...The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process. Your name Name of Institution The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process Perception is more important than reality. It doesn’t matter what is reality if a person views it differently. One’s behavior is a direct result of the way he or she sees things. Two people may experience an event together, a car accident, for example; when interviewed there will be similarity in their accounts, but each will have a unique interpretation of the details. Why is this? According to Stephen P. Robbins, “The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important,” (Robbins, 2005, p. 134). Because people act on their perceptions, each person’s perception is his or her reality. This explains how reality can be different for different people. Perception must be considered in organizational behavior. Perception effects management decisions, whether deciding to hire a new employee, giving a performance review, or making a major decision regarding the direction to take their business. Perception also determines an employee’s job satisfaction and performance. Factors influencing perception are threefold, the perceiver, the situation, and the target or subject (Robbins, 2005, p. 135). One interprets situations or information in light of his or her own attitudes and experiences. If a person has had positive experiences in a similar situation, or with a similar type of manager...
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...2009 Transition Plan I The purpose of this Transition Plan is to document the process of changes that are necessary to make the merger-acquisition succeed for Merger’s Inc. First the discussion highlights issues that occur during a transition followed by utilization of motivation concepts. Next, this plan will discuss the importance of employee job satisfaction in relation to departmental performance. Lastly, a brief discussion will ensue regarding perceptions and their role in decision making. Expected issues with merger A number of problems will manifest before, during, and after the merger and acquisition process. One key element to be considered is job roles. “Some executives may have a bitter taste in their mouths about how negotiations unfolded or be resentful of the outcome, causing hard feelings about titles, roles, responsibilities and compensation” (Miles & Bennett, 2008, p. 60). In addition, rumors and cliques can be damaging to companies in the midst of a merger and acquisition; for example, “Cliques are harmful because they contribute significantly to information asymmetries within the top management team and slow down the team’s development” (Miles & Bennett 2008, p. 63). Rumors create misinformation and elevate uncertainty amongst all lines of employment from the top, down. Rumors must be contained and eliminated immediately. The selection process during and after a merger and acquisition creates uncertainty. “Individuals are also...
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...The decision making is about both perception and rationality towards the problem or situation. Both decision makings are not perfect in an economic view, and both involve consequences that may arise. The rational decisions presuppose the best possible outcome and also reduce chances of potential risks and biases in the decision making process. Despite its accuracy, most everyday life decisions are made by individual’s perceptions due to its high demand in time and bound rationality. The perceptual decision makings are quick-step thinking process and can be effective in everyday activities. However, these perceptual decisions can be impinged upon the perceptual errors or distortions, leading to failure in selecting right decisions. In economic view, these perceptual decisions can be employed by entrepreneurs or managers to increment their assets of the organisations. Therefore manager should concentrate on both rationality and perception to make more appropriate decision making. The rational decision making is a systematic process in identifying problems and generating most logical, effective choice to address the problem. To make rational decisions, the information must be sufficient and reliable, and low on risk level. The decision’s rationality depends on the specification of models, and different models impose different rational decisions. Managers evaluate these rational decisions and select the optimal decision. Marcel (2011, p. 371) states that a real-life decision problems...
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...Introduction Families especially parents can play a pivotal role in the decisions students with disabilities make regarding transition services. Review of research indicates that there has not been much research conducted regarding student perceptions of the influence family members have on decision made regarding transition services. So this would lead to the question how much do family members influence the decisions of students when they are determining transition services. Understanding the role that families play in the decision making of these students will be extremely important in the vocational rehabilitation process. Having this information will enable rehabilitation professionals to determine the most productive way to interact with the student. This information will also provide the...
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...Intro Many factors go into the process a consumer has to deal with when negotiating through the process of buying goods and services. There are psychological and social processes that may have an influence consumer behavior. Some of those influences come from the process developed by the marketing communications. There is also a relationship between the consumer traits and their purchasing behaviors that will be evaluated in this paper. Culture also is important to consumer behavior and can affect regional and social needs. Finally, consumers are analytical and can interpret marketing messages to benefit their needs. All these points will be evaluated and explored in this paper on consumer traits and behaviors. Psychological and Social Processes that Influence Consumer Behavior Consumers are driven by the desire to satisfy needs when they decide to make a purchase. Many of these needs are considered to be our Innate or primary needs. These needs are the physiological needs that we, as humans, require to help keep us alive, things such as food, air, water, shelter and sex. The satisfying of these physical needs are only a part, although a major one, of what drives us to buy the things we need. The problem with humans is that we are not completely satisfied with meeting our physical needs, but we also have to satisfy our Acquired needs or secondary needs. Just like the satisfaction of our innate needs helps us to feel good about our physical self. The...
