...report: Sphalerite By Jia Ni Zhou (Viola) Section A a. The metals contained are Zinc, Iron, Palladium, Cadmium, lead. The main metal compounds found in it is ZnS. b. The extraction of Zinc from Sphalerite follows: (the flow diagram is on the next page.) Step 1: Sieving The ore is firstly crushed and be able to be separated from the gangue. Step 2: Froth Flotation Since the concentration of zinc in natural ore is usually between 40%-50%. By using froth flotation, the percentage of ZnS rapidly increased. Step 3: Roasting High temperature is required to allow oxygen to react with Zinc sulphide. The following balanced equation shows the reaction, which is oxidation. The chemical balanced formula is stated below: 2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2ZnO (l) + 2SO2 (g) Step 4: Extraction by using chemical reactions The use of carbon, mixed with ZnO under a hyperthermal environment produces the metal of Zinc with impurities. The chemical balanced formula is stated below: 2 ZnO (l) + C → 2 Zn (l) + CO2 (g) Step 5: Evaporation The ore changes its state as gas and leave the impurities behind. Step 6: Further purification Either fractional distillation or Electrolytic refining is applied to concentrate the impure zinc. c. The whole procedure of two extractions are very similar. At the beginning of extraction, both ores are needed to be ground by crushing to get rid of gangue. In the...
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...occurring metals Copper, silver, gold and platinum are the four most un-reactive metals. This means that they do not form compounds and can exist as simple lumps of the metal in the rock. They can be found native. These are easy to extract since they can be mined. Also, you can even find pieces of gold in streams. More reactive metals are not found in lumps and must be extracted from the rocks in which they occur. Roasting in oxygen For all this extraction processes, the rock must first be dug up, crushed, and the impurities removed so that a pure ore remains. The ore of a metal is actually a compound. It is frequently the oxide of the metal, e.g. an iron ore is the compound iron oxide, but it can also be other compounds. The more reactive a metal is, the more difficult it is to extract from its ore. Metals with quite a low reactivity can be extracted by roasting the ore in air. The oxygen in the air reacts with the compound, releasing the metal. Copper and mercury ores can be treated in this way to extract the metal. Carbon reduction Metals with a medium reactivity can be extracted using a process called carbon reduction. This is where the element carbon is used to separate the metal from the ore. Although carbon is not a metal it can act like a metal in a displacement-type reaction. The carbon can come in and take the place of the metal in the ore compound. Electrolysis This process is used for extracting metals with a high reactivity, e.g. the metals from aluminium...
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...crust is the outermost and thinnest zone of the earth. The tectonic plates are various sized areas of the earth’s lithosphere that move slowly around with the mantle’s flowing asthenosphere. The lithosphere is the outer shell of the earth, composed of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle outside the asthenosphere. A transform vault is an area where the earth’s lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture in the lithosphere. Weathering is the physical and chemical processes in which solid rock exposed at earth’s surface is changed to separate solid particles and dissolved material which can then be moved to another place as sediment. Its important because it is part of the rock cycle and the process releases nutrients and minerals to the soil and water for plants and animals to use. A volcano is a vent or fissure in the earth’s surface through which magma, liquid lava, and gases are released into the environment. The nature...
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...lower) than the soluble solid, the soluble solid will remain while the liquid evaporates. The procedure employs the use of an evaporating dish and a Bunsen burner. | Crystallisation | Another method of dissolved solids from a liquid mixture (solution)The impure salt is dissolved in water at a high temperature to create a concentrated solution.The mixture is then cooled and the salt crystallises, leaving the impurity in the solution.This crystallised slat contains much less of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process of determining the % by mass of one substance in a mixture * It is used to determine whether mining is economically feasible * to determine the composition of compounds in soil to determine whether the soil...
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...Marketing Management Report The Concept My concept is an end-to-end e-waste management company dedicated to environmental stewardship with advanced recycling technology, and to extract high quality metals by rendering innovative e-waste management solutions with fastest turn-around time from e-waste to economically viable metals. This company will solve and meet three critical needs: 1. It will give municipalities and companies a cost effective alternative to landfilling and rerouting the generated e-waste. 2. It will regularize the current fragmented e-waste management industry, which consists of collectors, recyclers, transporters, smelters etc and will provide end-to-end e-waste management solutions to produce economically viable metals. 3. It will use latest metal extraction and e-waste recycling technology to produce metals that will help to meet growing demand for environmentally viable metals. The recycled metals will be targeted towards electronics manufacturers, metal traders, and equipment manufacturers. Additionally, the company will offer a service to, e-waste storage and recycling plants by municipalities, sellers and manufacturers of EEE (electrical and electronic equipment). Currently, these municipalities and companies face several issues regarding the disposal of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment). Landfills are filling up fast and current e-waste management solutions are not adequate to meet the ever increasing inflow of waste....
