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The Regulation of the Socioeconomic Impacts of the Illicit Drug Trafficking Industry

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The illicit drug trade in France is a very controversial topic in such country because of the variations it can have and of the many exceptions that are sometimes allowed. France has taken a firm position in encouraging the development of prevention centers and programmers rather than actually punishing the consumers. It believes, though it believes that more effort must be put into restricting the consume of these products and punishing those who distribute it. France developed a Three-Year Plan to Combat Drug Use and to Prevent Dependence (1999-2001) where it clearly states that the aim of such program is not “to change the law or modify the hierarchy of prohibitions”. While France has created successful institutions to deal with this problem, estimates have shown a high percentage of consumption especially cannabis, alcohol, tobacco and heroin. Since 1982, France has counted on the Inter-departmental Mission for the Fight Against Drugs and Drug Addiction (MILDT). “The MILDT prepares the government plans for the fight against drugs, and monitors the application of these plans.” While enforcing the policies made to combat drug traffic, the MILDT believes that users should be placed instead of punishment, in rehabilitation centers where there addictions will be treated. Another two relevant institutions are French Monitoring Centre for Drug Addiction that collates available data on drugs and dependencies; and the Drug Information Service, a service that offers telephone helplines to general public to deal with specific addictions. Budget concerning drugs is spent on finance innovative communication, research and evaluation projects, and implementation of policies and management of drug users under prosecution for criminal offenses. The Directorate General of Customs (DGDDI) in France, takes care of seizing narcotics, the TRACFIN receives and deals with handling suspects of money laundering from financial intermediaries and the National Mission for Controlling Chemical Precursors (MNCPC) joins forces with the national police, customs and industry officials to follow up and implement policies as they arise. The French navy takes care to fight narcotics in high seas in French West Indies-Guyana zone. Ever since intense research was handled by the OFDT, in 1999, concerning data emerged about drug use in France. Studies concluded, “54% of people in drug rehabilitation units are users of at least two products [,] 35% of French people over 18 years old are confirmed smokers”. Cannabis consumption is increasing dramatically, concerning heroin, it is said that it has reached stable levels since 1989 to 1997. A great concern of France is the fact that, worldwide, the effects of tobacco and alcohol are undermined and are not taken as serious addictions that can have tremendous effects on the person, on society and into other individuals. France’s government is concerned about the fact that the amount of drinks and frequency of drunkenness has increased severely in young people. Regarding tobacco, France has had successful results with the enforcement of the Evin Law (1991), where tobacco consumption fell by 11% between 1991-97. France is deeply concerned about students’ consumption of such drugs and has therefore created the “ZEP” areas where schools are targeted for special help. Reports have shown that usage of cannabis in secondary schools implemented in “ZEP” is of 19% and in those that are not in the denominated area, consumption of cannabis raises to 31%. Concerning the regulation of the illicit drug trafficking industry, the United Nations has passed several resolutions as well as held conventions and developed treaties. The UNODC is the leader of such movement in the UN. It was established in 1997 when the merging took place of the United Nations Drug Control and the Centre for International Crime Prevention. The UNODC operates in all the world through a network of officers and it is funded mainly by voluntary contributions, which are usually governments’. The three pillars of the commission is first, to develop field-based cooperation to attack illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. Second, to research and analyze information concerning drugs and crime in order to create methods to prevent future issues. Third, to assist Nation States in ratifying and implementing international treaties as well as to legislate laws and domestic policies concerning drug use and other factors that may affect crime. The three major international drug control treaties are, The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), The Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) and the Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The main purpose of these treaties is to direct the appropriate use of the illicit drugs and to redirect them into medical and scientific institutions where they will be used appropriately and will be taken more advantage furthermore, augmenting technological, scientific and medical advancement internationally. These treaties consist of a series of measures that are applicable at international level and will therefore channelize these products into other industries at the same time preventing them from diverting to other means. The specific commission for the drafting of the policies made in drug related manners was created by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and is denominated the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND). It allows member states to analyze global drug situation and take measure at international scale within the plan of action. It monitors the implementations of the three major international conventions stated above as well as the complying of such regulations. In the resolution E/RES/2007/12 the strategy is listed for the period 2008-2011 of the UNODC. The Resolution 50/7 deals with strengthening imports and export documents concerning controlled substances. In resolution 50/10 prevention methods are listed of drug precursors and other substances involved in the illicit trade. Resolution A/RES/62/176 specifies that it urges all states to strengthen efforts in order to achieve goals set in the 2008 Twentieth Special Session of the General Assembly by “Promoting international initiatives in order to eliminate or reduce significantly the illicit manufacture, trafficking and marketing of drugs and other psychotropic substances, including synthetic drugs, and the diversion of precursors, other transnational criminal activities, including money-laundering and trafficking in arms, and corruption”.
The UN urges all member states to implement the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction, and other significant resolutions that have been passed by either the General Assembly, ECOSOC or the CND, which are the main committees working in the United Nations to eliminate or alleviate the effects of the illicit drug trafficking industry.

http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/rubrique171.html http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/article1028.html http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/summary.pdf http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/organized-criminality_1935/the-fight-against-drugs_1936/france-margins-of-action_1328.html http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/summary.pdf http://www.drogues.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/summary.pdf http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/index.html http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/index.html
http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/474/33/PDF/N0747433.pdf?OpenElement

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