...The aim of this essay is to discuss whether it is appropriate to consider the employment relationship as a contract, in the sense of voluntary between the two equal parties. Fox (1974:183) argues that it is inappropriate to consider the employment contract is equal and the employment relationship is merely a ‘brute facts of power’. With reference to Fox’s statement, this essay will discuss the nature of employment relationship, the influence of key institutions and their impact for employers and employees, and the three main perspectives at work. This essay will support Fox’s statement as inequality between the employers and employees is often an issue at the workplace. The basis of employment relationship is the relationship that exists between the employer and employee. The employment relationship is the context within which indicate interactions between employees, who may be unionised, and employers are conducted, both collectively and individually (Kelly, 1998). The employment contract is apparently central to the employment relationship. By the middle of the nineteenth century, with the development of Capitalism in Britain, based on the contractual relationship between an employer and employee, wage labour system had largely displaced traditional forms of work relations that are based on status. The role of the employment contract in the employment relationship is that it captures the way in which the employment relationship is an economic transaction, concerning the...
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...of media are becoming obsolete, people are participating in more on-line discussions and organisations are much more accountable as more and more people have access to computers, phones and applications 24 hours, seven days a week. ‘In a world where e-mails are returned faster than phone calls and decisions may be made based on corporate websites, it is becoming increasingly important for businesses and business professionals to create and maintain and effective online presence.’ (Gale Cenage Learning, Madiha Bilal Kapadia, 30 November 2011) Recently Qantas was involved in a potential on-line disaster or was it a stroke of Public Relations genius that shifted the focus from the trade union discussions to a pair of first class pyjama’s? Qantas is Australia's largest airline and one of the oldest airlines in the world. Qantas was founded in Winton, on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited by Paul McGuiness, Hudson Fysh, Fergus McMaster and Arthur Baird. Initially the airline operated air mail services subsidised by the Australian government, linking railheads in western Queensland. Between 1926 and 1928 Qantas built several aircraft in Longreach and made the inaugural flight of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, departing from Cloncurry. Qantas Empire Airways Limited (QEA) was formed by Qantas and Britain's Imperial Airways in 1934. They flew internationally from May 1935, when the service from Darwin...
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...Guide to Doing Business Bangladesh Prepared by Lex Mundi member firm, Amir & Amir Law Associates This guide is part of the Lex Mundi Guides to Doing Business series which provides general information about legal and business infrastructures in jurisdictions around the world. View the complete series at: www.lexmundi.com/GuidestoDoingBusiness. Lex Mundi is the world’s leading network of independent law firms with in-depth experience in 100+ countries. Through close collaboration, our member firms are able to offer their clients preferred access to more than 21,000 lawyers worldwide – a global resource of unmatched breadth and depth. Lex Mundi – the law firms that know your markets. www.lexmundi.com A Guide to Doing Business in Bangladesh Prepared by: Amir & Amir Law Associates Email: info@aalabd.com Web: www.aalabd.com Updated 29th December 2011 Limitations of Scope: This guide contains a general introduction to the subject. The information in this guide is meant for the purposes of reference and should not be used as legal advice. Source of Information: The information provided in this guide has been obtained from various sources, namely the Bangladesh Board of Investment (BOI) and the Bangladesh Bank. 1 A GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS IN BANGLADESH CONTENTS I. BANGLADESH AT A GLANCE I.A. Key Facts I.B. Infrastructure I.B.1. Telecommunications I.B.2. Transport I.B.2.a) Land I.B.2.b) Water II. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN BANGLADESH II.A. Bangladesh Investment...
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...Introduction “Police history” predates the evolution of the “police” as a permanent occupational group within a bureaucratic institution, providing the primary state response to crime and disorder. That was primarily a development of the 19th century and a reaction to the rapid social change of the industrial revolution and rapid urbanization. Prior to 1800, governments maintained order by a variety of means, local and national. One of the key historical debates concerns the effectiveness of these approaches and the degree of continuity between the premodern and modern police models. Around 1800 a small number of distinctively different types of police institution emerged. The French, under Napoleon, instituted the Gendarmerie, a state military police model. It evolved from the “Marechaussee,” which had had a dual military and civil function since the 16th century. The model was exported across Europe by Napoleon. The British developed two models. The first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that...
