...current day supporters of a more classical approach to the system and Beccaria’s influence on the common idea behind punishment helped shape the system for the ages. When looking at today’s forms of punishment from a classical criminological perspective, there are many commonalities in the main purpose behind these measures. Some of Cesare Beccaria’s ideas are evident in the justice system of today, proving to be logical and effective. However, many of the currently adopted philosophies behind the purpose of punishment go completely against those ideas of Baccaria’s as well. Cesare Beccaria was an advocate for the Utilitarian justification to crime. Through this practice, punishments are centered around reforming the individual into a non-criminal mindset, and preventing the repeated behavior by others in the society. An example of this being seen in today’s society is the use of prevention classes as a common inclusion with abuse related cases. These classes usually involve a group of people in common situations, and an...
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...disorder that appears by age three and is characterized by impairment of the ability to form normal social relationships, by impairment of the ability to communicate with others, and by stereotyped behavior patterns as is defined by Webster dictionary. The word autism was first used in 1943:”. (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated , 2012) From the medical association it is defined as: Autism is known as a complex developmental disability. “Experts believe that Autism presents itself during the first three years of a person's life. The condition is the result of a neurological disorder that has an effect on normal brain function, affecting development of the person's communication and social interaction skills. People with autism have issues with non-verbal communication, a wide range of social interactions, and activities that include an element of play and/or banter.” (MediLexicon International Ltd, 2004-2012) What causes Autism: The medical professionals are still not sure what really causes autism, they have narrowed it down to a few possibilities thought such as...
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...WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION 1 By Hughlene Burton University of North Carolina at Charlotte Stewart Karlinsky San Jose State University Visiting Fellow, 2005 School of Business Law Curtin University of Technology Cindy Blanthorne University of North Carolina at Charlotte ISSN: 1321-7828 ISBN: 174067 410 3 1 This paper was previously published in the American Taxation Association Journal of Legal Tax Research. 1 PERCEPTION OF A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION Hughlene Burton, Stewart Karlinsky and Cindy Blanthorne ABSTRACT The current study was designed to investigate U.S. taxpayers’ perception of the severity of tax evasion relative to other offences in general and white-collar crimes in particular. We compared the perception of tax evasion to twenty other offences, including violent crimes such as rape and murder and relatively minor offences such as jaywalking. Due to the recent focus by lawmakers and the media on white-collar scandals and the lack of comparisons in prior literature, we also included six white-collar crimes. Overall, the results indicate that tax evasion was viewed as only somewhat serious. When comparing tax evasion to other white-collar offences, we found that tax evasion was perceived as equal in severity to minimum wage law violations and rated less serious than the other four white-collar crimes investigated. Most demographic factors (age, gender, education or income level, political affiliation, etc.) did...
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...exist, in some form, in all 50 states. The severity of the punishments range from misdemeanors with small fines and short jail sentences to felonies with high fines and lengthy prison terms. While the elements of the statutes vary from state to state, generally a state must prove that (1) the defendant acted knowingly or intentionally; and (2) the defendant failed to provide support. A non-custodial parent faces several penalties if he or she fails to make scheduled, regular child support payments. Here are a few examples of penalties associated with child support non-payment: Driver's License Suspension, Inability to Obtain a Passport, Imprisonment, Wage Garnishment. Military single parents who fail to pay child support face severe penalties for child support non payment. However, the penalties differ for military single parents versus civilian parents. One potential penalty for military single parents is dismissal from military service. If a non-custodial parent, charged with child support non-payment, moves to a different state to avoid child support payments, he or she may be be convicted of a federal offense under the Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act. In order to secure a conviction under the Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act, the federal government must prove: The non-custodial parent had the ability to pay child support, The non-custodial parent failed to pay child support, Child support has not been paid for at least a year, The non-custodial parent owes more than $5000...
