...After interviewing Ian, my neighbour, I have come to the conclusion that most of his views agree with those of the general public, from his taste in music to his love of sport. He pretty much filled in the role of the “Ordinary Australian” of the 80’s. The first impression you have of Ian is his absolute passion for sports. The interview itself was allocated at a convenient time slot for him, so that he would not miss his Seven o’clock football match on Television. He particularly loved, and still does, love his cricket, but enjoys watching more or less any form of sport on the television-a habit that he has not strayed from for a long time, a habit he has maintained throughout the 1980’s. Australians has always been a sport-loving nation. For a country with a relatively small population, Australian athletes fared extremely well on the international scale. In this decade, coverage of Sport on TV evolved in leaps and bounds. The quality of TV had improved, and as a result, there was a great surge of popularity in the 80s for television. Ian, it seems, was no exception to the increase in television views (particularly the sporting channels). The 80’s was the time of Madonna and Michael Jackson; these two artists were extremely popular and presented a new style of music. Australian Music gained confidence in the 1980’s, and developed a distinct “Australian Rock” sound. The band Midnight Oil was popular, as was the internationally renowned INXS, who received Grammy nominations, MTV...
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...Today’s world is a highly organized society in America. There is no question that millennial children have a myriad of regulations and restrictions placed on them. This is evident through the spike in the organization and privatization of sports. This has recently raised questions about their ability to run the American democracy when they come of age. Some believe this authoritative environment will result to a weaker democracy and for good reason. “Is American Childhood Creating an Authoritarian Society?” is an article written by Pratik Chougule that supports my belief that America should anticipate a more authoritarian governed democracy. A major point Pratik Chougule states to further his argument is the change in school systems since the...
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...OPPORTUNITIES IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Ronnie Wayne Autry || SML7005|Dr. Shani Compton| || Sports Revenue Management and Leadership|Assign # 11: Sports Management Career| || Faculty Use Only Career Opportunities in Sports Management Abstract This study was designed to explore the specific competencies essential for a career in sports management and promotion in campus, public, and recreation settings. Utilizing the means of the Competencies of Sport Managers device, the competencies of sport administrators and managers were represented by four factors, identified as Management Techniques, sport programming, business administration, and theoretical perspectives. Discriminant analysis revealed that sport administrators in campus recreation settings placed more emphasis on theoretical perspectives and less emphasis on sport programming. When compared to sport management, administrators in the promotions departments placed more emphasis on sport programming and theoretical perspectives, with faculty placing more emphasis on management techniques and business administration. This study reinforces the need for professional sport commissioners and managers to possess a strong management and business base, along with competence in sport programming and recreational sport theory/foundations. Achieving greater understanding of the nature and importance of sport competencies...
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...Basics and Perspectives of Sports Marketing Table of contents Index of figures ........................................................................................................ III 1. Differentiation and evolution of dedicated sports marketing ........................... 1 1.1. Historical development and modern definitions ............................................... 1 1.1.1. Historical development ........................................................................... 1 1.1.2. A broader definition ............................................................................ 3 1.2. Distinctiveness of the sports market compared to traditional markets ............. 3 1.2.1. Characteristics of the sports market ................................................... 4 1.2.2. Characteristics of the sports product .................................................. 4 1.2.3. Characteristics of the sports consumer .............................................. 5 2. Defining a marketing mix ..................................................................................... 5 2.1. Analysis phase and market segmentation ....................................................... 5 2.2.1. The traditional four p’s ........................................................................ 8 2.2.2. Additional domains of sports marketing ............................................. 9 3. Current Developments and future perspectives ............................................
