... Works Cited 14 1 I Introduction While North American literature up to the 20th century clearly defines gender roles, there is a shift in thinking after World War I. Not only are gender stereotypes and boundaries between the sexes gradually dissolving within the course of the history of literature and culture in general, but also the topic of gender itself is addressed more openly. This holds especially true for Ernest Hemingway‘s writings. Hemingway did not only make gender and gender identification a topic, but his writings often also contain elements of deconstruction of gender stereotypes, an example being The Garden of Eden, which is partially devoted to the conflict of reversed gender roles. Unsurprisingly, Hemingway was also preoccupied with the mutual influence and effect of the two sexes, male and female, on each other. One piece of literature which underlines this change towards thinking more freely across fixed gender boundaries but which also stands out as a case study on how gender identity is formed, is Hemingway‘s novel The Sun also Rises, which was first published in 1926. On the surface level, The Sun also Rises tells the story of a group of American expatriates living in Europe, who engage in a trip to Pamplona in order to see the bullfights. Mainly, the plot revolves around the romantic relationship between the first-person narrative‘s narrator, Jake Barnes, and the...
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...Bullfights in The Sun Also Rises Do some research into Hemingway’s life and you will find he had a great love for Spain, including bullfighting, wine, and fiestas. He shows his love of the fight in his writings such as The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls. In The Sun Also Rises he not only talks about the bulls, but his characters can be compared to bulls or steers. It is a deep symbolism that shows Hemingway’s views on gender roles and androgyny in the 1920’s. Jake Barnes, the main character, is a WWI veteran who was rendered impotent during the war. This is the main reason he cannot be with the woman he loves, Lady Brett Ashley. Hemingway portrays him as a man with masculine interests like fishing, bullfighting, and drinking. Though he is shown this way, rather than being like a bull, Jake is considered a steer. Jake is calm, a peacekeeper between his friends just as a steers in bullfighting rings are used to calm the bulls. Jake considers himself an outcast, just as steers are not the main part of bullfights. Lady Brett Ashley would be considered a steer at first glance, but as the story progresses it is clear that she is a symbol of a bull. She is quite possibly the most masculine character in the book. When Hemingway first describes Brett, he describes that “she wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy’s” (Hemingway 22). This gives off a very masculine image, especially considering they lived in a time where...
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...Jake Barnes of “The Sun Also Rises” is the protagonist of the book, known precisely for his wound from WWI that proves to leave him impotent in his experiences throughout the course of novel. The setting of the novel takes place in Paris,France during the exposition.Jake is young and from America but now lives in Paris working in a newspaper office. Barnes leads an almost simple life, doesn’t find interest in traveling. He has a small group of friends he normally hangs out with as well as always drunk with. He plays tennis with one of his closest friend Robert Cohn. He finds his life empty after World War I, in which he was injured in the state of losing his genitals. Lady Brett, a woman he met during the war, is the love of his life though...
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...Jake’s Relationships in The Sun Also Rises In the novel The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes has two key relationships. Brett and Jake share a relationship that is very strange and doesn’t relate to how a normal couple should function. The other odd relationship Jake has is with Robert Cohn, a man who has an unacceptable way of dealing with rejection. Jake Barnes is a socially challenged man whose relations throughout the book shape how the reader perceives him. It is clear that Lady Brett Ashley is anything but a lady. She is kind and sweet but she is extremely vulnerable to her attraction to men. Brett is not happy with her life or her environment and she searches for an escape in the arms of men. But, the men don’t fill the void she longs to fill. They only end up hurting her. “Oh, darling, I’ve been so miserable” (Hemingway 32) has become her famous phrase when she runs back to Jake. Jake knows that he will never be able to have her for himself, but he keeps her around because the two wouldn’t know what to do without each other. The Count once asked them, “why don’t you get married, you two?” (Hemingway 68). They answered with the lame “We want to lead our own lives. . . We have our careers” (Hemingway 68) excuse. Jake tolerates her reckless and whorish behavior because he loves her unconditionally and he is willing to ignore everything she does. Jake forgives Brett of her promiscuity and disloyalty for two main reasons. The first and very minor reason is related to the questionable...
