...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Nicholas Owens Professor Kenneth Pino Business Ethics 05-04-14 I’ve recently done research regarding the commercialization of Organ Transplants. I’ve found many arguments for and against this subject. Some individuals find the act to be unethical, and other’s think it will save lives. The problem is that a new policy was proposed to allow sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions. When it comes to the subject of human organs, there are a few ethical standards to consider. There are religious standards, social norms, ethical code, morals, and policies in which we should follow. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. Meaning that to commercialize organs transplants would violate an ethical code and social norm. During my research I’ve found many pros and cons concerning the commercialization of Organ Transplants. One of the pros would be that it shortens the waiting time for those in need of transplants. For example, if you have been on a waiting list to receive a kidney and there are more donated organs you will receive one quicker to save your life. Another pro for commercializing organ transplants are an individual’s rights to have the freedom to do what they wish with their body organs. Some people might equate this example to abortion stating that the government shouldn’t be able to tell you what to do with your body. During NOTA (National Organ Transplant)...
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...is always so lucky that they get one as soon as they need it. If you take into consideration the number of tragedies in a day and the number of people waiting for a transplant, you can only imagine how high the demand of organs is. What if we did not limit transplant givers or recipients to humans? The medical field should be doing more research and practice procedures using Xenotransplantation for the sake of others lives that are in danger and cannot wait. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation...
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...relation with organ transplants has affected Iran. Due to the lack of regulations the donor market has become a competitive business especially Kidney donations and these are primarily funded trough 2 major charity organizations in Teheran. The donations of kidneys for a could lump sum has become drastically competitive where people are advertising the sale of their kidneys on posters and papers along with their blood type and other information that they believe will attract a buyer. The article also talks about how desperate people just opt for this option without understanding the risks simply because of the lack of regulations for such transplants. One incident in the article states that a mother was willing to sell her kidney just so that she would have a dowry to find her daughter a husband and fund her wedding as their culture say that those are the duties of a parent. The article also talks about how the lack of such regulation in Iran promotes international organ trafficking. 1) Is the ‘Business’ mentioned in your case ‘just like any other business’, or is it open to moral criticism? Think of individual and social rights of stakeholders involved, principles of equity, justice and respect for human dignity when defending your answer. The business mentioned in the case is open to moral criticism because it involves the lives of people; it involves people giving out part of their organs. Some argue whether it should be legal or not and whether people selling their kidneys...
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...Footnotes 1 The Real Promise of Stem Cell Research Dr. David Prentice, HealthNewsDigest.com 2 Derivation of Human Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts, C. A. Cowan and others. March 25, 2004, New England Journal of Medicine, p.1355 with secondary reference to footnotes 13-17 p.1356. Stem Cell Research Pros The following article is a take on the ongoing debate related to stem cell research pros and cons. The stem cell research information covered in the article below will help you understand the potential of this new research for the benefit of humanity. [pic] Stem cell research, sounds like a plot from a best-selling novel by Robin Cook. However, it's not just a fictional thought, but a reality making waves in genetic research. There is a lot of controversy surrounding stem cell research. There are two groups formed, one supporting and the other against embryonic stem cell research. Both groups use the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell as the basis of arguments. We too shall discuss some of the stem cell research pros in the following paragraphs. This research is a major breakthrough in the scientific world. It is important to understand the positive points of this discovery before we push it over to the recycle bin. Let us have a look at the advantages stem cell research to shed some positive light on this debatable topic. What are Stem Cells? Let's first brush up on our basic, by beginning with some information related to what are stem cells. Stem cells...
