...The Post-Issue Operating Performance of IPO Firms Overview of the article As there were still few attempts to measure operating performance of IPO firms at that time, Jain and Kini (1994) wrote this article in a bid to focus on this particular issue by study on the IPO firms during 1976-1988. They investigate the change in operating performance of firms after going public through IPOs which they find that IPO firms show a decline in post-issue operating performance. The main reasons that explain the decline in the post-issue operating performance of IPO firms are the existence of information asymmetry and/or a conflict of interest between the existing entrepreneurs and the new shareholders. The authors separate the reasons into 3 points: (1) the agency cost increases when a private firm transfers to public and the reduction in ownership stake consequently leads to the agency problem, (2) the window-dressing made by managers causes overstate pre-IPO performance and understate post-IPO performance, (3) the timing that issue stock in periods of unusually good performance levels while they know that the good performance is not sustainable. This article is divided into four parts; Part 1 presents the sources of collected information on IPO firms and the criteria used for selecting them. So, their finally sample consists of 682 firms. The authors also stated that all significant tests are based on the two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank tests, assuming that the observations are independent...
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...Analysts' Selective Coverage and Subsequent Performance of Newly Public Firms ABSTRACT This study examines the ability of analysts to forecast future firm performance, based on the selective coverage of newly public firms. We hypothesize that the decision to provide coverage contains information about an analyst’s underlying expectation of a firm’s future prospects. We extract this expectation by obtaining residual analyst coverage from a model of initial analyst following. We document that in the three subsequent years, IPOs with high residual coverage have significantly better returns and operating performance than those with low residual coverage. This evidence indicates analysts have superior predictive abilities and selectively provide coverage for firms about which their true expectations are favorable. ∗ Das and Guo are at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and Zhang is at the University of Hong Kong. We thank Eli Amir, Gilbert Bassett, Oleg Bondarenko, Konan Chan, Hsiu-lang Chen, Tim Kruse, Chao-Shin Liu, Malcolm McClelland, Roni Michaely, Tom Nohel, Ram Ramakrishnan, Cathy Schrand, Abbie Smith, Lenny Soffer, WeiLing Song, Robert Stambaugh (Editor), Steve Todd, Beverly Walther, Nan Zhou, an anonymous referee, and seminar participants at the City University of Hong Kong, Indiana University at Indianapolis, the London Business School, Nanyang Technological University, the Office of Economic Analysis at the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Singapore...
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...governance, and Post-IPO performance of China’s newly partially privatized firms$ Joseph P.H. Fana,Ã, T.J. Wonga, Tianyu Zhangb a The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong b City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Received 19 August 2005; received in revised form 31 January 2006; accepted 6 March 2006 Available online 24 January 2007 Abstract Almost 27% of the CEOs in a sample of 790 newly partially privatized firms in China are former or current government bureaucrats. Firms with politically connected CEOs underperform those without politically connected CEOs by almost 18% based on three-year post-IPO stock returns and have poorer three-year post-IPO earnings growth, sales growth, and change in returns on sales. The negative effect of the CEO’s political ties also show up in the first-day stock return. Finally, firms led by politically connected CEOs are more likely to appoint other bureaucrats to the board of directors rather than directors with relevant professional backgrounds. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G34; L33; P31 Keywords: Political connections; Corporate governance; IPO performance; Partial privatization; China We appreciate helpful comments from Stijn Claessens, Mara Faccio, Simon Johnson, Florencio Lopez-deSilanes, John McConnell, Randall Morck, Harold Mulherin, Sheridan Titman, Yijiang Wang, Mengxin Zhao, an anonymous referee, and participants in the 2003 ‘‘The Management and Performance of China’s...