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...Risk Analysis Register for Revedo Manufacturing Inc. By: Kayode Y. Tomoloju Course: Risk management/JIT 2 Task A Western Governors University Course Mentor: Susan Skinner March 3, 2015 Creating Risk Register for Revedo Manufacturing Inc. Risk | Description | Owner | Source | Likelihood of Occurrence* | Severity of Impact* | Controllability* | Risk OneEarthquake Due to the frequency of occurrence of earthquake in California and China, the China plant of Revedo Manufacturing Inc. could witness such disaster. – Global Risk | Chances are that earthquake could occur in China location of Revedo Manufacturing Inc. plant. This type of natural disaster is uncontrollable and will of course affect productivity and projected profit of the organization. | The entire organization stakeholders.Management, employees, trade contractors, customers, environmental group and localResident. | ( See explanation below) | HighEven though Earthquake often occurs in China, The likelihood of occurrence in in China plant is remains at medium. This is because there is historical fact that it has severe impact in the area the plant is located. | HighThe effect of EarthquakeThe companyOffice in San Jose And ChinaIs absolutelyA high severity.This is because properties will be lost,Production Will be affected, data will be destroyed and this act will definitely Lead to loss of Revenue. | HighBack up technologicaltools in remote location. Put in place effective disaster recovery program...
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...| Prisons | | | | | | Our country has come a long way in the way that it disciplines those who break the laws. Once convicted, criminals can be sentenced to many different punishments depending on the crime they committed. Punishments can range from lenient, such as probation or community service, or more severe, such as jail or prison. Punishments increase in severity depending on the severity of the crime committed. A person who has committed a non-violent crime will have a better chance at seeing a probation sentence than someone who has committed a violent crime. Prior criminal record also plays a role in the sentence an offender receives. Even if the crime committed was not violent, if the offender continues to commit the same crime, their sentence will increase. The main idea behind prisons is to provide a facility that houses individuals being punished for committing a crime. There are several different types of prisons that people may be sent to depending on the kind of crime they committed. The most well-known are medium to high security facilities that are also referred to as general population prisons. These are the penitentiaries that most people would think of, where inmates who were found guilty of crimes ranging from theft to assault and even murder are housed. Minimum security prisons typically house convicted criminals who have not committed a crime of violence against another person. These misdeeds are better known as white collar crimes...
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...accordance with the FBI definition, statutory rape is characterized as non-forcible sexual intercourse with a person who is younger than the statutory age of consent. The actual ages for these laws vary greatly from state-to-state, as do the punishments for offenders. Many states do not use the actual term "statutory rape," simply calling it rape or unlawful sexual penetration among a variety of other titles. These laws rarely apply only to intercourse, but rather to any type of sexual contact. Dating someone without sexual contact cannot be considered a form of statutory rape, and is almost never illegal. All states have an "age of consent," or an age at which a person can legally consent to sexual activity and can then no longer be a victim of statutory rape. Some states also have laws that take into consideration the "age difference" between both people involved. In many states, the more years there are between the adult and the minor, the more serious the offense. All states have laws with special consideration and age restrictions where a relationship involves a person of authority over a minor; this includes but is not limited to, teachers, coaches, assistant coaches, or tutors. Generally, the age of consent is 18 in these situations and the penalties for violation of these laws are more severe. These laws change, and can vary depending on other circumstances. For more information on how these laws apply in your state, visit the Answer Board Statutory rape...
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...This paper will discuss whether the state of Hawaii is justified in criminalizing gambling activities, and whether the punishment is justified. Before I discuss the issue of paternalism, I want to clarify why I refrained from using other philosophical approaches to justify Hawaii’s laws. A legal moralism point of view would state that the justification for the criminalization of gambling is simply that gambling is morally wrong. The thought is that since gambling is considered morally wrong in itself, there should be laws to prevent such actions. This is an unfavorable approach because it seems to be driven by circular reasoning, or assuming what it is attempting to prove. The Harm Principle, coined by John Stuart Mills, is a common standard when it comes to enforcing morality. The harm principle states that the only reason the state would have justification in restricting ones freedom is to prevent harm to other people. However, Mills goes on to say that a person’s own good is not enough reason to restrict their freedom as they are not harming others. One may try to persuade a person to do otherwise, but one may not force a person to act against how he or she sees fit as long as they are not harming anyone. Gambling does not fit this criteria being that a person who engages in this activity is conscience of the consequences that comes with gambling and still willingly chooses to participate. The main issue at hand is the conflict of self-harm. The restriction of one’s ability...