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...The organ shortage: To market, or not to market? Jessica Peabody Baker College Organ transplantation is a term that most people are familiar with. When a person develops the need for a new organ either due to an accident or disease, they receive a transplant, right? No, that's not always right. When a person needs a new organ, they usually face a long term struggle that they may never see the end of, at least while they are alive. The demand for transplant organs is a challenging problem that many people are working to solve. Countries all over the world face the organ shortage epidemic, and they all have different laws regarding what can be done to solve it. However, no country has been able to create a successful plan without causing moral and ethical dilemmas. The organ shortage is at a critical level, and unless a better system is devised, it will continue to get worse. The debate on whether to legalize and regulate organ trade through the free market has become a very controversial issue in the last decade. The shortage of organs is a problem the increases dramatically every day. In 2010, there were more than 112,000 people on the organ waiting list in the United States. However, there were only 14,507 donors. Of those donors, only 6,564 were "live donors" (UNOS, 2010). Organ trafficking is rising in popularity due to the constant increase in demand for organs and the continuous decrease in supply. Trafficking is the illegal trade of human organs such as the heart...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Many critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. In this paper I will review the arguments for and against commercialization of organ transplant. I will formulate my position on the debate of whether or not the sale of organs should be permitted and I will defend my moral judgment with an argument. I will also determine which normative theory best supports my conclusion. Nearly 100,000 people in the United States are on a waiting list for kidneys, hearts, livers, lungs, and other organs. Many of these people die each day because the high demand for organs greatly exceeds the supply, and the disparity is widening. Despite these laws and other strategies, such as organ donation cards, the organ shortage remains (Sadler & Sadler, 2012). Some people favor changing the federal law to allow people to buy and sell organs. Although, this approach is filled with ethical problems, including the risk that only the desperately poor would be persuaded, and possibly forced to sell their body parts (Sadler & Sadler, 2012). A problem that has been around is the trafficking of human organs. Despite severe and fine tuned laws most jurisdictions are unable to curb organ trafficking. Nor are they able to provide organs to the needy. There are reports of the kidnapping and murder of children and adults to “harvest” their organs (Kishore, 2005). Millions of people are suffering, not because the organs are not available...
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...SITUATION ANALYSIS Blood Supply - 14 Million units were donated, 12.9 were not analogous and 1.1 mill were - in 1995 3.2M units of blood into 1.5M patients - chronic illness (ex: anaemia) - 8.1M units were put into 2.5M patients - acute blood loss demand of human blood is often in shortage (in certain times) Blood substitutes - used for an alternative to human blood 1997 - no approved blood substitute Biopure has spent $200 M in the development of bovine-sourced substitute Oxyglobin - animals, Hemopure - Humans No revenue, enough capital to operate 2 more years 1998, Biopure was one of three legitimate contenders in the emerging field of “blood substitutes.” Oxyglobin ready to launch OPPORTUNITY/PROBLEM/ISSUE 1. How do you assess Biopure’s potential in the human market? (Hemopure) *Pros and Cons Table *Hemopure against competitors Table Competitors have larger production capacity, established distribution network Hemopure Product Characteristics - “Universal,” no blood typing needed, less potential for rejection - Cannot cause infections or be contaminated - Increased shelf life, can be stored for 2 years - 100% efficient at carrying oxygen to vital organs - Purity, efficacy, convience - Need in critical-care situations Finances - Received $50 million for funding Competitive Advantage - Baxter and NL compete for limited available (1.2 million) expired or rejected units - Biopure has unlimited supply from cows (10,000 cattle...
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...Case memo question: Should Tengion prioritize Augment or Conduit as its lead product? Tengion is a relatively new biotech company which focuses its efforts in building regenerative medicine. This is a niche field that seeks to promote the creation of new cells and tissue to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost due to age, disease, damage, or congenital defects. In late 2008 Tengion management faces a difficult dilemma. In light of the financial crises, the company needs to manage cash burn by prioritizing its R&D efforts. CEO Nichtberger needs to recommend to the board which of two promising new medical treatments to keep developing while placing the other on hold. In comparing the two options, a host of factors need to be considered-- these range from assessing the regulatory challenges, manufacturing challenges, marketing challenges (in particular pricing), and partnering challenges. Each of the treatments would target a unique patient population that differs in both size and composition. Tengion must also consider how quickly it might expect to bring each of the two treatments to market. The decision could have significant long-term implications for the company's ultimate survival and success. Tengion’s lead product Augment was primarily targeted towards patients suffering from Spina bifida (SB) and spinal cord injury (SCI) whose bladders did not function properly. There were 2,000 new cases (babies) of Spina bifida (SB) every year and 12,000 new cases of spinal...