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...Bowerman. Nike was first known as Blue Ribbon Sports and started out as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, now known as ASICS. In 1971 the “Swoosh” was designed for $35.00 by Carolyn Davidson and the first shoe sold doning the swoosh and the name Nike was a soccer shoe. In 1972, Blue Ribbon Sports changed its name to Nike, Inc. after the winged greek goddess of victory. Later on in the 1970’s the company’s world headquarters were opened up un Beaverton, Oregon. (http://www.theshoegame.com/Nike-History-Timeline-Info.html) Nike- 1980s The company really took off and became well known all across the world in the 1980’s. The company started prodection of their footwear in 11 countries including China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Famous shoes such as the “Nike Air” Air Force Ones and the Air Aces were introduced. Also in the 1980’s, the famous Nike slogan “Just Do It” came about. The slogan is still a major focal point in the companies advertising and marketing to this day. The success of the Nike took a huge turn in 1985 when the company signed a deal with the world’s greatest basketball player of all time, Michael Jordan. Jordan played a major role in how successful nike is today. The newly introduce “Air Jordan” became popular to basketball players worldwide, whether was at the professional level or the youth level. (http://www.theshoegame.com/Nike-History-Timeline-Info.html) Post 1980 After the 1980’s and the deal with Michael, Nike began to sign...
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...contemplating which of the two players is better to draft for his fantasy baseball team. If you have ever fanaticized about what it would be like to manage your own team of professional players and compete with your peers, fantasy sports is the hobby for you. Fantasy sports is a social epidemic that has been on the rise for many years and will continue to inflate for a long period of time. According to encyclopedian.com, a fantasy sport “is a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport” (Truesdale). There is also the ability to trade, cut, and sign players, just like a real sports team owner. Some players who are very knowledgeable of the sport play for money, whereas some players like me play for fun on websites that host the game for free. Being part of the fantasy sports league motivated me to closely follow and watch how my drafted players perform. My knowledge of sports now is far greater than when I didn’t participate in fantasy sports. Watching sports news channels and discussing the latest updates with my brothers helped me to be able to manage my fantasy team well. During my free time, I would search for latest gossip on sports on a website called RealGM.com. It told me all the players who were performing well and those who were not. This exciting experience would not have happened if it weren’t for a man named Daniel Okrent...
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...the late 1800’s in Great Britain when people were cheering at competitive sporting events which then spread to the United States of America. In the United States, the first cheerleaders were from a group of six men from Princeton University, which was called the Princeton Pep Club. The man that organized the Princeton Pep Club was Thomas Peebler. Thomas Peebler was a graduate of Princeton University who started a cheer/chant of “Sis Boom Rah”. Cheerleading has come a long since the Princeton Pep Club, but yet it is still not receiving the respect it should be receiving in today’s world. The history of cheerleading over the past century has evolved from six men in the Princeton Pep Club chanting at a football game to one of today’s most popular and difficult sports for both girls and boys. Cheerleading started as a man’s sport and overtime evolved into a sport that is based mainly on females. When people now a days think of cheerleading, they think of girls flaunting around in their short skirt and tight uniform top, but cheerleading began as a male sport. During the year of 1903, at a University of Minnesota football game, there was a group of six males that created a yell squad, which led to a male cheer fraternity called Gamma Sigma (iSport, History of Cheerleading). The Cheerleading State, which consisted of a group of males who led crowd chants during basketball and football games, was started in 1905 by a group from Texas A&M. The sport of cheerleading...
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...lower priced models in the 1970’s and 1980’s. First let’s talk about Porsche’s marketing management strategies used. The marketing management orientations used (or that should be used) by Porsche are product concept, societal marketing concept, and the marketing concept. With the product concept, we see Porsche striving to not only improve on the cars they have, but to innovate into new markets - showing that Porsche isn’t a one trick pony. They focus on quality, not quantity. Porsche believes that it is better to have 500 amazing Porsches in the world, verses 1000 average ones. Porsche also has focused on the performance and features of a Porsche that set it apart from every other car manufacturers, even other luxury car makers like BMW, Lexus, etc. Every Porsche that leaves their German plants has been meticulously designed down to the smallest part of engineering, to the tiniest detail. By concentrating on making each one perfect and an automobile feat, Porsche is able to show that while others may produce millions of cars, they produce works of art that you can drive. For the new markets that Porsche has entered, we see Porsche applying marketing concepts to their customers, such as making vehicles for people who want the quality engineering and craftsmanship of a Porsche, but require something larger: A sedan and a sport utility vehicle. Instead of trying for a low cost, low quality vehicle, they chose to create a Porche in the body of a sport utility...