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...IRAQ in 8700 B.C. Copper was derived from a Latin word “Cyprium”. Manufacturing Process The process of extract copper from its ore is different according to the type of ore. Each process consists of many steps in which unwanted elements are removed either physically or chemically. Copper is extract from sulfide ores. The process involved in obtaining pure copper are mining, concentrating, smelting, refining and casting. Firstly the sulfide ore is obtained from mines, than it crushed by crushers in industries. After crushing...
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...industries. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an orebody, lode, vein, (coal) seam or reef, which forms the mineralized horizon and package of economic interest to the miner. To gain access to the mineralised package within the lease area (aka Mining Rights Lease) it is often necessary to mine through (to create access, shafts, addits, ramps) or remove to the side waste material which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste, which also includes the removal of soil in some cases, is referred to as the mining process. Depending on the nature, attitude, and grade of the orebody, it is often the case that more waste than ore is mined during the course of the life of a mine. The waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator and to facilitate detailed planning the detailed geological and mineralisation characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration programme. The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means. Mineral processing (or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation (extractive metallurgy) of valuable metals or minerals from their gangue (waste material)...
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...If I were to create a coin it would be made from titanium and be worth five dollars. I would make the coin the shape of a rectangle with the shorter sides being and inch and the long and the longer sides being two inches. This coin would also be worth five dollars. When creating a new coin it is important to put consideration into the element that is being used, the design of the coin, how long the coin will last and go through circulation, the materials that will be used, and the refining process it has to go through. The coin I am creating will be made out of titanium. Titanium is a very strong lightweight metal that is commonly used to make aircrafts, jet engines. ("Mints are Struck by Millennial Madness.") It is also used for artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for other biological implants sense titanium does not react with the human body. Titanium is 45% lighter than steel and just as strong, but 60% heavier than aluminum and twice as strong. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust, so it is one of the easier elements to find. (“The Element Titanium.”) Using titanium will make the coin very strong and long lasting. Unfortunately, the high cost of titanium will make the use of the coin a bit more difficult. The titanium coin design will be simple, but will still protect it from being counterfeited. Being that the currency is being made into a coin it already makes it harder to counterfeit. The coin will be in the shape of a rectangle with...
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...and the most abundant metal. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminum metal is a very reactive metal .It is found combined in 270 different minerals. Aluminum History In 1761, Guyton de Morveau suggested calling the base alum alumina. In 1808, Humphry Davy identifies the existence of a metal base of alum. The metal was first produced in 1825 in an impure form by physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He react anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin. Friedrich Wöhler was aware of these experiments and cited them, but after redoing the experiments of Ørsted he concluded that the metal was pure potassium. He conducted a similar experiment in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium and yielded aluminum. Aluminum Characteristics There are many characteristics of aluminum, and here i will talk about two types of aluminum characteristics:- 1- Physical characteristics: Aluminum is a soft, durable, lightweight, and malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. A fresh film of aluminum film serves as a good of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of pure aluminum is between 7 and 11 MPa. Aluminum has 1/3 the density of steel. Aluminum atoms are arranged in a face-centered cubic structure. Aluminum is one of the few metals that retain full silvery...
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...Chemistry Revision Hazard Symbols States of Matter As heat is added to a solid the particles start to vibrate more and more vigorously. Eventually when it reaches its melting point the particles have enough energy to break their bonds and melt into a liquid. As it is cooled energy is taken away so the particles vibrate less and if a liquid or gas the bonds become stronger and so it freezes or condenses. In the case of a solid it becomes less flexible. Particles in a solid vibrate around their equilibrium but don’t move and keep a rigid shape with their bonds intact. Liquid particles are similar but have more energy so vibrate faster and have more fluidity. Gas particles have no bonds and move around very quickly Structure of an atom |Particle |Where? |Mass |Charge | |Proton |Nucleus |1 |1+ | |Neutron |Nucleus |1 |0 | |Electron |Energy Levels |1/1840 |1- | Atomic/Proton Number – Number of protons (small number) Mass Number – Sum of protons and neutrons Mass Num – Atomic Num = Number of neutrons Number of protons = number of...
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...Valuation of Metals and Mining Companies Author: Svetlana Baurens E-Mail: baurens@basinvest.ch Date: 7.11.2010 In collaboration with the University of Zürich, Swiss Banking Institute and Prof. Dr. T. Hens Contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................7 1.1. Motivation .......................................................................................................7 1.2. Structure ..........................................................................................................7 1.3. Definition of terms .........................................................................................8 2. Valuation models in mining and metals industry ................................................12 2.1. Special features of metals and mining companies ........................................12 2.2. Classification of valuation models ................................................................15 2.3. Resource & Reserve .....................................................................................17 3. Valuation of Explorations properties ...................................................................20 3.1. Appraised Value Method (Cost Approach) ...................................................23 3.2. Comparable Transactions (Market Approach) ..............................................24 4. Cycle importance in valuation of metals and mining companies...