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...ISSUE MANAGER REPUTATION, UNDERPRICING LONGAND LONG-RUN PERFORMANCE OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS: EVIDENCE FROM THE SINGAPORE IPO MARKET VOON PEIJUN (Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons), NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE (BUSINESS) DEPART DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my warmest gratitude to Professor Michael Shih for his patient guidance and encouragement all this while. A very big thank you, Sir. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my family for their love and concern all these years. Thank you Dad, Mum and Brother. Without their support, I would not have come so far. Thank you! Voon Peijun 2009 Page i ABSTRACT The study explores the role of issue managers in the initial public offering (IPO) process. Empirical research shows that IPOs are associated with two significant market anomalies: short-run underpricing puzzle and long-run underperformance phenomenon. This paper examines the reputational influence of issue managers on the two anomalies. Employing the newly developed ‘twelve-month rolling’ reputation ranking approach, our study is the first to furnish a comprehensive ranking of all the issue managers with a substantial presence in Singapore. Based on a sample of 384 IPOs listed on the Singapore Exchange between January 1, 1997 and August 22, 2008, we find evidence of prevalent short-run underpricing and...
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...information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing and American Finance Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Finance. http://www.jstor.org THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE * VOL LIII, NO. 1 * FEBRUARY 1998 Why Do Companies Go Public? An Empirical Analysis MARCO PAGANO, FABIO PANETTA, and LUIGI ZINGALES* ABSTRACT Using a large database of private firms in Italy, we analyze the determinants of initial public offerings (IPOs) by comparingthe ex ante and ex post characteristics of IPOs with those of private firms. The likelihood of an IPO is increasing in the company's size and the industry's market-to-bookratio. Companies appear to go public not to finance future investments and growth, but to rebalance their accounts after high investment and growth. IPOs are also followed by lower cost of credit and increased turnover in control. TO THE DECISION GO PUBLICis one of the most important and least studied questions in corporate finance. Most corporate finance textbooks limit themselves to...
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...homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbf Underpricing of IPOs: Firm-, issue- and country-specific characteristics Peter-Jan Engelen a,*, Marc van Essen b a b Utrecht University, School of Economics, Utrecht, The Netherlands Erasmus University, Rotterdam School of Management, Rotterdam, The Netherlands a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Using a large firm-level dataset of 2920 IPOs from 21 countries we examine the impact of country-level institutional characteristics on the underpricing of IPOs. Through hierarchical linear modeling we are able to control for firm-specific and issue-specific characteristics and test whether country-specific institutional characteristics add explanatory power to explain the level of underpricing. Our results show that about 10% of the variation in the level of underpricing is between countries. The quality of a country’s legal framework, as measured by its level of investor protection, the overall quality of its legal system and its level of legal enforcement, reduces the level of underpricing significantly. Ó 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 4 July 2009 Accepted 6 January 2010 Available online 11 January 2010 JEL classification: G30 G32 G38 K22 Keywords: IPO Underpricing Legal framework Investor protection Multi-level modeling 1. Introduction When companies go public, a well-documented phenomenon is the underpricing of the initial public offering (IPO). On average, shares seem to be offered at a price lower...
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...recent move of the British Government to privatize the Royal Mail. It looks at various aspects leading up to the privatization and the effect that privatization has had on the Royal mail currently. Royal Mail will also be compared to another firm Deutsche Post in an attempt to see if one of the most successful postal privatizations bares any resemblance to the privatization carried out by the Royal Mail. The research methodology will draw from policy and reports, experts, and statistics. The research in this paper draws to attention the recent privatization of Royal Mail. It looks at Royal Mails IPO on October 15th 2013 and the...