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...The Human Cloning Debate its Benefits Potential and Controversies Charles J. Butler Devry University ENG 135 Professor Norton Abstract This paper explores the vast science and medical research that has gone into cloning, specifically human cloning. It focuses mainly on internet websites and articles posted on to the internet. The articles focus mainly on the history of cloning and the various ways that nature has used cloning and how mankind has extended natures approach and ultimately advanced cloning methods and the new technology that has been discovered because of these advances. The articles contain proof that further advancements in cloning can develop possibilities in preventing and curing diseases. There is discussion on how continued research into therapeutic cloning can expand the knowledge of how certain diseases and cancer attack the body, and how this knowledge can help fight and even eliminate both these issues. Another topic of discussion is how cloning could lead specific cell production of various organs and tissues through-out the body which can lead to curing failing organs and even the possibility of growing replacements organs thus doing away with then need for lengthy organ transplant lists and the needless suffering of thousands of patients a year. The paper contains the various ethical and controversial arguments that human cloning bring up. Keywords: Therapeutic cloning, The Human Cloning Debate its Benefits Potential and Controversies ...
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...Abstract Every human being is born with the rights of their own life and the pursuit of happiness. Through this crucial practice these people are deprived of these rights, they can no longer exercise what is granted to them as human rights. Human trafficking is the control and exploitation of others against their own free will. After illegal drugs and arms trafficking human trafficking is the next most profitable criminal activity. This paper will give the insight of human trafficking and how it effects human’s life as a whole. This paper will also discuss the moral and legal considerations of human trafficking, the Impact of human trafficking on the global communities, the Impact of human trafficking on US foreign policy and laws, and the Impact of human trafficking on me as an individual, as well as the pro and cons. Human trafficking Introduction Amongst the multiple crimes against humanity, human trafficking is one of the most common (UNODC, 2011). From Human trafficker leader, (2011), human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery. This is characteristic from the fact that humans are bought, sold and smuggled in the form of slaves into foreign countries. Mostly, the humans from poor nations fall victims in deceit that they will be granted new and good jobs in the foreign lands and the only thing is for them to pay a little fee and get ready to get to the greener pastures in their lives. This is in accordance to the UNODC (2011) which clearly states that humans are recruited...
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...ESSAY FOR SBI DESCRIPTIVE TEST CYBER CRIMES Millions of people around the world use computers and the internet every day. We all use it in school, work even at home, computers have made our lives easier it has brought so many benefits to the society but it has also brought some problems and cybercrimes with them. Today, the world is moving towards a point where everything from banking stock exchanges, are traffic control, telephones to electric power, health care, welfare and education depends on software. This exponential growth, and the increase in the capacity and accessibility of computers coupled with the decrease in cost, has brought about revolutionary changes in every aspect of human civilization, including crime. As a result, the increased capacities of information systems today come at the cost of increased vulnerability. Information technology has begun to produce criminal opportunities of a variety that the brightest criminals of yore could not even begin to dream about. The term “Cyber Crime” has nowhere been defined in any statute or Act passed or enacted by the Indian Parliament. Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime. It is rapidly evolving from simple e-mail mischief where offenders send obscene e-mail, to more serious offences like theft of information, e-mail bombing to crashing servers etc.There are various forms of cyber crime like...
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...DARDEN CONSULTING CASE BOOK 2012-2013 EDITION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Consulting Case Interview 1. Structure of the Case Interview 2. Frameworks 3. The Math 2. Company Overviews & Interview Processes 3. Practice Cases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bike DVD Rental Service in NYC Dry Wall Competitive Threat Organ Donation Case Central Power Chemicals, Inc. Hospital Profitability Contact Lens Manufacturer Growth TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT’D) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. E-commerce in the Airline Industry Big Green Biofuels New Rubber Plant Investment Asian Mobile Service Provider Radiator Lens for Defense Aircraft Capital Investment for Utility Electric Car Manufacturer Growth Miner’s Dilemma Big Truck Company Auto Spare Parts Machine Company Non-Profit Revenue Decline Gas Liquefaction 4. Acknowledgements THE CONSULTING CASE INTERVIEW STRUCTURE OF THE CASE INTERVIEW The consulting case interview typically lasts between 20-30 minutes and consists of the following parts: • • • • • Case Overview / Prompt Clarifying Questions Structure / Framework Building & Explanation Problem Solving & Analysis Recommendation The interview should be highly conversational and interactive. Depending on the firm, and depending on the round, some interviews can be more structured than others. Please see the subsequent section for more information on firm-specific preferences and formats. STRUCTURE OF THE CASE INTERVIEW Case Overview / Prompt The case interview...