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...billion in Thai exports to the U.S. and $10.9 billion in U.S. exports to Thailand. The figures represent an increase of 12.9 percent in the value of trade between the two countries. U.S. exports to Thailand increased by 21.7 percent, while US imports from Thailand increased by about 9.4 percent for the same period in 2010. In Asia, Thailand ranks as the United States’ 10th largest export destination after China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. The Thai economy grew only one percent in 2011, as the devastation caused by Thailand’s most severe flooding in 70 years curtailed economic expansion. In the third quarter of 2011, hundreds of thousands of homes were inundated with water, seven large industrial parks flooded ,and many business operations ground to a halt, displacing approximately 650,000 Thai workers. However, full recovery is...
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...[pic] Sub bhool hoja Cool….. SUBMITTED TO: A research report submitted to SIR HAMMAD UR REHMAN as the fulfillment of the requirement for the Marketing course. GROUPS MEMBERS Member Name: Yasmeen Amber Registration # 20592 Signature: __________________ Member Name: Hina Najeeb Kapadia Registration # 20784 Signature: __________________ Member Name: Syed Mohsin Nazeer Registration # 21402 Signature: __________________ Member Name: Hassan Iqbal Registration # 21504 Signature: __________________ Member Name: Syed Abdul Moiz Waheed Registration # 21310 Signature: __________________ Member Name: Rameez Registration # Signature: __________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge that the completion of this Re launch report was not easy at all without the meaningful supervision and guidance provided by our respected course instructor SIR. HAMMAD UR REHMAN. The report contains a primary objective of conducting a structured research regarding the re launching of RC Cola. It was the guidance and supervision provided by SIR. HAMMAD UR REHMAN. This motivated us and made us strive to the end up with a valid and authentic conclusion that how RC Cola should be re launched. We would also like to thank SIR. HAMMAD UR REHMAN. for keeping us focused, and creating such an amazing environment for us to learn Principle Of Marketing...
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...Canadian Bar Association is a national association representing 38,000 jurists, including lawyers, notaries, law teachers and students across Canada. The Association’s primary objectives include improvement in the law and in the administration of justice. This submission was prepared by the National Aboriginal Law and the National Alternative Dispute Resolution Sections of the Canadian Bar Association, with assistance from the Legislation and Law Reform Directorate at the National Office. The submission has been reviewed by the Legislation and Law Reform Committee and approved as a public statement of the Canadian Bar Association. The Logical Next Step: Reconciliation Payments for All Indian Residential School Survivors Executive Summary At its Annual Meeting in August 2004, the Canadian Bar Association adopted a resolution1 calling for the government to go beyond the existing Indian Residential Schools Dispute Resolution process to provide a base payment to all survivors of Indian Residential Schools. The CBA recognizes the tragic legacy of Indian Residential Schools and the failure of the current options of either litigatio n or the dispute resolution process to resolve the situation. The harms caused by Indian Residential Schools are still profoundly felt by the individual students who attended the schools, as well as their families, communities and Nations. The CBA recommends that, as the next logical step towards reconciliation and restoration of the health, vitality,...
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...Small and Medium Enterprises Business Guide SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SME) BUSINESS GUIDE SUPPORTED BY MARCH 2008 1 Uganda Investment Authority © 2008 Small and Medium Enterprises Business Guide Foreword The Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) is proud to introduce this first Small and Medium Enterprises Business Guide. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are the backbone of the Ugandan economy. They contribute to job creation and poverty reduction. SMEs need to be supported to grow from small enterprises to medium and large businesses. This guide provides information and contacts on business licensing, access to finance, entrepreneurship skills training, business development services, and taxation/incentives. I wish to especially thank the Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA) which has funded not only this guide but also entrepreneurship skills training and business development support for SMEs. Uganda Investment Authority has partnered with Makerere University Business School, Management Training and Advisory Centre and Uganda Women Entrepreneurs Association Limited to deliver these services. To my fellow entrepreneurs, I encourage you to use this Small and Medium Enterprises Business Guide to increase the profitability of your business. Patrick Bitature Chairman Uganda Investment Authority 2 Uganda Investment Authority © 2008 Small and Medium Enterprises Business Guide Table of Content I. INTRODUCTION ............