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...before and after. Now, Kelly Bates, a 38-year-old single mother, accused Alumina of repeatedly contaminating the waters of Lake Dira with carcinogenic effluents, and has alleged that consumption of the contaminated water is the proximate cause of her 10-year-old daughter’s leukemia. Bates also alleges that her daughter’s condition may be as old as Alumina’s first instance of environmental law violation. The Key Facts, Regulations, and Legal Issues This section discusses the main themes of the simulation and why they are important aspects in the decision making process. The first key fact in this simulation is that five years ago Alumina Inc. in a routine EPA compliance evaluation was found to be in violation of environmental discharge. The PAH concentration test samples were above the prescribed limit. The EPA ordered a clean up, which Alumina Inc. complied. Except for this one incident, Alumina Inc. has a positive overall environmental regulation compliance record. The second key factor in the simulation is in regard to the Freedom of Information Act 5 U.S.C. 552, as Amended by Public Law No. 104-231, 110....
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...environment is identified as one of the six principles that govern the education of students with disabilities and other special needs. By law, schools are required to provide a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment that is appropriate to the individual student's needs. "Least restrictive environment" means that a student who has a disability should have the opportunity to be educated with non-disabled peers, to the greatest extent appropriate. They should have access to the general education curriculum, extracurricular activities, or any other program that non-disabled peers would be able to access. The student should be provided with supplementary aids and services necessary to achieve educational goals if placed in a setting with non-disabled peers. Academically, a resource room may be available within the school for specialized instruction, with typically no more than two hours per day of services for a student with learning disabilities. Should the nature or severity of his or her disability prevent the student from achieving these goals in a regular education setting, then the student would be placed in a more restrictive environment, such as a special school, classroom within the current school, or a hospital program. Generally, the less opportunity a student has to interact and learn with non-disabled peers, the more the placement is considered to be restricted. To determine what an appropriate setting is for a student, a team...
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...Rusty Haynes American Intercontinental University Youth Court Proceeding Approach to a Juvenile Criminal Case When a juvenile is tried for a criminal act it is considered an act of delinquency not a criminal act depending on the severity of the crime, if considered severe enough they can be tried as an adult. The criminal justice system differs with minors and adults, sentencing with a minor are directed more towards rehabilitation to better serve the best interest of the minor and their future behavior. In Juvenile cases there is a adjudicate hearing to present the evidence to a judge who will then rule on whether the juvenile is delinquent. The crime when considered a non-violent offense and the juvenile has no prior offenses the approach taken is one directed towards future recidivism and rehabilitation (LegalMatch, 2014). Steps and differences in Juvenile Criminal Case When a juvenile commits an offense they are detained rather than arrested, a petition is then drawn up to serve as the official charging document, jurisdiction of the juvenile court, notice for the reason of court appearance, and as a notice to the family of the juvenile who is detained. Once the court procedure begins there will be an adjudicate hearing to determine if the juvenile is delinquent and what action should be taken after that decision has been made. The adjudicate hearing and sentencing are heard by a judge and do not include a jury since a juvenile does not have the right...