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...Group 2 | ------------------------------------------------- LBO Financing in India Group 2 | ------------------------------------------------- LBO Financing in India Debasish Mishra G13073 Manvendra Mahto G13081 Ranjit Rawat G13095 Vikram Bhatt G13116 Debasish Mishra G13073 Manvendra Mahto G13081 Ranjit Rawat G13095 Vikram Bhatt G13116 A leveraged buyout (LBO) is when a company or single asset (e.g., a real estate property) is purchased with a combination of equity and significant amounts of borrowed money, structured in such a way that the target's cash flows or assets are used as the collateral (or "leverage") to secure and repay the money borrowed to purchase the target-company/asset. Since the debt (be it senior or mezzanine) has a lower cost of capital (until bankruptcy risk reaches a level threatening to the lender[s]) than the equity, the returns on the equity increase as the amount of borrowed money does until the perfect capital structure is reached. As a result, the debt effectively serves as a lever to increase returns-on-investment (ROI). The purpose of a LBO is to allow an acquirer to make large acquisitions without having to commit a significant amount of capital. A typically transaction involves the setup of an acquisition vehicle that is jointly funded by a financial investor and management of the target company. Often the assets of the target company are used as collateral...
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...American Finance Association The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings Author(s): Jay R. Ritter Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Mar., 1991), pp. 3-27 Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328687 . Accessed: 15/03/2011 14:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing and American Finance Association...
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...environment affecting IPO decision” BRM Project – IKEA + IPO Abstract This research is aimed at developing a new model that should be able to determine for each privately owned company whether going public is a possibility for attracting new capital. Research upon IPOs resulted in variables of which a conceptual and hypothesized model were created. A meta-analysis and case study should determine the relevance and reliability of the model. Thereafter, a final model can be composed which can be applied to IKEA Group, our target company for the research, in order to obtain the final result; IKEA Group is qualified for an IPO, or not. Table of contents Introduction II 1. Rationale 1 2. Situational Analysis 2 2.1 Initial Public Offering 2 2.2 Advantages 3 2.3 Disadvantages 3 3. Theoretical Background 4 3.1 Initial Public Offering 4 3.2 Product market characteristics and performance 4 3.3 Industry characteristics 5 3.4 Initial underpricing 5 3.5 Hot and cold markets and IPO waves 6 3.6 Long-run performance 6 4. Conceptual Model 8 4.1 Hypotheses 9 4.1.1 Hypotheses Independent variables 9 4.1.2 Moderating Variables 9 5. Research design 11 5.1 Unit of analysis 11 5.2 Meta-analysis 11 5.2.1 The hypothesized model 11 5.2.2 The implementation 13 5.3 Case study 15 5.4 The implementation of the results 15 Bibliography 16 Appendices 20 * * Introduction Introduction The consideration of undertaking an IPO is one of the most...
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...Mavis Lei JetBlue Airways IPO Valuation Introduction and Recommendation In July 1999, David Neeleman had announced his plan to launch a new airline company that would bring “ humanity back to air travel” despite the fact that U.S. airline industry had lot failures over the past 20 years. JetBlue had target its strategy and operating philosophy by offering customers low –fares tickets, high performance of customer service, providing new aircrafts and focused on point-to-point service to large metro areas. JetBlue’s operating strategy had produced the lowest cost per available-seat-per-mile of any major U.S. airline in 2001- 6.98 cents versus an industry average of 10.08 cents. JetBlue’s early success was often attributed to his extensive experience with airline start-ups. In 2002, Southwest airline was the pioneer in low-fare air travel. It was also the fourth-largest carrier in America and in the world. JetBlue remained profitable during the recession in the airline industry in the terrorist attacks of September 2001. To support the company’s growth, management was ready to raise additional capital through a public equity offering. With co-lead manager Morgan Stanley, the initial price range for JetBlue shares, was $22 to $24. The demand had excess the supply, 5.5 million of shares planned for the IPO while management had recently filed an increase in the IPO range ($25 to $26). The most recent IPOs among low-fare airlines were of non-U.S. carriers. Ryanair, WestJet...