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...Major Abhishek Major Abhishek Group 9 Ayush Agarwal G002 Pratik Bhatia G008 Ashish Chandorkar G011 Shwetabh Chandra G012 Dhagash Desai G015 Joy Francis G017 Prateek Gupta G030 Group 9 Ayush Agarwal G002 Pratik Bhatia G008 Ashish Chandorkar G011 Shwetabh Chandra G012 Dhagash Desai G015 Joy Francis G017 Prateek Gupta G030 Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual Property Rights Contents Patents Act, 1970 5 Objective of the Patents Act, 1970 5 Types of patents granted in India 5 Inventions which are not patentable under this Act 5 Case Law – Novartis AC vs Union of India 5 Process of Obtaining a Patent 6 Form of Patent Application 6 Provisional and Complete Specification 7 Amendment of application and specification 7 Publication and Examination of Applications 7 Grant of Patent 7 Opposition to Grant of Patents 8 Provisions for Secrecy of Certain Inventions 8 Surrender and Revocation of Patents 8 Revocation of patent in public interest 9 Revocation of patent relating to atomic energy 9 Register of Patents 9 Rectification of Register by Appellate board 9 Register to be open for Inspection 9 Assignment of patents 9 Registration of assignments, transmissions, etc 9 Power of Controller of Patents 9 Power of controller in respect of evidence 9 Working of patents 10 Compulsory Licenses 10 Revocation of patents by the controller for Non-Working 10 Termination of Compulsory License 10 Use of inventions for Purposes...
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...Economies of scale Economies of scale are the cost advantages exploited by expanding the scale of production in the long run. The effect is to reduce long run average costs over a range of output. These lower costs represent an improvement in productive efficiency and can feed through to consumers in lower prices. But economies of scale also give a business a competitive advantage in the market-place. They lead to lower prices and higher profits! The table below shows a simple representation of economies of scale. We make no distinction between fixed and variable costs in the long run because all factors of production can be varied. As long as the long run average total cost (LRAC) is declining, economies of scale are being exploited. Long Run Output (Units) | Total Costs (£s) | Long Run Average Cost (£ per unit) | 1000 | 12000 | 12 | 2000 | 20000 | 10 | 5000 | 45000 | 9 | 10000 | 80000 | 8 | 20000 | 144000 | 7.2 | 50000 | 330000 | 6.6 | 100000 | 640000 | 6.4 | 500000 | 3000000 | 6 | Returns to scale and costs in the long run The table below shows a numerical example of how changes in the scale of production can, if increasing returns to scale are exploited, lead to lower long run average costs. | Factor Inputs | | Production | | Costs | | (K) | (La) | (L) | | (Q) | | (TC) | (TC/Q) | | Capital | Land | Labour | | Output | | Total Cost | Average Cost | Scale A | 5 | 3 | 4 | | 100 | | 3256 | 32.6 | Scale B | 10...
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...36 51 of 55 b) Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 c) Employees Provident Fund And Misc. Provisions Act, 1952 Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification d) The Vacancies) Act, 1959 e) f) g) Factories Act, 1948 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 Labour Laws (Exemption From Furnishing Returns & Maintaining Registers By Certain Establishments) Act, 1988 h) Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 i) j) Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 83 87 91 58 74 80 1 k) l) The Trade Unions Act, 1926 Shops and Establishment Act, 1954 97 101 104 118 129 132 135 144 147 151 157 172 177 179 180 186 190 m) Laws related to wages n) Laws related to child labour o) Law related to contract labour p) Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Checklist of labour law compliance Unfair labour practice Labour laws in the unorganized sector Women labour and the Law Industrial relations 10. Special points to be noted while drafting Employment Agreement 11. Important case laws under various labour legislations 12. Important organizations 13. Authorities under the labour law in India 14. Labour legislations across the world 15. Bibliography 16. Annexure a) Agreements between employee and employer 192 196 b) Agreement for reference of disputes to arbitration 2 1. INTRODUCTION Labour law also known as employment law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on,...
