...| Developing Effective Diabetes Care Interventions in Rural Populations Salem International University Traci L French May 20, 2013 Abstract: Diabetes mellitus wreaks a high toll on Americans in regards to shortened life expectancy, decreased quality of life and staggering health care expenses. Prevalence of this disease in some populations can reach nearly 30%, with 11.3% of the total population affected in 2010 (Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX). In Arkansas, prevalence rates of the illness in some counties exceed 20% (Bradley, 2010). Recent statistics show that annual direct expenditures on diabetes care total $116 billion dollars per year with an additional $58 billion per year in indirect costs due to lost productivity and increased mortality (Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX). The goal of this paper is to assess the development and implementation of current interventional strategies for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in affected populations in the southeastern United States. Outcomes of current programs will then be evaluated on a local, regional and national level. The final area of study will examine possible improvements to existing programs using culturally sensitive methodology to increase access to care within these populations and improve clinical outcomes while following evidence-based care guidelines. Diabetes mellitus is a costly illness, both in the number of lives affected as well as actual expenditures on health care and lost wages...
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...Cervical Cancer Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection in Latin America: A Focus on Populations in Rural Honduras Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide, but is the most common cause of cancer death in women in developing countries, disproportionally representing 80% of the cervical cancer deaths in women throughout the world (Ferrera et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2011). More specifically, in 2008, statistics recorded over 80,000 women in Latin America and the Caribbean were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and nearly 36,000 died from the disease (PAHO et al., 2012). This accounts for over 16% (incidence) and over 13% (mortality) of the world’s public health burden due to cervical cancer. These numbers indicate that incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America is among the highest in the world, along with Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia (Arrossi et al., 2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected...
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...Title: “The Role of Health Promotion in Reducing/Eradicating Non-Income Poverty amongst the Rural Population in Developing Countries” Introduction Health and Poverty are emerging global issues at the front of development debates, discussions and initiatives. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (UNDP, 2013), brings to the global agenda an urging need that deserves proactive global attention if lives will be saved. Non income poverty happens when people may have a little bit of money but otherwise the quality of their life is not good. They do not have access to affordable social and physical services like schooling, health care, medications, safe water, good sanitation, good transport etc., and they may not feel safe in their homes either because they cannot trust the authorities or because they belong to some particularly vulnerable group The first MDG goal directly stresses out the significance of poverty while goals 4, 5 & 6 relate to health. The rest focus more on the socio-environmental, economic and political issues that largely determine the population’s ill-health and wellbeing. Hence it is inevitable that poverty and health are globalised issues with greater local impacts that both must be addressed well using integrated approaches if quality health outcomes need to be achieved. The concept of health promotion in particular provides the overarching framework to practically address health inequalities and inequities that are determined by the broader...
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...Challenge * Why should CCI invest in rural markets? What are the opportunities in rural markets for CCI? The size of the rural market is much higher than the urban market as 68.80% of the population resides in rural India. 50% of the GDP comes from rural India and the income from the rural India is going to increase substantially in future. The per capita income of the rural population is going to increase to a great extend. According to the study by McKinsey the rural household in the annual income bracket of Rs 90000 to Rs 200000 will contribute 70% of the rural contribution. The per capita consumption of confectionery in India was as low as 20 gm, when compared to the global average of 3000 gm, Europe’s average of 6500 gm, and US average of 9000 gm. As the per capita income and population in rural India is large, there’s a lot of opportunity for CCI to grow in the rural area. The penetration of the chocolates is very low in the rural markets so the company has a huge market in the rural India compared to urban India. The company needs to create brand awareness and brand recall in the rural India who are more price conscious. With the new marketing strategies CCI can capture an untapped market potential faster. The increased allocation of the of the funds by the government to the rural population will enhance the spending capacity of the rural population. The potential increase in income at the hands of the rural population will increase in growth opportunity for...
