...Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: The Pros and Cons of Section 703. The FISA Act was created to govern the gathering of foreign intelligence. In 1952, President Thurman established the National Security Agency within the department of defense. The NSA is the premiere signals intelligence agency. In the United States Intelligence Community, agency efforts are channeled through the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The American intelligence community works closely with foreign intelligence agencies, especially on SIGINT matters. The members of the Cold War era UKUSA Agreement (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States) also known as ‘Five Eyes’(FVEY), are partially close collaborators. In the 1950’s the Executive branch was largely in control and unchecked by the Legislative and Judicial branches on Foreign intelligence matters. Some surveillance policies were narrowed due to constitutional concerns. The authority for foreign intelligence was identified in the President’s inherent Article II of the Constitution powers and a key legal check on that authority was the Fourth Amendment. The fourth amendment as interpreted by...
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...the Senate by 98 to 1, with Russ Feingold the only opposition. This act was signed then into law by former president George W. Bush on October 26, 2011, just six weeks after the September 11th attacks to the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This act reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies’ gathering of intelligence with the U.S. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. The Patriot Act made many changes to U.S. law, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 and Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), as well as the Immigration and Nationality Act. It was strongly opposed by Senator, Russ Feingold; he was the only Senator to vote against the bill. The final Act had a number of sunsets that was supposed to expire on December 15, 2005. On May 26, 2011, President Barack Obama used an Autopen to sign a four-year extension of three key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act while he was in France. Its goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists. The passing and renewal of the Patriot Act has been extremely controversial. Supporters claim that it's been...
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...the Senate by 98 to 1, with Russ Feingold the only opposition. This act was signed then into law by former president George W. Bush on October 26, 2011, just six weeks after the September 11th attacks to the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This act reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies’ gathering of intelligence with the U.S. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. The Patriot Act made many changes to U.S. law, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 and Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), as well as the Immigration and Nationality Act. It was strongly opposed by Senator, Russ Feingold; he was the only Senator to vote against the bill. The final Act had a number of sunsets that was supposed to expire on December 15, 2005. On May 26, 2011, President Barack Obama used an Autopen to sign a four-year extension of three key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act while he was in France. Its goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists. The passing and renewal of the Patriot Act has been extremely controversial. Supporters claim that it's been...
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...CCTV DEALERS CCTV Dealers Technology is a double-edged sword at the same time as innovation and enhancements could have numerous blessings for us, they can also be used to purpose hassle. Largest and the maximum apparent benefit of installing security cameras. as soon as they're located, you'll be able to see their effect on people nearly immediately. Even if they are positioned discreetly, you will begin feeling a experience of safety, which is priceless. Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) is a system wherein the circuit wherein the video is transmitted is closed and all of the elements (digicam, show video display units, recording gadgets) are immediately connected. This is in contrast to broadcast television wherein any receiver that is efficiently tuned can select up and display or keep the signal. Such specialized structures are not challenge to law by using the Federal Communications fee (FCC); but, protection cameras the usage of scrambled radio waves are in truth concern to commonplace service price lists and FCC situations of provider. in the past, these signals would be transmitted to a display equipped with a videocassette recorder, however those have been all but totally changed by using virtual video recorder (DVR) systems that can shop a ways more video and back up records robotically. Hidden cameras may be included into any CCTV network, and often are. They allow users to file crook behavior whilst criminals are on the lookout for well-known security cameras. They can...
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...in the United States of America is, “Are we being watched when we do this?”. Some would say yes, some would say no. It all depends on who you talk to. Government surveillance has been a well-known and widely used practice for a very long time, and most especially since the increase in global terrorist activities. This practice can be traced all the way back to 2001, starting with the government phone tapping citizens under court restrictions. Coming in the later years around 2009, cameras were being placed all around the country in order to keep an eye on the safety of and activities...
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...The Globe Grows Smaller The world we live in today is continually growing smaller and people are more connected with each other more than ever before. This is contributed to globalization; which for our purposes is defined as the increasing speed and ease that capital, services, goods, technologies, people, information, cultures, and ideas cross borders at. This paper will be analysing the effects of globalization on many aspects of France. Historically, France has opposed globalization and this disdain started gaining ground during the early 1990s as Europe was becoming integrated. The French feared globalization because they wanted to preserve their own rich culture, and because they saw globalization as another form of americanization and wanted no part of that. An example of this would be in 1999 when “a forty-six-year-old sheep farmer named José Bové was arrested for dismantling the construction site of a new McDonald’s restaurant in the southern French town of Millau. He acted, he argued, in protest against U.S. retaliatory trade sanctions against European products (notably, French cheese) and the uncontrolled spread of free market globalization. By attacking McDonald’s, and getting himself photographed in handcuffs in the process, the publicity conscious Bové was striking out at the symbol of U.S.-inspired globalization, a perceived threat to French identity and culinary traditions” (Gordon, 1). José Bové tried to stand up against a global corporation who was eating away...