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...PRI (Personal Reading Inventory): The Sun Also Rises Context_______________________________________________________________________ 1. Historical: Hemingway based his book The Sun Also Rises on the time period of the Lost Generation, a wandering "lost" time period after WWI. While Hemingway explores the superficiality of his characters' indulgent lifestyles, he touches upon a number of themes, many of which have to do with new notions of masculinity arising after the war. Jake's purported impotence is a powerful symbol for the emasculated postwar male psyche, and bull-fighting describes sex as warfare on a metaphorical level. In addition, Hemingway conceived of the idea for The Sun Also Rises while attending the Fiesta de San Fermin in Pamplona, Spain, with friends in July, 1925. The novel is a roman à clef where the characters are based on real people and the action is based on real events. 2. Biographical: Ernest Hemingway, born in 1899, was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, heavily influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. In 1925, Hemingway took a trip to the famous Festival of San Fermin in Pamplona, Spain that would later provided the basis of Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises. The novel is widely considered Hemingway's greatest work...
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...Masculinity was important in America in the 1950s when A View from the Bridge is set. Both Franzen and Miller show that masculinity can be expressed by the different characters in his novel in many different ways which highlight the many aspects of masculinity. Both Franzen and Miller present masculinity through the ways in which the male characters interact with each other. There are conflicting views of masculinity in A View from the Bridge; Eddie represents the judgmental views of masculinity. His character is unable to bear Rodolpho’s attitude and appearance as it attacks Eddie’s individual definition of masculinity. “He’s like a weird…with that wacky hair…he’s like a chorus girl” Eddie unloads his feelings and disapproval regarding Rodolpho and his conduct to Catherine and Alfieri who is used as a guidance counsellor for Eddie to discuss his worries, “I see it in his eyes; he’s laughin’ at her and she’s laughin’ at me.” Eddie notices the behaviour of Rodolpho and interprets it in a jealous way to mean he is being made fun of behind his back. Eddie is seen as a strong masculine father figure, whereas Rodolpho is viewed as a blonde feminine acting male figure. Rodolpho sings “Paper Doll” to Catherine which in Eddie’s point of view hints at Rodolpho’s feminine natures. Eddie is threatened by Catherine’s great enjoyment in Rodolpho’s singing, Eddie rises and moves upstage, as an attempt to stop the singing which insults his view of masculinity. Eddie’s bowling buddies are used...
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...So Ching Ashley SID: 1007623943 ENG3250 Other Literatures in English Paper Assignment 2 December 6, 2010. Orientalism in M. Butterfly: a Struggle from Gender Identity to Political Balance Long before Song Liling made her debut as M. Butterfly on stage, there was a woman called Cho-cho-san, playing Madama Butterfly with the fullest of her life. M. Butterfly’s counterpart Madama Butterfly presents readers Cho-cho-san, a pitiful and submissive Oriental Butterfly. Cho-cho-san’s character traits fit in almost every single aspect of the ideal of Oriental women, for instance, Cho-cho-san is a geisha, an exotic representation of Japanese women in the eyes of westerners, Cho-cho-san eventually dies of seppuku, which is the Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment, and her ultimate sacrifice of her everything from her religion to her very life. The attributes of Cho-cho-san are not exclusive to this character only but imposed on all Asian women. The western presupposition of some certain fixed and bounded Asian attributes defines the identity of Asian women and thus, creates an image of the sacrificial and submissive Oriental women. Moreover, the historical backgrounds of Hwang’s Butterfly and Puccini’s Butterfly are, in fact, the extension of gender tension to international power struggle. Cho-cho-san’s love story happens in the Meiji Period in which Japan first opened its door to foreigners; while Gallimard and Song Liling begins having an affair in the 1960s, in the midst...
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...Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat. Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and...