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...France: Population of France in (1960) were 44,772,000. Population in 2010 was 62,788,000. An increase of 18,016,000 over the past 50 years. Population Growth: Population increase 40.24% over past 50 years. Urban vs Rural: Urban Population: in (1960) population was 28,853,870 in urban areas. In (2010) population was 50,488,930. An increase of 21,635,060 people. Urban Pop. Growth: 74.99%. In 1960 61.90% people in France living in urban areas. In 2010 were 77.80%. An increase of 16.90%. Rural Population: In 1960 were 17,759,820 living in rural areas. In 2010 were 14,406,870; a decrease of 3,352,950. Rural Growth: Decreased by 18.88% over 50 years. In 1960, 38.10% of the population was living in rural areas. In 2010, 22.20% were living in rural areas. A decrease of 15.9% over the past 50 years. Ireland: population in 1960 was 2,828,600 people. In 2010 was 4,475,000; an increase of 1,647,000 people. Ireland Growth: Over last 50 years Ireland grew 58.23%. Urban vs Rural: Urban population: in 1960 1,295,499 people in urban areas. In 2010 were 2,769,626 living in urban areas; an increase of 1,474,127 people. Urban Growth: That’s 133.79% growth in the last 50 years. In 1960, 45.80% of the total population lived in urban areas. In 2010, 61.90% of the people were living in rural areas; an increase of 16.10%. Rural Population: in 1960 1,533,101 people living in rural areas. In 2010 1,704,730 living in rural areas; an increase if 171,629. Rural Growth: Only an increase of...
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...Introduction: The scope of defining rural in today’s context is becoming overwhelmingly difficult as the gap between urban and rural divide is being narrowing down with the growth of modern communication and technology. Therefore, ruralness perhaps can be best understood with the meaning provided by the specific context in which it is described. For our case rural areas are large and isolated areas of a country, often with low population density and limited access to knowledge and resources. However, when rural areas put together as homogeneous community with similar constraints and opportunities, it may then dictate the representation of the total population and economic scenario of a country such as Bangladesh. The population is predominantly rural with about 76.61 percent of the total population living in rural areas and directly or indirectly engaged in a wide range of agricultural activities (BBS, 2001) Bangladesh witnesses a gradual increase in the share of the industrial and service sectors to GDP over the years yet agriculture remains a fundamental sector with Contribution of 22% to GDP and Absorption of more than 60% of national workforce. The agricultural business in Bangladesh is mainly centers round three types of agents including producers, traders and consumers. The traders are not doing anything special but gaining the extra profit from change of hands. This system exploits the producers directly by not giving the appropriate share they actually...
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...RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN CHINA 1. REASONS * http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinas-young-rural-urban-migrants-search-fortune-happiness-and-independence : * Interestingly, being tired of school was one of the most frequent answers to the primary migration motivation question, surpassing economic reasons. Many of our interviewees expressed little interest in school and did not complete their compulsory nine years of education before migrating. A secondary reason emerged, however, for not finishing school: the inability or unwillingness to pay for schooling when job opportunities in cities became available. After dropping out, the Chinese school enrollment structure all but precludes youth from going back to school and continuing their education where they left off. * Many interviewees also mentioned the attraction of city life, broadcast as exceptional and exotic by both earlier migrants returning to the village and the media, as a primary motivator in their decision to migrate. A related motivator is the desire for material things and luxury items available only to urban workers * http://projectpartner.org/poverty/untold-story-chinas-rural-urban-migration/ * About 362 million Chinese live on less than $2/day. With most of these poor living in rural areas, the need for income drives them to areas with a promise of new income. * Rural Chinese live a mainly agrarian lifestyle, farming the land and raising livestock. With access to clean water...
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...Development Studies Rural Development The economy of Bangladesh is based on agriculture. When the question of development arises in this society, the question of rural development comes automatically. It has been accorded the highest priority in our development strategy. It aims at qualitative change in the life pattern of our people. Definition of Rural Development: Rural development is the betterment in the totality of life for rural people. According to World Bank (2006), “Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people-the rural poor.” The Objectives of Rural Development: The objectives encompass improved productivity, increased employment and thus higher incomes and health. A national programme of rural development should include a mix of activities, including to projects to raise agricultural output, create new employment, improve health and education, expand communications and improve housing. Importance of Rural Development: For a country like Bangladesh, rural development is important. The reason behind this is that most of the people of the country are living in the villages. There is a direct link between the rural development and the development of our national economy. The rural sectors contribute about two-thirds of the GDP. We can achieve our cherished goal of financial development by the development of our villages which hold the key to our success. Specific Targets of Rural Development: ...
