioning whether their influence is still considerable in shaping or changing public policy outcomes. This essay will argue that the history of Australian welfare state development has largely prevented pressure groups from establishing a solid foundation in the welfare policy area, and that their participation in the welfare policymaking process...
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...EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Get assignment help for this unit at assignmenthelpuk@yahoo.com LO1 Understand the impact of socio-economic change on the development of commercial organisations in a business and services industry context Structure and operation of UK economy: market structure; perfect/imperfect competition; oligopoly; duopoly and monopoly; national/local factors; determinants of free-market economy Government economic policy: aims and influence; effects on employment policy; inflation; balance of payments; economic growth in industry sector; current issues Income, wealth, employment and occupational distribution: structure and composition of business and services industry; patterns of demand for business and services; the socioeconomic framework of demand; labour demand in industry sector Demographic trends: geographical pattern of labour demand; nature of employment in business and services industries; employment profiles eg age, sex Social structures: types of people employed; geographical variations; self-employed; unemployed; labour turnover; levels of pay Industry context: contexts eg hospitality and catering, hairdressing and beauty therapy, sports and leisure, travel and tourism LO2 Understand the effect of legal and political environments on business and service industries Structure, operation and influence of local government: structure; areas of control; limits of authority; interface with national government; powers affecting business and services...
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...or changed outcome of an event, one that may not eventuate into reality, however imbue a message into realms of inspiration provides, hope and understanding for those engaged. Political democrats Aung San Suu Kyi and Anwar Sadat both explore the prospect for peace, equality and tolerance within the conflicts that were current to the time of their delivery. The speech ‘Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women’ 1995, and ‘Statement to the Knesset’ 1977, reveal to responders the power of speeches to correlate the actual and the possible through a promotion of ethical values, unity and hope. Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the National League for Democracy conveys the impact of barriers between tolerance, and conflict. Her speech addresses not only those at the Beijing conference, but the international community to urge for gender equality and tolerance. Aung San Suu Kyi informs that 1995 is the “International year for Tolerance" to directly engage her audience. With her appeal Kyi’s political passions are highlighted in her critical assertion, “insecure people tend to be intolerant…where there is no security there can be no lasting peace.” This contrast confronts the impediment of political tensions, claiming through the anaphora of “it is want”, “it is fear” that liberation from political desires can achieve peace. Thus her speech is integral to not only the Burmese democratic issue in 1995, but upon reflection of the ongoing obstacles of human security and militarisation...
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...products into existing markets. To assess the attractiveness of European or the US markets, we carried out an external analysis to compare the markets infrastructures using five contexts framework. The five contexts are a country’s political and social systems, degree of openness, product markets, labour markets and capital markets. Only the relevant contexts will be discussed in below. Under political context, there was a trend of ongoing expansion in the European Union in 2003. It has considerably intensified the competiveness in the European motorcycle market. From product markets perspective, the European motorcycle market was seen as mature and had experienced a declining growth for three years. Sales were predicted to continue deteriorating in the next three years. The market participants had raised concerns about their current and future investment in view of the unfavourable industry environment. Having said, the unified regulatory standard applied across countries in Europe had promoted and optimized the efficiency of resources allocation. In terms of capital markets, the advantage from adoption of Euro in reducing exchange rate risk between European countries was highly valued by market participants. The US motorcycle market also exposed to some unfavourable conditions in political context e.g. the US government has imposed punitive tariffs on a number of European products. The impact of the duty was devastating to some market participants including KTM...
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...separate these two principles. Both, community psychology and the public health approach, started as a result of the frustration of main stream psychology not being able to address broader social issues. The realisation that psychology needed to focus a great deal more on community and social change in order to address mental health and illness. Although community psychology and the public health approach seem to share the same intrinsic values, the focus of community psychology seems to be more aimed at the cultural and political aspect of social behaviour and outcomes, whereas the public health is focused more on health and prevention of diseases and self actualisation within the social context. “Whereas public health considers physical health and well-being as paramount to successful living and aims to reduce the individual's engagement in high-risk behaviour and dangerous environments, community psychology is more concerned with the social and political context of mental health” (S. Van Niekerk,2013) Treatment...
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...sphere as the social and political space in which citizens come together to discus the issues of public concerns to form civic opinions. However, this concept changed in time and nowadays is seen as the space “where free and equal citizens come together to share information, to debate, to discuss, or to deliberate on common concerns”.[1] Public sphere is made distinct from the private sphere through the existence of public opinion and the fact that is has developed the public use of reason. Through its constitutive elements such as the constitutional civil liberties the access at public information the existence of a free, plural, and independent media system not under the state control make the private sphere indeed peculiar. Also the existence of civil societies which organize and promote the citizen agenda makes the public sphere dissimilar. In order to make a clear distinction between what makes the public sphere distinct from the private sphere I will have a close look at how the principle developed from the feudal system until the democratic system nowadays. A close analysis at the philosophers’ theories and the principles which intervenes with public sphere is helpful. Also its characteristics will be outlined in order to draw a line between the public and the private sphere. One characteristic and a product of the public sphere is the public opinion which makes this sphere distinct from the private one. This concept is crucial and political decision making. According...
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