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...International Marketing MKT 466- Country Paper Switzerland Including Sunglass Campaign Presented by: Eileen D. Klingsiek Fall Semester 2009/2010 International Marketing MKT466 Country Paper- Switzerland 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 2.1 History 2.2 Geography 2.2.1 The three main regions 2.3 Climate 2.4 Demographics 2.5 Religion 2.6 Culture 2.7 Infrastructure and Environment 2.8 Education 2.9 Politics 2.10 Foreign Relations and International Institutions 3.0 Hofstede’s Cultural Model 3.1 Individualism/ Collectivism 3.2 Uncertainty Avoidance 3.3 Power Distance 3.4 Masculinity/ Femininity 4.0 Sunglass Campaign 4.1 4.2 Lifestyle & Leisure 4.3 Climate 4.4 Infrastructure 4.5 Product Price Range 4.6 Product Positioning 4.7 ` Potential Market/ Target Market Media Strategy 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Personal Reflection 7.0 Work 2|Page International Marketing MKT466 Country Paper- Switzerland Introduction Every Marketing campaign starts with devising the “4 – Ps,” price, product, promotion and distribution. Being successful in business in the international sector understands and adapts to one individual idea: culture. Culture is the most influential uncontrollable environmental force in international marketing (Cateora and Graham, 2007). Due to the fact that the world is ethnically diverse and each ethnicity holds their own traditions, a...
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...proper teambuilding. It is next to impossible to make everyone happy, but this task is even more difficult when those affected are located in different countries, identify with different cultures, and follow different norms. It all came to light when an outage at HS Holdings, who has a $300,000 annual service agreement with 24X7 response, went unanswered by Sun Microsystems. With threats of a lawsuit, Sun Microsystems was determined to get to the bottom of it and find out who dropped the ball. Interpersonal conflict is the most important issue within the case because if there hadn’t been perceived power distance, distrust, and cultural misunderstandings than the outage could have been handled quickly without involving HS Holdings management nor the Customer Advocate in Paris, Elisabeth Fournier. Despite the poorly programmed queue and the lack of an updated contact list, the problem still could have been addressed fairly quickly if the Indian team hadn’t felted alienated by the team as a whole and insulted by Nick Elliott when he was overheard saying the Indian team was incompetent. Situation Analysis: Sun Microsystems (Sun) is one of the largest information technology companies in the world. It includes global teams filled with efficient and effective employees who work with a choice of an employee-friendly open work environment. Greg James, a successful engineer and “Outstanding Manager Award” winner was appointed as a global manager of a diverse 45-member team from the United...
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...Working Married Fathers Tracy L. Taylor Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on September 13, 2015, for Professor Robyn Milliken-Setser G425/SYO4180 Section 07 Work and Family. Outline Introduction I. How much families have been impacted by the recession. II. How the family dynamics have changed including sharing of household duties and childcare. III. What effect these changes have made to father-child relationships. A. Positive changes B. Negative changes IV. How Society views working fathers A Inside home B. Outside home V. How have marriages been affected by these changes. A. Man's identity affected by ability to provide for family. B. Many wives have taken over as the main breadwinner because due to the Great Recession. Conclusion In four out of ten American households with children under age 18, mothers are the sole or main breadwinner. The recession has played a significant role in the increase of pushing women into the role of breadwinner. Many men were laid off during the recession because the brunt of their jobs were held in the construction and manufacturing businesses. For husbands and fathers, a significant part of their identity is related to their ability to provide for their family. How has this changed since the Great Recession? How are families adjusting? Sociologist Christine Whelan, asks the following questions in an essay "A Feminist-Friendly Recession"...