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...Vulnerable Population Essay Carly Rauch Wheeling Jesuit University MSN 525 April 04, 2013 Vulnerable Population Essay A vulnerable population is the state of a population or individual being vulnerable to a specific event or disease. A vulnerable population is a group of individuals who are in some way disadvantaged particularly having limited resources to healthcare. Vulnerable populations lack equity socially, demographically, geographically, and economically (Shi & Singh, 2013). These populations groups include ethnic and racial minorities, individuals who reside in rural areas, uninsured women and children, the mentally ill individuals, the disabled and chronically ill individuals, those affected by HIV, and the homeless. Vulnerability is determined by a merging of enabling, predisposing, and characteristic needs at both the contextual and ecological levels. These three characteristics of vulnerability not only determine one’s accessibility to health care, but also influences ultimately an individuals’ risk of developing an illness or even recovering from their illness if already sick (Shi & Singh, 2013). Belief systems, demographic characteristics, and social structures are attributes that predispose individuals to vulnerability. Vulnerability statue is greatly influenced by these attributes due to their association with access to resources, health behaviors, social position, and health status variations. Predisposing attributes are difficult to...
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...Highlights A sample of 31673 rural households and 18624 urban households spread over the entire country was surveyed in the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the 64th round of NSS, carried out in 2007-08. LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION IN 2007-08 Average Monthly Per Capita consumer Expenditure (MPCE) in 2007-08 was Rs.772 in rural India and Rs.1472 in urban India at 2007-08 prices. About 65% of the rural population had MPCE lower than the national rural average. For urban India the corresponding proportion was 66%. The survey estimated that in 2007-08, around one-half of the Indian rural population belonged to households with MPCE less than Rs.649 at 2007-08 prices. In 2006-07, the corresponding level of MPCE for the rural population had been estimated as Rs.580. In urban India, one-half of the population belonged to households with monthly per capita consumer expenditure less than Rs.1130. In 2006-07, the corresponding level of MPCE for the urban population had been estimated as Rs.990. About 10% of the rural population had MPCE under Rs.400. The corresponding figure for the urban population was Rs.567, that is, 42% higher. At the other extreme, about 10% of the rural population had MPCE above Rs.1229. The corresponding figure for the urban population was Rs.2654, that is, 116% higher. Real MPCE (base 1987-88) was estimated to have grown by about 21% from 1993-94 to 2007-08 (that is, over a 14-year period) in rural India and by about 36% in urban India. The annual real terms increase from...
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...Source: Scottish Executive, ONS ( IDBR), 2006 (based on number of employees) (Based on Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification, 2005-2006) Primary industries are defined as agriculture, forestry and fishing. Secondary industries include energy, mining and quarrying, manufacturing and construction. Tertiary industries are made up of wholesale, retail and repairs, hotels and restaurants, transport, financial services and education and health. Figure 14 shows that the most significant industry in all areas in Scotland (based on employment), is tertiary industry, followed by secondary industry. The least significant industry in all areas, is primary industry, although it is more important in remote rural areas. Figure 15: Industry Significance by Geographic Area, 2006 Source: Scottish Executive, ONS ( IDBR), 2006 (based on number of employees) (Based on Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification, 2005-2006) Figure 15 shows that agriculture, forestry and fishing are the most significant in remote rural areas (in terms of number of employees) followed by education, health, social work and other community, social and personal services and wholesale, retail and repairs. Manufacturing is the most significant sector in accessible rural areas followed by financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities. Financial services is the most significant industry in the rest of Scotland, followed by education, health, social work and other community, social...