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...as members of a group/society, and also the impact of consumerism in the contemporary environment. To understand the behavior of consumers – decision making, post-purchase behavior, behavior in a shopping environment, etc. To understand the behavior of organizations as consumers. |REFERENCE BOOKS |AUTHOR / PUBLICATION | |Consumer Behavior |ICMR | |Consumer Behavior, 5e |Leon G Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Kanuk, Prentice-Hall, India | |Consumer Behavior |Hawkins, Best & Coney, McGraw Hill | |Consumer Behavior |Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, Thomson | |Consumer Behavior |Solomon, Prentice Hall | |Consumer Behavior: Concepts & Applications |David Loudon, Albert Della Bitta, Tata McGraw Hill | Detailed Syllabus Introduction to Consumer Behavior: Definition, Role of Consumer Behavior in...
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...Utilizing Rational and Perception Decision-Making A decision could lead us to satisfactory outcomes or, unfortunately a disastrous situation. Especially in the world of business, the complexity and uncertainty of the environment make the process of decision-making very significant in the execution of management. Top managers may differ in style in having decision-making. Some tend to rely on a rational decision making approach while some tend to rely on perceptual decision-making. Some may argue that decision-making is about perception rather than rational, therefore, managers should concentrate on perception decision-making. Instead, these two methods have a completely different process and doctrine. Therefore, due to distinct circumstances, managers should decide which one is more appropriate or even combining the two kind of style to make a wise decision. The following essay will first demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of both rational and perception decision-making style, then try to examine how they can be combined to optimize the outcome. According to Mintzberg and Wesley (2001), the process of rational decision-making begins with defining the environment, followed by diagnosing the situation, then designing possible alternatives for settlement and finally selecting the optimal solution to undertake. This process emphasizes on planning and analyzing based on known facts. In other words, to begin, managers should first undertake market research in order to...
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...Discuss some the factors which influence our thinking, judgement and decision-making Our everyday lives are filled with many choices and decisions which will impact on our lives both in the short and long-term. Our perception of the impact of these decisions on our own lives and those around us will affect how much time and effort is given to arriving at these decisions. There are several factors which impact on thinking, judgement and decision-making and it is important to note that often these occur simultaneously rather than as individual areas but in order fully understand the entire process we must analyse the factors in each individual area. While it is neither practicable or possible to consider all the factors in every decision, knowledge of the factors, process and how they interact can be of critical importance. By understanding the factors, we can ascertain how we make decisions and by gaining knowledge on the entire process, we can ultimately arrive at better decisions by being conscious of our thought and application process. How we think and apply our thought process to the decisions often determine the paths we choose to take. There are two systems, or modes, which determine how we think (Kahneman, 2011). The first system is fast, automatic, emotional and frequent and the second system is slow, logical, infrequent and conscious. The title of the Kahneman’s book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, gives us an indication of the two systems. The first system, thinking...
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...Organizational theory and behavior are a vital part of any organization and can be a critical area that determines an organizations success in any industry. If and how these concepts are uniquely applied, organizations can define many different areas of their organizational structure. The Starbucks Corporation has become a well-known globally successful company. In analyzing the application of the organizational behaviors of communication, culture, and decision making, we can determine how these concepts have made this corporation successful. Organizational Communication Communication in the Starbucks organization is exceptionally successful. In order to appear transparent as an organization, provide sound direction of communication, maintain solid channels of communication, and still the rumor-mill; Starbucks has taken immense strides in concentrating on this aspect of its organizational behavior. Although Starbucks goes to no great lengths to define or list their organizational structure (Hawks, Kembell, Kembell, Olsen, & Perry, 2002), Recent changes in the organization define the organization as a matrix structure (Shultz, 2008). These changes in the organization, done to improve the customer experience, helped define the communication directions used by the organization. George and Jones (2005), state that the matrix organizational structure is a very effective way to take full advantage of all communication channels. Whether the organization wishes to label the organizational...
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...FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONSUMER DECISION MAKING BY THE VICE PRESIDENT A number of factors influence the decision-making process of a consumer. Some of these are internal factors that are individualistic in nature. These factors cannot be seen, though they influence the consumer to a great extent. Motivation, attitude Learning, perception and personality etc. are some such factors. The processes by which these factors influence consumers have to be examined and understood. Marketers study these factors which the objective of influencing the decision process in their favor. Perception Perception is the process by which a person selects, organizes and interprets sensory stimulation to form a meaningful picture of the world. It is the process by which a consumer makes sense of the information that he receives. Selective Attention Exposure is the first step in the process of perception. The consumer has to first come across the stimulus or be exposed to it, to interpret it. Attention is the next step in this process. . Selective Distortion Consumers process the information they have paid attention to. Consumers assign meanings to these stimuli while interpreting them. Selective Retention Only a selection of messages is retained in the customer’s memory. These messages are in line with the consumer’s existing beliefs and attitudes. Importance of perception; Perception reduces the perceived risk associated...