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...United States of America. Arnold was born on July 30th, 1947 in the town of Thal, Austria and, from a young age, he took a keen interest in physical fitness and bodybuilding, going on to compete in several minor contests in Europe. However, it was when he emigrated to the United States in 1968 at the tender age of 21 that his star began to rise. Up until the early 1970's, bodybuilding had been viewed as a rather oddball sport, or even a mis-understood "freak show" by the general public, however two entrepreneurial Canadian brothers Ben Weider and Joe Weider set about broadening the appeal of "pumping iron" and getting the sport respect, and what better poster boy could they have to lead the charge, then the incredible "Austrian Oak", Arnold Schwarzenegger. Over roughly the next decade, beginning in 1970, Schwarzenegger dominated the sport of competitive bodybuilding winning five Mr. Universe titles and seven Mr. Olympia titles and, with it, he made himself a major sports icon, he generated a new international audience for bodybuilding, gym memberships worldwide swelled by the tens of thousands and the Weider sports business empire flourished beyond belief and reached out to all corners of the globe. However, Schwarzenegger's horizons were bigger than just the landscape of bodybuilding and he debuted on screen as "Arnold Strong" in the low budget Hercules in New York (1969),...
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...prescription glasses but quickly focussed on the non-prescription end of the glasses market. During the boom years of the 1980’s and 1990’s Bright Eyes sunglasses were a desirable fashion accessory and competed directly with other branded sunglasses. The recession in Europe and the appointment of Helga and Lars as directors in 2003 resulted in significant changes in the company. Prior to 2003 the company had experienced strong sales across northern Europe but was less well known in southern Europe. Initially Henrik Skagen promoted his product through trade shows and via an internal sales force who represented the product to retail outlets. Helga and Lars extended the product range to include non-prescription reading glasses, reading sun-glasses, glasses cases and sports goggles (for snow skiing and water sports). The product designs are known as being very “Nordic”, using simple but strong lines and bold colours. The products are positioned at the top end of the mid-market with a pair of reading glasses retailing at between €35-85 and a pair of sunglasses at €35-140. Products are available in department stores, accessory shops and sports outlets. Over seventy per cent of the company’s sales are to consumers over 45 years of age, though the sports products do have a lower customer age profile. The company is run as a family firm with Helga and Lars Skagen sharing the role of CEO. Lars in particular is very keen to expand the company’s international activities and to move beyond the...
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...Sports sponsorship and consumer purchase intention： From the perspective of consumer brand awareness 1.0 Introduction Sports sponsorship has long been crucial sources of funds for sports, literature and art as well as the social events. And after 30 year of development, sponsorship marketing has gradually become a global industry. It is widely acknowledged that sports sponsorship enhances the consumer's perception of a brand via big events. However, the study on to what extent the sports sponsorship would influence consumer purchase intention is rare. This essay is established in the purchase intention of consumers, from which to explore consumer brand awareness, and then analyze the relationship within sports sponsorship and consumer brand awareness and purchase intention. This article will be analyzed from two parts; the author would analyze the consumer's brand attitude in the first part: from the cognition to the emotion, from the action and reaction, aiming at get a better understanding of the relationship between the brand and the consumer. Later in this essay, the author would discuss the influence sports sponsorship marketing might have upon consumption. Brand effect is able to zoom in during the process of sponsorship marketing, however, sports sponsorship motivation has become a key point that consumers value a brand, in the process, the enterprise needs to show the "altruistic" instead of "self-interest"...
