...Observing Surface Features of the Sun for Amateur Astronomers Nikhil Anand Mustafa Shahid B.Tech Aerospace Engineering, IV Sem Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Email: nikhil.myindia@gmail.com B.Tech Avioncs, IV Sem Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Email: mustafashahid4@googlemail.com Abstract—Viewing the sun through a telescope is a very underrated astronomical practice. This paper will focus in detail on the relevance and significance of observing the sun. The various features on the sun are explained along with appropriate methodologies for safely viewing them. Three techniques are deployed to safely observe the sun. Further scope and interpretations of this experiment are also discussed. I. I NTRODUCTION Looking at the sun with naked eyes can be extremely dangerous, but with the right equipment, several interesting features of the sun can be revealed. Some of the notable features include sunspots, granulation and corona of the sun. To view the surface, three techniques are used. each has its own advantage. A. Surface features 1) Sun Spots : Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots on the surface. They correspond to concentrations of magnetic field that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots usually appear as pairs, with each spot having the opposite magnetic polarity of the other...
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...comes to sight; the analogy of the sun. Many questions regarding this analogy have been orbiting the minds of great thinkers, one being whether or not the analogy makes any sense. The obvious answer is yes, it does make sense, but before we dive into this topic, a proper explanation of the allegory of the sun is needed. The origins of the allegory comes from a conversation between Socrates and Glaucon, Plato’s older brother. Within this discussion, Socrates brings forth the idea that the sun represents the good, and that the sun is God-like. It is further explained that the sun “makes our sight see best and visible things best seen.” (Reeve & Miller 199) Distinguished facts about the sun and the good then come into view, as Socrates states even though sight and the light are thought to be like the sun, they are not quite the same as the sun. Furthermore, the sun “not only gives visible things the power to be seen, but also provides for their coming-to-be, growth, and nourishment… existence and being are also due to it.” (Reeve & Miller 200) Socrates believes that all things come into existence due to the sun/the good, but not only does it make everything visible, it also makes everything grow. With a brief summary of the allegory of the sun in mind, it is easy to suggest that this allegory makes perfect sense, and that in fact the sun/the good is being personified as Helios, giving the interpretation that the sun is God. While the sun represents the good, the good...
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...Name: ________________________ Date: ___________________________ College: _______________________ Community Partnership CS Sun, Moon and Stars End of Unit Assessment [pic] Part A: Here are some multiple-choice questions. Make sure to READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY! Please choose and then circle the appropriate answer for each question. 1. What is the sun made out of? A. Dust and Rock B. Wood and Plastic C. Helium and Hydrogen D. None of the Above 2. Where does the sun rise? A. North B. South C. East D. West 3. Where does the sun set? A. North B. South C. East D. West 4. How many phases does the moon have? A. 8 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 5. Which phase comes after the “Full Moon”? A. First Quarter B. Waxing Gibbous C. New Moon D. Waning Gibbous 6. About how many days does it take the moon to complete ALL the phases? A. 12 days B. 28 days C. 25 days D. 33 days 7. What is the moon made out of? A. Dust, Rocks and Holes B. Wood, Metal and Plastic C. Gases, Helium and Hydrogen D. None of the Above 8. How long does it take for the earth to orbit the sun? A. 28 days B. 400 days C. 24 hours D. 365 days 9. Which star is the closet to earth? A. The Sun B. The Moon C. The Space ship D. Pluto 10. What material can you use to observe things in the night sky? A. Magnifying Glass B. Roll of toilet paper C. Your glasses on your eyes D. Telescope Part B: Here are some Short Answer response questions. Make...
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......POWER OF THE SUN ...Power of the Sun Photosynthesis, the process by which light, water, and carbon dioxide are converted to energy and oxygen, is the basic function used by plants worldwide to create their own fuel. For every other creature on the planet that cannot create their own sustainable energy, we rely on a food chain that begins where this process ends (Mader, 2010, p. 87). It is not surprising, then, that mankind has attempted to emulate this formula by harnessing the sun’s power to supply the earth with a clean, sustainable energy source akin to how nature enables an entire kingdom of organisms to do this for themselves. Solar panels, which are essentially a large collection of Photovoltaic (PV) cells, are manufactured to become excited with a certain amount of sunlight, breaking off electrons and either redirecting or collecting these channels of currents into usable circuits or storage units like batteries (Anderson, 2012). Both are similar in their initial design of creating energy out of sunlight, and both do not directly give off any harmful byproducts. Although it has been argued that the manufacture of PV cells and subsequent solar panels is hardly achieved through environmentally-friendly means (and certainly not with green parts), the benefits of the clean and sustainable energy produced far outweighs this temporary blemish in the overall process (Anderson, 2012). On a final note to the similarities...
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...Casandra Lopez Korenic-Astronomy Sun I will be writing about the Sun, and how it plays a part in our Solar System. Starting with what our Sun is composed of, being that it is not a planet. It is a star, since it has no solid surface. It’s made of gases, 7.8 percent of Helium and 92.1 percent of Hydrogen. Being that it is not a solid body, the equator of the Sun spins at a different rate than the poles of the Sun. The poles take about 11 more days to spin than the equator. Even though it is not a planet, it is orbited by 8 different planets, 5 dwarf planets, 10000 asteroids, and 100000-3 trillion comets and icy bodies. Now knowing a bit about what the Sun is composed of, we can talk about how the Sun affects our everyday life. Without the Sun, life on earth would not exist. If the Sun were to “disappear” one day, we would notice a temperature drop within a week. Our average surface temperatures would all drop to 0°F, and by the next year it would drop into -100°F. Our oceans’ top layers would freeze over, but it would take thousands of years without the sun for entire oceans to freeze solid. After millions of years of no Sun, our planet would reach a middle temperature of -400°F. Animals and plants would not survive this new ice age though; most plants would be dead within a few weeks without photosynthesis. Bigger trees would survive a several decades, but even with that bottom food chainers would die out quickly. This would knock down most of the food chain, expect for scavengers...