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...Strategy in Entrepreneurial Ventures A case study by, Arun Venkatachalam FT MBA 2009/10 May, 2010 Table of Contents 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Who or What is ‘LOVEFiLM.COM’? ................................................................................................. 3 Why are they considered a high growth entrepreneurial company? ..................................................... 4 Where they are currently? .................................................................................................................... 6 What is the basis for this report? .......................................................................................................... 6 BEGININING OF ‘LOVEFiLM.COM’ .................................................................................................... 7 The Innovative Online Business Opportunity ...................................................................................... 7 The Market Analysis of 2001/2002 ...................................................................................................... 9 Strategic Analysis of the Business Environment ................................................................................ 10 Competitor Analysis ...........................................
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...Delivery and growth Royal Dutch Shell plc Annual Report and Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2007 Royal Dutch Shell Our Business With 104,000 employees in more than 110 countries and territories, Shell plays a key role in helping to meet the world’s growing demand for energy in economically, environmentally and socially responsible ways. Our Exploration & Production business searches for and recovers oil and natural gas around the world. Many of these activities are carried out as joint venture partnerships, often with national oil companies. Our Gas & Power business liquefies natural gas and transports it to customers across the world. Its gas to liquids (GTL) process turns natural gas into cleaner-burning synthetic fuel and other products. It develops wind power to generate electricity and invests in solar power technology. It also licenses our coal gasification technology, a cleaner way of turning coal into chemical feedstocks and energy. Our Oil Sands business, the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, extracts bitumen from oil sands in Alberta, western Canada and converts it to synthetic crude oils. Our Oil Products business makes, moves and sells a range of petroleum-based products around the world for domestic, industrial and transport use. Its Future Fuels and CO2 business unit develops fuels such as biofuels and hydrogen and synthetic fuels made from natural gas (GTL Fuel) and potentially from biomass; and leads company-wide activities on CO2 management. With...
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...and specific limitations on scenic’s liability and that of its affiliates and other third parties. 1. General. You have booked the tour/cruise listed on the attached Itinerary. Scenic operates tours within the United States, and serves as a booking agent for tours operated by third-party service providers (“Providers”) in other countries. Scenic reserves the right to provide the tour or any portion thereof either directly through its own personnel or through third party service providers. You hereby acknowledge and agree that where any tour or part of the tour, accommodations, flights or any other goods or services are provided by a third party (collectively, “Third Party Services”) and not directly by Scenic, Scenic is not liable for and dispute or claim with respect or any Third Party Services including, without limitation, any losses, damages, breach of contract, negligence or other claims or damages arising from the acts or omissions of the Providers thereof and, therefore, you are required to pursue any such claims solely against the relevant Provider. 2. Important Travel Information. You acknowledge and agree that there are general risks associated with travelling, which are beyond Scenic’s control and, as such, Scenic is not liable for any loss, cost or damage you may incur as a result thereof. Such general risks include, but are not limited to, tour variations or interruptions caused by road, river or weather conditions; national or local holidays affecting...
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...RESEARCH REPORT 16 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A ROLE IN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION? Constantina Bichta The University of Bath School of Management is one of the oldest established management schools in Britain. It enjoys an international reputation for the quality of its teaching and research. Its mission is to offer a balanced portfolio of undergraduate, postgraduate and post-experience programmes, research and external activities, which provide a quality of intellectual life for those involved in keeping with the best traditions of British universities. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A ROLE IN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION? Constantina Bichta Desktop published by Jan Marchant © The University of Bath ISBN All rights reserved Centre for the study of Regulated Industries (CRI) The CRI is a research centre of the University of Bath School of Management. The CRI was founded in 1991 as part of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA). It transferred to the University of Bath School of Management in 1998. It is situated on the 8th floor of Wessex House (North), adjacent to West car park. The CRI is an interdisciplinary research centre investigating how regulation and competition are working in practice, both in the UK and abroad. It is independent and politically neutral. It aims to produce authoritative, practical contributions to regulatory policy and debate, which are put into the public domain. The CRI focuses...
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