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...Politics, Economy, & International Relation Sai Quebec votes “no” to Sovereignty Association Pg 374 On May 15, 1980 a vote was taken for those who wanted quebec to be a country of its own or stay within Canada. This topic arouse by Rene Levesque because he believed the French language and culture was being ignored, he also believed quebec was not supported by the federal government. Rene Levesque was for an independent country but Prime Minister Trudeau wanted all provinces to stay together to uphold Canada's unity. With the disappointing loss of the votes another referendum was promised. National Energy Program (NEP) is Established Pg 401 In 1980 the Federal government took further steps to ensure Canadian control of energy supplies. Thus the National Energy Program is introduced. Their goal was to establish 50% Canadian ownership of the Canadian oil and gas industry, to make Canada self sufficient in energy by 1990 and to control oil prices. American oil companies were provoked with Canada's progress which lead American companies to pull many of their drilling rigs out of Canada leaving many unemployed, mainly in the western region. The NEP caused a big divide between Ottawa and Western provinces. Constitution Act is Signed by Queen Elizabeth Pg 375 On April 17, 1982 the Constitution Act was signed. Before this act any changes required the approval of the British government because of the British North America Act...
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...William Shakespeare once said, "Some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon." In American media the same can be said for the Latino culture. In the eyes of the media, some are born Latino, some become Latino, while others have Latino thrust upon them. Latinos in the media include, politicians, actors, activists and criminals. The vast majority of these individuals create their own personification. Their media image is formed by the causes they support, the roles they play and the words they speak. In this regard, these individuals are either "born Latino" or "achieve Latino". In contrast, athletes are often judged before they ever speak to the media. Our perception is formed based on how these individuals are portrayed or personified by the media. For this reason, it can be said that athletes have "Latino thrust upon them". Of all the major sports, Latinos have had the greatest impact on major league baseball. Today nearly 25% of the players in the major leagues were born in Latin America (Berry, 1). As such baseball provides a unique perspective on Latinos in the media. Players rarely provide insight into their personalities rather our perception is based upon what the media wants us to believe. In this regard, baseball media artifacts enable us to see how differently Latinos were personified in the media over time. In the end it will become apparent that while their growth and achievement on the field has escalated, media perceptions have...
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...com/docview/122796029?accountid=12085 Edet, E. M. (1964). Music in nigeria. African Music, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1964), pp. 111-113. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/stable/10.2307/30249578?origin=api Ekhareafo, D. O., & Olaniran, S. (2013, October-December) Nigeria's core values and the use of social media to promote cultural values. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 9.4: p58. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA367421605&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=109f4d574ffbc00b8e68060aac4ce64c Ezema, I. J. (2010). Journal impact factors and the crisis of scholarly communication in africa: The dilemma of nigerian academics. Library Review, Vol. 59 Iss: 5, pp.350 – 359. Retrieved July 22, 2014 from http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals.htm?articleid=1864642 Ikoku, A. E., & Hosseini, A. (2001). The comparative performance of african stock markets: Nominal, real and u.s. dollar returns. International Journal of Business, Vol. 13, No. 3. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/198010651?accountid=12085 Mordi, C., Simpson, R., Singh, S., & Okafor, C. (2010). The role of cultural values in understanding the challenges faced by female...
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...Parrish Flanders April 23, 2013 Professor Faerber Nike is considered to be one of the largest American suppliers of athletic shoes, apparel, and sports equipment. At the same time, this company and its brand are well-known worldwide. To a significant extent, this is the result of the strategy of the international markets expansion that is one of the main directions of the strategic development of the company. Obviously, this strategy provides the company to enter new markets and strengthen its position in traditional ones. At the present moment, the strategy of expansion is particularly important since the world economy tends to globalization and nowadays, multinational corporations, such as Nike, can hardly locate production in one country only but need to organize production in the regions which are either closer to the target market or where the production is substantially cheaper to the extent that the production in remote regions remain profitable even if the products are sold in a different part of the world. However, despite the obvious progress and recent achievements of Nike, its leading position in many national markets throughout the world, its development and expansion was accompanied not only by remarkable successes but also by some serious failures which deteriorated the position of the company in very perspective markets. This is why it is necessary to thoroughly analyze the development of Nike and its international expansion and its results in order...
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