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...Internet Resources 1. Agresti, James D., and Reid K. Smith. "Gun Control Facts." 11 Feb. 2013 Web 18 Sept. 2014. http://www.justfacts.com/guncontrol.asp. This is a web document in which the authors cover pure statistics and facts. Graphs, tables, quotes, and statistics are all that this piece contains. This resource is useful since it was updated a little more than a year ago with the most recent data and continues to be updated as new stats and facts become available. It is also neutral in nature, giving just the facts and referencing both the affirmative and negative sides of the argument. 2. McEntee, Peg. “Utah Teacher Shoots Herself in Leg With Concealed Weapon.” Huffington Post 11 Sept. 2014 Web 18 Sept. 2014 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/11/teacher-shoots-self-concealed-weapon_n_5807826.html?utm_hp_ref=gun-control The Huffington Post is a news site with an entire section dedicated to news surrounding gun control, both recent and past. This article is helpful because it outlines the concealed carry laws in Utah schools, a state which has closely modeled it’s laws after Colorado’s. This article is useful because it describes some of the negative effect that concealed carry on campus has for the person carrying as well as the student population/their parents if they find out about the firearm. 3. Students for Concealed Carry. “Common Arguments Against Campus Carry.” Concealed Campus 2011-2012 Web Sept. 18 2014 http://concealedcampus.org/common-arguments/ ...
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...Criminal Justice Trends evaluation Marion Wade CJA/394 Criminal Justice Trends evaluation It is important for us to understand past, current, and future trends throughout the criminal justice system. Trends allow us to identify areas that need to be addressed so we may be equipped to handle them better. Society depends of the criminal justice system in many ways to offer them a sense of justice, safety, and peace of mind. Within this paper I will discuss past, current, and future trends and how it affects and changes our criminal justice system. I will also address recent and future trends and contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system, as well as the values of the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends Even though to most it may not seem like it, the criminal justice system has come a long way in its dealings with the public. In the past the criminal justice system was viewed as a faceless machine that acted independently of the areas it charged to look after. It seemed that it was better to stay detached from the public in order to remain biased in their judgment and to keep their professional appearance. By studying past trends we not only were able to see trends in criminal behavior as well as having the ability to try and create possible projections on why it could lead but, we were also able to view the interaction between the criminal justice system and those it served. Both the criminal justice system and the general public...
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...would grant politicians immunity from prosecution PROS Giving politicians’ immunity from prosecution allows them to focus on performing their duties The premier reason that most states, even those that allow for the prosecution of politicians, abstain from prosecuting them while they hold office is that being a politician is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months, amidst serious domestic and foreign policy concerns such as the ongoing war in...
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...Define the Problem……………………………………………………………………..pg 3 Ethical Dilemma(s)/ Overall vision/strategy/ Impact if not addressed……..…pg. 4 Establishment of Criteria………………………………………………………………pg. 5 SWOT Analysis………………………………………………………………..pg. 5-8 Contributing Factors…………………………………………………….……..pg. 8 Identification of Possible Solutions…………………………………………..………..pg. 8 Contributing Factor 1 Solutions...………………………………………...…....pg. 8-9 Pros and Cons………………………………………………….………pg. 8-9 Contributing Factor 2 Solutions…………………………………….………….pg. 10 Pros and Cons…………………………………………………….……pg. 10 Contributing Factor 3 Solutions………………………………………………..pg. 10 - 12 Pros and Cons…………………………………………………………pg. 10 - 12 Contributing Factor 4 Solutions……………………………………..……….. pg. 12 Pros and Cons………………………………………………...……….pg. 12 - 13 Solution recommendation and defense…………………………………………..…..pg. 13 Solution 1……………………………………………………………….…..…pg. 13 - 14 Solution 2……………………………………………………………….……..pg. 14 - 15 Solution 3……………………………………………………………….…..…pg. 15 Solution 4……………………………………………………………….……..pg. 15 Execution of Solutions..………………………………………………………….…...pg. 16 Solution 1………………………………………………………………….…..pg. 16 - 17 Solution 2…………………………………………………………………..….pg. 17 Solution 3…………………………………………………………………..….pg. 18 Solution 4………………………………………………………………..…….pg. 18 - 19 Work Cited………………………………………………………………………..…..pg. 20 -21 II. Define the Problem Case 27: Rhino Capture in Kruger...