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... 6. Channel and Distribution strategies 7. Pricing Strategies: m. Pricing determinants for industry n. Pricing strategies of company 8. Place 9. Consolidated SWOT analysis of company’s marketing operations 10. Financial Scorecard 11. Operational Scorecard 12. Recommendations for the future 1. Introduction to the Company History * An integrated mining and resources producer of zinc, lead, silver and cadmium. * Hindustan Zinc (HZL) was incorporated from the erstwhile Metal Corporation of India on January 10, 1966 as a Public Sector Undertaking. * A subsidiary of Vedanta Resources PLC. The world's the world's largest integrated producer of zinc and second largest zinc producer and the third largest Zinc smelter in the world and are on the verge of breaking into the top 10 global Silver producers.. Present Status in Industry Vedanta an over US $ 8.2 billion, Vedanta Resources plc (“Vedanta”) is a London listed FTSE 100 diversified metals and mining major. The group produces...
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...of new technology allows mankind to produce metals and minerals at progressively lower cost of production in real terms, and therefore at progressively lower prices, improving their availability, accessibility and utilization worldwide. However, the developers of such technology are not guaranteed to reap the benefits from this effort: There is an expectation that technology developers will gain an advantage over their competitors. Is this a short-term benefit that results from a temporary cost or efficiency improvement, or is it a sustainable longer term “edge” that prevails even after metal or mineral price has been eroded by the implementation of a major step change technology? This issue is examined by reference to several case study examples in the copper industry. modity producers to gain a cost advantage over their competitors, at least for a period of time. The more sustainable and longer term, the greater the competitive edge achieved. Technology development is costly and, in general, the greater the potential benefit, the higher the cost. The commercial implementation of new technology is inherently risky — the technology has not been applied before and must be proven over time. The risk must be managed, and this involves additional cost and intellectual effort. Finally, both technology development and commercial implementation typically requires significant investment of time. This latter factor is significant where the metal/ mineral of interest is a commodity that exhibits...
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...Faculty of Science and Engineering Department of Mining and Engineering and Mine Surveying Western Australia School of Mines 12585 - Mine Planning 532 Research Paper 1 – Mine Planning Process and the Carbon Tax Due Date : Friday 19-8-2011 Word Count: 2470 Abstract On 15 December 2008, the Federal Government launched its 2020 target for greenhouse gas emissions and its White Paper on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) as the start of the policy and legislation process. The mining sector in Australia has been cited as being a major contributor to greenhouse gases. The introduction of the CPRS means carbon emissions of a mining project should be considered from the initial stages of mine planning. The traditional approach to mine planning involves consideration of technical and economic data as inputs to the process. This paper considers the effect of the CPRS on various technical and economic factors related to the mine planning process. The results of this paper imply that the introduction of the CPRS makes it is imperative for mining companies to assess the impact of carbon emissions on a mining project during mine planning. Introduction Climate change has become an increasingly topical issue in recent times. Mounting scientific evidence suggests that human activities are causing a buildup of greenhouse gases and that this in turn is causing changes to the world’s climate (Gregorczu, 1999). Further complicating the issue, there are economic costs, scientific...
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...Titanium is often combined with other metals such as aluminum, vanadium, copper, iron, manganese and molybdenum to create alloys of improved grain size and hardness (Clifford, 1968). Titanium mill products: titanium foil, sheet, wire, and rod are useful in the aerospace, marine, military and other industries. Titanium powder is also used in pyrotechnics to produce silver sparks (Helmenstine, n.d.). Titanium is commonly consumed, meaning, about 95% of titanium ore extracted from the Earth is being refined into the form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white permanent pigment used in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics (Smook 2002). As titanium oxide, it is used as air purifiers (as a filter coating) to coat windows on buildings so that when titanium oxide becomes exposed to UV light (either solar or artificial) and moisture in the air, reactive redox species like hydroxyl radicals are produced so that they can purify the air or keep window surfaces clean (Stevens et. al., 1998). Also, just recently, 18-year-old Eesha Khare, a senior at Lynbrook High School, designed, synthesized and characterized a core-shell nanorod electrode capacitor (with a hydrogenated titanium dioxide core and polyaniline shell) that retained a supercapacitor's energy density and long life (Adhikari, 2013). The proponents, however, limit the scope of their research into titanium alloy mill products used in the aerocraft industry since two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines...
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