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...show in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they hope will satisfy their different needs (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). Consumers are influenced by different factors on what, when, where, how and why they buy a product or service. Some aspects influencing consumer traits, behaviors and how messages are received are psychological, social and culture process. Aspects as personalities, age, interest, believe, cultural background, social classes, among others are important elements to keep in mind when developing a marketing communication plan to reach the desired segment more effectively and motive decision making on customers. Consumer behavior focuses on how individual consumers and families or households make decisions to spend their time, money, and effort on consumption-related items. How they evaluate a product or service after the purchase, the impact of such evaluations on future purchases, and how they dispose of them (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). There are different motivations for what consumers make their purchasing decisions on and these are basically based on their innate and acquired needs. These needs stimulate people’s feelings and actions toward a product or service. We will be then identifying psychological and social processes that may influence consumer behavior, explaining the importance of understanding the influence of psychological and social processes on marketing communication, and explaining the relationship...
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...communication Definition-Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people or places. In business, it is a key function of management--an organization cannot operate without communication between levels, departments and employees. 2. Describe the interpersonal communication process. Interpersonal communication occurs between individuals. It is an interactive process that involves a person’s effort to attain meaning and respond to it. It involves sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages. information management Definition-Application of management techniques to collect information, communicate it within and outside the organization, and process it to enable managers to make quicker and better decisions. 3. Describe the 3 factors that influences perception. -The receiver: Our personal characteristics influence how we interpret an observation we have just made. -The target of perception: A person’s physical features and appearance such as her or his weight, height, race, age group, clothes, physical attractiveness or gender affect what we perceive. -The situation in which the perception takes place: It provides the perceiver with addition information in interpreting the information. 4. Define Perception- Perception deals with the mental and sensory process an individual uses in...
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...Problem Solving Paper Psych. 560 June 24, 2013 Prof. Pitt Problem Solving Paper Problem solving skills are a necessity in order to make effective decisions and manage a team. Without problem solving skills it is impossible for one to be credible and make reliable decisions each and every time. Problem-solving is a mental process that is used to discover, analyze, and solve problems. When problem solving, the ultimate goal is to conquer hurdles and come up with the best solution. Discovering and identifying the Problem can be complicated process. When individuals mistakenly identify the source of a problem incorrectly it will most often lead to inefficient or useless attempts to solve it. The aim of this paper is to identify the approaches to the study of problem-solving and inform the role of insight and creativity in the process of problem solving. The paper also seeks to examine issues with representation and solution. As well as examining the role of reasoning, judgment, and decision making in the process of problem-solving. Approaches to the Study of Problem-Solving The approaches to the study of problem solving include Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology and Cognitive Psychology. Behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. Discovered in the early twenties by John Watson but made popular by B.F Skinner, behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. They came up with a principle...
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...pertain to the problem the group is working on. In this film, the numerous functional and dysfunctional properties of the 12-jury men play a big role in analysing and evaluating the main purpose at hand, namely identifying the young man guilty or innocent for the murder of his father. The different roles the 12-jury men play in the deliberation of the capital murder case is prominent. Firstly, a role can be defined as a set of expected behaviour patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Different groups enforce different role requirements on individuals namely; role expectation, role perception and role conflict. (i) Role expectation: Role expectation can be defined as the role others believe a person should play or the way others believe a person should act in a given situation. When looking at the Jurors’ main role in any court system and in the film, it is expected of them to decide whether or not the defendant should be declared guilty or not guilty. (ii) Role perception: Role perception can be defined as the individual’s view of how he or she should act in a given situation. When looking at the film the Jurors individual frame of position and prejudices influence how they individually perceive the case. Because the Jurors perceptions are unique it leads to complications in the communication process. In the film “12 Angry men” Juror no. 3 decides beforehand that it is an “open and shut case”. He validates his verdict by using emotionally...
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...of the nature of human behavior in corporate and other organizations, styles of motivations, personality and perceptions, company leadership, power and authority, strategies of organizational design and change, teamwork, conflict and collaboration, and culture. Organizational Behavior explores individual and group behavior within work organizations and helps students understand, describe, and explain human behavior at work. Course Objective: The course shall be completed in 33 sessions and after completing the course the student will be able to: * Apply and analyze different concepts related to organizational behavior * Define the purpose and nature of the field of organizational behavior * Understand and learn how to Manage individuals for high performance by developing your understanding of individual and interpersonal behavior * Understand and learn how to manage groups for high performance through an exposure to theories, concepts, and principles of OB Prescribed Textbook: Organizational Behavior, Stephen P Robbins,Timothy Judge and Neharika Vohra 14e, Pearson. S.No. | Topic | Case | No. of Session | Concepts covered | 1 | Management Thought and OB: Definition of Management, Approaches to Management: Classical, Behavioral, Management Principles of Taylor, Weber, Fayol; Hawthorne Studies, fields contributing to OB, Managers’ roles and functions, OB in the context of globalization, workforce...
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