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...Hefei Sun Professor Dawn Lilley 101: Expository Writing Paper2 1st draft Feb 23th 2015 Shaping and Adapting Certain environments have the capacity of impacting one’s behavior and shaping one’s characteristic and worldview. We unconsciously conclude the theory that one’s behavior is caused by the personal background, conviction or the inherited gene. However, the surrounding environment, which we always neglect, plays a significant part of causing and forming one’s behavior. Susan Faludi, the author of “The Naked Citadel”, introduces an all-male military college called “The Citadel”. This “big bad macho school” adores the masculinity and the fourth-class system which devotes to turn the knobs to the whole man by bearing the abuse and hazing. This school is strict and orderly but has serious sex and racial discrimination which is so spread that even the administration and committee condones it. The violence and hierarchy system can be partially explained by Gladwell theories. In “The Power of Context : Bermic Goets and the Rise and Fall of New York City Crime”, Malcolm Gladwell examines the factors that shape people’s behavior and then comes up with his ideas. He argues the Power of Context Theory that context has much more impact on the behavior than we thought. According to the Broken Window Theory, people could solve the problems by changing little things in the environment. He also illustrates the “situational” view that in some specific situation, what matters more...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents ------------------------------------------------- Introduction – Overview of Australian Men 2 Overlook of Major Trends 3 Most Significant Trend 4 Emerging Consumer Expectations 5 Inspiration 6 Persona 7 Overview of Australian Men: A stereotype existed in Australia historically in terms of masculinity and the typical Australian male. However contemporary culture has changed the typecast of the typical Australian male from strong, emotionless and rough to one more sensitive, intellectual, cultural, open-minded and well groomed (Malone 2014). Modern Australian men are becoming highly body conscious as 82% of Australian males identified they are spending significantly more money on tending to their physical appearance when compared to premillennial habits (McCrindle Social Research 2013). This can be attributed to the increased media exposure to male specific lifestyle magazines and shows (IBISWORLD 2013). Not only are Australian males become more image conscious they are also recognizing the importance of maintaining healthy lifestyles (Euromonitor 2013). Australian men can be demographically profiled by generation, Baby Boomers being aged roughly 47-65, Generation X aged early 30’s to mid-40’s, Generation Y born between 1981 and 1994 and Generation Z those born between 1995-2009 (Holroyd 2011). Over the next five years the population of Australians over 50 is expected...
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... Hamlet’s Femininity L A F É MINIT É D E HAMLET GUO De-yan1 Abstract: The charm of Hamlet over the centuries largely lies in Shakespeare’s subtle treatment of Hamlet, and many critics have interpreted Hamlet’s tragedy as a result of his indecisive character, his obsession with philosophical thinking or his Oedipus Complex. This essay holds that Hamlet’s struggle with his femininity also contributes to his tragedy. Hamlet does exhibit some masculine traits such as courage, rationality and aggressiveness, but at the same time he is agonized to find that he is as weak, emotional, passive and dependent as a woman. In whatever cases he is placed either as a prince, a son or a lover, he is more identified with women than with men. Such a discovery tortures him and produces in him some sense of self-negation and self-hatred. Because of his deep-rooted patriarchal concept of gender identity, Hamlet cannot make a compromise with the feminine traits in him, and it somewhat prevents him from taking a masculine action to avenge his father. Key words: Hamlet; Femininity; Masculinity; Tragedy; Self-Hatred Résumé: Depuis des sicècles, le charme d’Hamlet se trouve largement dans un traitement subtil de Shakespeare de ce personnage et de nombreuses critiques ont interprété la tragédie d'Hamlet en raison de son caractère indécis, son obsession par la pensée philosophique ou son complexe d'Œdipe. Cet essai soutient le point de vue que la lutte d'Hamlet contre sa féminité...
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...II. The researcher aims to answer the following problems: 1. What is K-pop? 2. How did K-pop become popular in the Philippines? 3. Why do Filipinos love K-pop? 4. What are the negative reactions/comments of Filipinos about K-pop? 5. What are the effects of Korean Wave or K-pop Invasion in the Filipinos? III. Methodology The researcher will answer the problems through the use of books and internet. IV. What is K-Pop? K-Pop (an abbreviation of Korean pop or Korean Popular music) is a musical genre that originated in South Korea. It is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. It’s also not just referred to as type of music but also a musical movement that swept South Korea. Singers are usually a group of girls or boys. It is mostly popular among teenagers. K-pop started in the early 1990s and continues to dominate not only in Asia but in the whole world. Some consider K-pop as an all-inclusive genre. The French Audiovisual Organization defines K-pop as a blend of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and colorful, fashionable outfits. A. History of K-Pop Early 1990s - Seo Taiji & Boys was a boyband who started K-pop. Their successful experimentation with different music styles had garnered them a lot of attention in the Music Industry. 2000s - Other bands followed and gained popularity in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It grew from a musical genre to a subculture among teenagers and young adults. Mid-2000s - present - Other bands followed...
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