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...increases of the objects. The higher prices offered by the PE companies also affects the number of initial public offerings (IPO) on the Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges. One reason for the small number of current IPOs is that the objects simply have been valued higher by PE companies than they would do in an IPO. PURPOSE: The purpose with this thesis is, from a shareholder’s point of view, to analyze and describe the reasons of making an IPO instead of selling to a PE company. METHODOLOGY: Since the research is based on gathering and understanding information regarding specific persons’ choices and motives, a qualitative approach has been conducted. CONCLUSION: All the main motives of the IPO could have been achieved by selling to PE Company, except the motive of attaining share liquidity. One of the attractive reasons for share liquidity is that shareholders easily can choose between reducing ownership, increasing ownership or remain with existing shares. Another attractive reason is that financial institutions normally become shareholders, which in turn increases the credibility of the company. Eight out of the ten companies had parallel plans to the IPO; most of them including a possible PE buy-out scenario. However, no PE Company offered a price high enough for the individual companies. Either the existing owners received a better IPO price, or the remaining owners believed that the stock exchange would out-perform the PE price offers in the long run. Theory...
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...Giovanni Cespa Acknowledgments Having completed a rather long, but enjoyable year at Cass Business School , I feel obligated to thank a few people who helped me along the way. Firstly, I’d like to offer my most sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Giovanni Cespa for accepting to supervise me and putting me on the right track with this dissertation. Following, I’d like to thank my family for their moral support throughout the year. Last but not least I’d like to thank the entirety of the staff at Cass who helped further my education throughout the year. To all of you, Thank you Abstract The goal of this thesis is to evaluate and present the main alternative sources of finance for shipping corporations in the scope of the post-2008 market downturn. By “alternative” the author refers to any source finance that is not vanilla financing i.e. bank debt. Lists of benefits and drawbacks for each alternative source will be presented for all parties of the transaction in question. This is done in order to present an evaluation that will facilitate the reader in understanding the value of each source as well as potential costs and risks. While there are numerous alternative sources that could be covered, the emphasis has fallen only on those that carry at least a sizeable portion of market transactions. The study, similar to the industry itself, has a global character as the author felt that limiting the study to specific countries would give biased results. This...
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...encourages increase in savings by offering attractive and rewarding securities in terms of higher return, lower risk and easy option for conversion to cash. Investors in Bangladesh became increasingly interested in equity markets because many entrepreneurs look for requirements from the equity markets for many reasons. For this regard floating securities through IPO in the stock market is very analytical task and the whole procedure is the main focus of this report. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of the report is to comprehensive study on Dhaka detailed procedure of IPO, the performance evaluation of IPO based on the year 2012 and to find out the problems inherent with this. The following are the other objectives of the study- * To identify the advantages and disadvantages of IPO Process. * To identify the requirements to be fulfilled by the companies for collecting capital through IPO. * To discuss the analyzing process of the Draft Prospectus submitted by the companies willing to be held for IPO. * To know the performance of the post IPO companies. * To know the relationship of the company having IPO with market index. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY * Type of research The task of business research is to generate accurate information for use in decision making. Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording, and analyzing data for aid in making business decisions. There are two types...
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...undergraduate degree. Contents: 1. Introduction 1 2.1 Background to the IPOs……….………...............................................................1 2.2 Problem Discussion………….……...…………………….………………….....4 2.3 Contribution of the study……………………………………….……...………..5 2. Literature Review 6 2.1 Lockup Agreements…………………………………………………………….6 2.2 The Stabilization process-price support………………………………………...7 2.3 A theoretical background to underpricing………………………...……………8 2.4 The adverse selection……………………………………………………...…....8 2.5 How can underwriters affect underpricing………………….……………..……9 2.6 The role of institutional investors……………………………………….……..11 2.7 Issuers’ holdings……………………………………………….………………11 2.8 Underwriters’ purchases…………………………………………………….…12 3. Development of Hypotheses 13 3.1 Information asymmetry & Underwriters’ holdings impact on IPO price………13 3.2 The issue of realizing profits……………………………………………………15 4. Methodology 16 4.1 Dataset and Measurement of Variables…………………………………………16 4.2 Empirical Models……………………………………………………………….17 5. Empirical Results 19 5.1 Trading in the Short Term………………………………………………………19 5.2 The information advantage issue………………………………………………..19 6. Conclusion 20 Reference 21-22 Appendix 23-38 Introduction: 1.1 IPOs background...
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