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...Jail and Prison In the criminal justice system once a crime is committed and the criminal has gone to court and has pled guilty, or has gone to trial and has been convicted of the rime it can result in a few different ways. For instance, if the crime was severe enough it could result in jail or prison time. Both jail and prison are two components of the suffering the consequences of committing a crime, and can also determine whether the time fits the crime or was the criminal punished in a fair matter. Some criminal’s crimes are so severe that they are sentenced to life in prison. Jails are facilities designed to hold criminals waiting for a trial. They are also designed to hold inmates serving twelve months or less for the crimes they committed. Federal Prisons are designed for people convicted of federal crimes. State prisons are for criminals convicted of crimes of the state, or of crimes committed in that state. Minimum Security Prisons are the most open and least restricted prisons. They hold criminals convicted of non-violent crimes such as forgery, cheating on taxes, and perjury. Medium Security Prisons are more open then maximum security but less open than minimum security prisons. The inmates are convicted of crimes such as assault and thefts. Maximum Security Prisons generally hold prisoners serving longer sentences. Inmates are convicted of crimes such as murder, kidnapping and other felonies. (library.thinkquest.org) A total institution is place of work and residence...
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...long-term adverse effect on their ability to access the regular education facilities. This includes individuals with various disabilities such the mentally retarded, the hearing and visually impaired, and the learning disabled individuals. In the olden days, children with special needs had their education mainly in the few segregated special schools spread across the country. However, owing to the fast growing number of individuals with disability, it is now common to find a good number of them in the regular schools in the various communities. The result was that educationists began exploring various educational arrangements including mainstreaming, integration and inclusion that could bring together both disabled and non-disabled individuals in the same classroom to pursue the same school curriculum. Inclusive education is a concept that allows pupils with special needs to be placed in the regular or mainstream classes to be taught by mainstream teachers. Inclusion, which is the most current perspective in education, is the combination of pupils with and without disabilities in one classroom. Thus pupils with special needs are placed in regular classes and are taught by a general class teacher. This is based on the assumption that children of all abilities can learn from each other given the appropriate environment, and that children who learn together learn to live together. This programme...
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...punishment for the criminals that are found guilty, they use the punishment philosophy that courts use to determine a punishment suitable for the crime and that will help with future prevention of crimes happening from the same offenders. Six forms of punishments go along with the four philosophical forms. The first philosophical reason is retribution; this is the earliest form that is known as a rationale punishment, it followed the Old Testament of and Schmalleger (2011) “eye for and eye” and a “tooth for a tooth” (p. 373). In the case of minor crimes, it was supposed to lower the severity of punishments. In today’s world it corresponds to what is called just deserts a form of sentencing holding criminals responsible for the crimes that they commit. Once they are convicted they are known to have gotten their “just deserts”. The second is incapacitation, this sentencing is for the law abiding citizens and protects them from the criminals that may harm them and can also prevent an individual harming someone. In the ancient years amputation and mutilation of an individual’s extremities had been used for prevention on a person committing another crime, but modern day incapacitation thy separate the criminals...
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...Antidepressants Work, so what’s the Problem Kurt Anderson Utah Valley University Course: Online English 2020 Instructor: Robert Crane Abstract Efficacy of antidepressants is under such scrutiny by the general public, because of a few scientists. Antidepressants are the most researched substance worldwide. The long history of research analysis proves the efficacy of antidepressants, but there are those who will falsely interpret clinical trials, or pool together selected studies to justify their claims. Scientists will agree that there are many flaws with antidepressant research, but with ever increasing new ways to re-test old research, the evidence of positive improvements are becoming harder to deny. This report shows that even though scientists are trying to disprove the effectiveness of antidepressants, the evidence of the scientific facts prove that antidepressants work for depression. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iv Glossary of Terms v General Information vii Thesis Statement vii Report Audience vii Author’s Purpose vii Argumentative Requirements Fulfillment Statement vii Introduction 1 Americans and Depression 2 Background of Depression and Antidepressants 4 Depression 4 Antidepressants 5 Depression Scale 5 Clinical Trials 6 Claims..................... 6 The Truth ......................................................................................................................................6 Prescribing methods...
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