The two stages of human growth and development that I researched is by Albert Bandura and B.F Skinner. Bandura has become the most influential theorist of learning and development. He believes that a significant amount of learning is described by social cognitive learning. “Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effect of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Bandura 1977).” We don’t have to go through an experience ourselves to learn from it, it is learned primarily through observation and not through trail and area, as it is with operant condition.
B.F Skinner theory of operant is a form of how we response to life situation whether positive or negative. As an example of this conditioning, my mother was the dominant one in the household. If my brothers, sisters and I did something wrong, she would physically punish us. Skinner has three types of reinforcement: primary reinforcement- instinctive behaviors lead to satisfaction of basic survival needs such as food, water, sex and shelter. Secondary reinforcement – is not reinforcing by itself, but becomes reinforcing when paired with a primary reinforce. Lastly, generalized reinforcement- stimuli become reinforcing through repeated pairing with primary or secondary reinforcement (Skinner 1904-1990).
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory continues to be examined but has been said to have no empirical evidence. It has been called into question because of the limited amount of population of men living in Austria (Feldman 2014).
Research has suggested the developmental stage of brain function and compared them to the stage of