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...Place matters in the United States. Access to affordable high-quality healthcare depends upon where you live. Throughout rural America, nearly 50 million people face challenges in accessing health care. The past several decades have consistently shown higher rates of poverty, mortality, and limited access to a primary health care provider in rural areas. With the recent economic downturn, there is potential for an increase in many of the healthcare disparities and access concerns that are already elevated in rural communities. High poverty rates and job loss in the current economic recession highlight the challenges of accessing health care and rising health care costs in rural areas. Rates of poverty are higher, with fifteen percent of people in rural areas living below the poverty level compared to twelve percent of people in urban areas. The rural economy is dominated by small businesses, which are struggling as the cost of healthcare continues to skyrocket. In the current recession, the rural economy is losing jobs at a faster rate than the rest of the nation, and loss of jobs can lead to loss of healthcare coverage. In particular, rural communities dependent on manufacturing have lost nearly five percent of their jobs since the recession began. Many rural residents work part-time, seasonally, or for themselves, making them less likely to have private, employer-sponsored health care benefits. Research shows that ninety percent of farmers have insurance coverage;...
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...1 CHAPTER 1 What is rurality? Nicolette Rousseau BA BRITAIN is primarily a country of urban dwellers. For many, rural areas are seen as an idyll, the antithesis of the ills of urban life. The countryside is a place to 'get away from it all' - a weekend retreat, or somewhere where one might aspire to live. People have images of rolling landscapes or bleak moors, complete with smiling farmers leaning on farm gates. The country air is seen as recuperative, and the environment generally beneficial. McLaren in 1951 argued that city children should be encouraged to go hill walking; today young offenders are sometimes sent on hiking expeditions. Jones and Eyles (1977), in An Introduction to Social Geography, stated: "This book is largely about urban society ... this does not unduly distort the real situation because we live in a predominantly urban society and most of our problems lie in the city." Their view is reflected in the fact that recent interest in health inequalities has tended to be centred on the inner cities. Definitions of rurality in a health care context Definitions of rurality have been neglected in health research. Definitions of deprivation attract frequent papers, with debate over the 'best' definition (Campbell et al., 1991; Morris and Carstairs, 1991; Ben-Shlomo et al., 1992). Researchers into deprivation and health generally choose to use one of two or three main indices of deprivation, such as that described by Townsend et...
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... cities are growing significantly in size and number with the continuation of mass migration. At the start of the 20th century only about 17.8% of the entire population of a third world country lived in a city, but today the proportion of urban and rural dwellers is approximately equal, in-fact today 3 Billion of the world’s population are urban residents, accounting for half the world’s population at the rate of a 180,000 people moving into cities each day (60 Million a year). It is projected that at this rate many of the cities in developing regions of the world such as Africa and Asia may double in size to compensate to this process. Rapid urbanization has presented a series of issues in the third world and has thus been a leading factor in shaping third world politics. Urbanization in the third world has drastically increased by as much as 50% over the last century. For instance Bangladesh has an urbanization rate of 3.5% resulting in 27% of the country’s population being urban settlers; which has been on the rise over the past century from a mere 1.1% urbanization rate. Urbanization was in part the result of population increase, both due to natural causes and immigration. This has been a common characteristic with third world urbanization. Drastic increases with urban populations with drops in rural populations, the process can be attributed into two categories of...
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...invest in rural? What are the opportunities in rural markets for CCI? CCI changed it’s RTM strategy in 2007with objective to increase the availability of its brands and increase customer service. CCI was basically marketing its products in India which was seventh largest country in the world with 28 states and seven union territories. Till 2013, there were 6649 districts and sub-districts. | Villages/towns | Population % | Rural | 638,588 | 68.8 | Urban | 16,297 | 31.2 | From census 2011 reports, huge population is residing in rural areas which hold lots of potential for CCI to target. From 2001 to 2011tremendous growth of male as well as female population in rural areas were observed (CENSUS 2011). | Male (%) | Female (%) | Rural | 12.12 | 12.25 | Urban | 30.06 | 33.73 | Rural market from 2001 to 2010 shows approximately 50% of India’s Gross Domestic Products. | Per Capita Income (INR) | Rural | 9481 | Urban | 19407 | The rural consumption shows tremendous growth as per past records and would accelerate at 5.1% CAGR during 2005-2015 and 2015-2025. It is estimated that rural households with Rs.90,000 to Rs.2,00,00 income bracket would contribute to 70% of total rural consumption by 2025. It is expected to reduce rural deprived population of 96% in 1985 to 29% by 2015. Net consumption in INR for rural segment from 2005 to 2025 is tabled below | Consumption (INR) | 2005 | 9688 | 2015 | 16701 | 2025 | 26363 | Though overall rural market is...
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