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...Define the Problem……………………………………………………………………..pg 3 Ethical Dilemma(s)/ Overall vision/strategy/ Impact if not addressed……..…pg. 4 Establishment of Criteria………………………………………………………………pg. 5 SWOT Analysis………………………………………………………………..pg. 5-8 Contributing Factors…………………………………………………….……..pg. 8 Identification of Possible Solutions…………………………………………..………..pg. 8 Contributing Factor 1 Solutions...………………………………………...…....pg. 8-9 Pros and Cons………………………………………………….………pg. 8-9 Contributing Factor 2 Solutions…………………………………….………….pg. 10 Pros and Cons…………………………………………………….……pg. 10 Contributing Factor 3 Solutions………………………………………………..pg. 10 - 12 Pros and Cons…………………………………………………………pg. 10 - 12 Contributing Factor 4 Solutions……………………………………..……….. pg. 12 Pros and Cons………………………………………………...……….pg. 12 - 13 Solution recommendation and defense…………………………………………..…..pg. 13 Solution 1……………………………………………………………….…..…pg. 13 - 14 Solution 2……………………………………………………………….……..pg. 14 - 15 Solution 3……………………………………………………………….…..…pg. 15 Solution 4……………………………………………………………….……..pg. 15 Execution of Solutions..………………………………………………………….…...pg. 16 Solution 1………………………………………………………………….…..pg. 16 - 17 Solution 2…………………………………………………………………..….pg. 17 Solution 3…………………………………………………………………..….pg. 18 Solution 4………………………………………………………………..…….pg. 18 - 19 Work Cited………………………………………………………………………..…..pg. 20 -21 II. Define the Problem Case 27: Rhino Capture in Kruger...
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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...O C C A S I O N A L PA P E R S E R I E S N O 1 2 3 / F E B R UA RY 2 011 THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS by Ettore Dorrucci and Julie McKay OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES NO 123 / FEBRUARY 2011 THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS by Ettore Dorrucci and Julie McKay1 NOTE: This Occasional Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB. In 2011 all ECB publications feature a motif taken from the €100 banknote. This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.ecb.europa.eu or from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=1646277 1 European Central Bank, Ettore.Dorrucci@ecb.europa.eu, Julie.McKay@ecb.europa.eu. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank. The authors would like to thank, outside their institution, A. Afota, C. Borio, M. Committeri, B. Eichengreen, A. Erce, A. Gastaud, P. L'Hotelleire-Fallois Armas, P. Moreno, P. Sedlacek, Z. Szalai, I. Visco and J-P. Yanitch, and, within their institution, R. Beck, T. Bracke, A. Chudik, A. Mehl, E. Mileva, F. Moss, G. Pineau, F. Ramon-Ballester, L. Stracca, R. Straub, and C. Thimann for their very helpful comments and/or inputs. © European Central Bank, 2011 Address Kaiserstrasse 29 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany...
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...Case Study – Cybercrime International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy 1822 East Mall, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1 Tel: 1 (604) 822-9875 Fax: 1 (604) 822-9317 Email: icclr@law.ubc.ca www.icclr.law.ubc.ca Case Study – Cybercrime By Annemieke Holthuis Counsel Criminal Law Policy Section Department of Justice Canada Case Study prepared for Co-Teaching at the National Prosecutors College Beijing China November-December 2006 As part of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (ICCLR) and GeoSpatial SALASAN Programme: The Canada China Procuratorate Reform Cooperation Project, supported by the Canadian International Development Agency 2 Case Study - Cybercrime Public concern about the incidence of child pornography on the Internet is increasing in British Columbia. The police decide to crack down and seek the help of members of the public and Internet Service providers like XYZ Corporation. Brian, a concerned citizen and the divorced father of a young girl, contacts police expressing concerns about his roommate Dwayne. Dwayne is always on the computer and he has no idea what Dwayne is doing. Dwayne’s door is always locked and Dwayne won’t let Brian borrow the computer, even to send a quick e-mail. Lately, Dwayne acts more strangely than ever. Brian said that he didn’t know what it is but he’s no longer comfortable bringing his daughter home when Dwayne was there. Brian mentions...
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...Basel I The Basel Accords are some of the most influential—and misunderstood—agreements in modern international finance. Drafted in 1988 and 2004, Basel I and II have ushered in a new era of international banking cooperation. Through quantitative and technical benchmarks, both accords have helped harmonize banking supervision, regulation, and capital adequacy standards across the eleven countries of the Basel Group and many other emerging market economies. On the other hand, the very strength of both accords—their quantitative and technical focus—limits the understanding of these agreements within policy circles, causing them to be misinterpreted and misused in many of the world’s political economies. Moreover, even when the Basel accords have been applied accurately and fully, neither agreement has secured long-term stability within a country’s banking sector. Therefore, a full understanding of the rules, intentions, and shortcomings of Basel I and II is essential to assessing their impact on the international financial system. This paper aims to do just that—give a detailed, non-technical assessment of both Basel I and Basel II, and for both developed and emerging markets, show the status, intentions, criticisms, and implications of each accord. Basel I Soon after the creation of the Basel Committee, its eleven member states (known as the G-10) began to discuss a formal standard to ensure the proper capitalization...
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