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...Summer Internship Report My first summer internship, it was really interesting. While doing this internship I learned a lot, met a lot of lovely people and for a fact I enjoyed my summer vacations. I did my internship at an NGO named CONSUMERS INDIA. My internship was a 6 weeks internship in which we had to go for 4 weeks and the next 2 weeks i had to do online research work. I’ll just give brief information about the NGO- Consumers India is a non-profit organization set up by former officers of Department of Consumer Affairs and other senior officers of Government of India, with a view to use their knowledge and experience for the benefit of consumers. The organization was registered on 18.05.2007 under Societies Registration Act, 1860. It is also registered under Sections 12A read with section 12AA and 80 G (5) (vi) of Income Tax Act, 1961. The Department of Consumers Affairs in Govt. of India has permitted it to use the name ‘Consumers India’ under “Emblems and Names Act, 1950”. Consumers India has taken up several important campaigns with a view to safeguard interests of large number of consumers. Some of them relate to ‘Unethical Medical Practices’, ‘Misleading Advertising’, ‘Ageing with Dignity’, ‘Access to Affordable Medicines’, ‘End criminalization of Politics', ‘Justice for all…Just Now’, ‘I am a city changer’, ’Right to Information, ‘Junk the junk food’ etc. Catalyzing the energy of youth through Internship Programme and All-India Painting/Slogan/On-line...
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...INTRODUCTION There is thinking about topic of masturbation. Furthermore, there is question like, “Is there such thing as masturbation?” Masturbation will lead to negative thinking when people heard about it. Masturbation was often related to taboos for some cultures, beliefs and religions. People believe and used to assumed masturbation as unhealthy behavior and might harm the person that act it out. Indeed, the assumption was totally wrong. The impact of masturbation can only be identified depending on various factors that effecting and affecting. Cited in the classical article on the theology of masturbation, Father Jos. Farraher, S.J., describes masturbation as “the stimulation of the external sexual organs to a point of climax or orgasm by oneself, by movements of the hand or other physical contacts or by sexually stimulating pictures or imaginations (psychic masturbation) or by a combination of physical and psychical stimulation."2 In a broader sense this includes mutual masturbation in which persons touch one another's genitalia”. (John F. Harvey) It means that masturbation is sex pleasure for one person only. It may or may not include the stroking of genitals and also orgasm. An individual could also masturbate with partners or so-called as ‘mutual masturbation’. Other terms to describe masturbation are ‘onanism’ and ‘self- pleasure’. Also, referring to Better Health Channel, “masturbation means touching and rubbing your penis or clitoris and breasts for sexual pleasure...
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... Acknowledgement We offer our heartfelt thanks to Almighty Allah who has given us strength and the knowledge to complete this Selling system of Beximco pharmaceuticals project. Thanks to NCC education that enable us to gain such a valuable education like information technology. Thanks to DIIT that begins such education within our bounds. We express our sincere thanks to Shamsuddin Ahmed Lecturer of DIIT who has shown deep interest in our throughout and helped us with his rich and varied experience and co-ordination in various ways. And specially also thanks to our faculty Manna Sir, Mustafizur Rahman Sir. We have learned a lot while developing the software. This knowledge will help us enormously in future. Abstract The project we have undertaken is a part of NCC’s International Advance Diploma in Computer Studies curriculum and it is a major part of our studies. The project is being developed for selling system of Beximco pharmaceuticals project and we are computerizing their product and sales management system. We have gone there to investigate existing system and take interviews of the concerned personnel. This departmental store has been performing all its tasks manually and it is facing problems with the selling system. The company is interested to computerize their selling system. We have followed the waterfall model for developing. Content...
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