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...assist human needs of water by sending them rain, so human really honored and praised Him. But the most powerful god was the God of Light. God of Light gave its light to human being for their everyday life and he is very important for both of the world. God of Light had a son named Sun. Sun characteristic was very emotional, likely to be jealous, hot-tempered, but He was also warm-hearted, brave, willing to sacrifice and to consider about others. There was also another god who was important and pretty popular among gods in the sky, he is God of Beauty. God of Beauty had a daughter named Moon. Moon was very beautiful, elegant, but shy and inconsistent. It would take hard times to make up her mind. Both of these gods had been such a closed-friend since long time ago. One day, God of Light and God of Beauty met in a party. They brought along their own child. In that day, the party wasso big and chaotic, the moon was separated from her parents. She was so frightened because she was alone without no one she knew.Moreover, she was so shy to ask people around to help her find her parents. She was scared and lastly decided to sit in the corner, she cried because she didn’t know what to do. In that time, Sun was standing in the middle of crowd party and saw a woman crying in the corner of the room. Thus he approached the woman who was actually...
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...MKT4416: Frito-Lay, Inc. – Sun ChipsTM Multigrain Snacks Case Study Analysis Assessment of the Sun ChipsTM test market results This test market was held at Minneapolis – St. Paul, Minnesota metropolitan, which was chosen as a representation to the 90 million snack chip households in the United States. The analysis of the Sun ChipTM‘s test market results is organized chronologically according to the order of findings as stated in the case. Type of purchase The coupon program was an effective advertising tool that should be actively used during its introduction into other cities. The importance of retailing supermarkets and convenience stores in its distribution network was exemplified in its 90% purchase contribution. The sales mix of different pack sizes enabled Frito-Lay marketers to work out the average price per pound to be $2.701 approximately. In addition, the trial pack of 2.25 ounces could be seen as an effective advertising tool in trading customers up to bigger pack sizes of 7 and 11 ounces, in which these packs contributed 47% and 38% of purchases respectively. Lastly, the French onion flavor was preferred by consumers as this flavor contributed 55% of purchases, an excess of 10% of purchases in natural flavor. Trial & Repeat rates The cumulative trial and repeat rates for Sun ChipsTM after 40 weeks were 19.9% and 41.8% households respectively, as well as the average purchase amount for triers was 6 ounces. Hence the trial volume was estimated at 6...
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...no fuel cost, abundant, limits less, distributed all over the world, pollution free, and require little maintenance. Maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable to increase efficiency and in order to maximize power output from the solar panels, one need to keep the panels aligned with the sun. As such, a means of tracking the sun is required. Efficient collection of maximum solar irradiance (MSI) on a flat plate type photovoltaic solar panels or a cylindrical parabolic solar reflector requires adjustments of two parameters of the energy collecting surface namely the angle of Azimuth, and the angle of tilt, of the surface to be illuminated. As the elevation angle of the sun remains almost invariant in a month and varies little (latitude + 100) in a year, there is no need for automatic adjustment of the tilt angle. Everyday, the sun rises in the east, moves across the sky and sets in the west. If one could get a solar panel to turn and look at the sun all day hours, then it could receive the maximum amount of sunlight possible and convert it into the more useful energy (electricity). The current of the solar module is very sensitive to the Isolation of the sun. Small tilt in the solar module makes the current drop rapidly. It has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increases by 30 to 60 percent by utilizing a single axes tracking system instead of a stationary array. This is a far more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar...
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...The corona, the sun's outer layer, reaches up to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit . At this level, the sun's gravity (which according to David R. Williams (December 16, 2016) Sun Fact Sheet Retrieved from: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html is 274.0 m/s squared on the surface compared to Earth’s 9.78 m/s squared, which turns out to be a ratio of 28.016:1) can't hold on to the rapidly moving particles, and it streams away from the star in the form of a “solar wind”. The properties of solar winds differ based on factors including but not limited to: where on the sun it comes out of, radiation levels, and sunspot numbers. The velocity of the solar wind is higher over coronal holes, which “is a large region in the corona...
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...CHAPTER 8—THE SUN-OUR STAR Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Granulation is caused by |a. |sunspots. | |b. |rising gas below the photosphere. | |c. |shock waves in the corona. | |d. |the solar wind flowing away from the corona. | |e. |the heating in the chromosphere. | ____ 2. In some regions of the corona, the magnetic field does not loop back to the sun, and the gas escapes unimpeded. These regions are called _______________ and are believed to be the source of the solar wind. |a. |prominences | |b. |flares | |c. |granules | |d. |auroras ...
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...ABOUT THE SUN The Sun is our nearest star. Its light and heat make life on Earth possible. When did the Sun form? Scientists calculate the Sun and solar system formed at approximately the same time, 4.55 billion years ago. This is based on the ages of the oldest objects that we have sampled from our solar system, meteorites. How did the Sun form? The solar nebula theory describes how most scientists think the Sun formed. A cloud of hydrogen and helium gas and dust existed in space. It began to compress and eventually gravitational forces pulled the gas and dust together and the cloud collapsed. The collapsing cloud began spinning and flattening into a disk. Much of the material was concentrated in the center of the spinning mass, where compression resulted in a “protosun” of increasing density and temperature. Eventually the heat and pressure increased to the point where nuclear fusion of hydrogen occurred and the Sun ignited. By exploring our universe with tools such as the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists have discovered stars in various stages of formation predicted by the solar nebular theory. How much longer will the Sun shine? Scientists predict the Sun will shine for another 7 billion years! They arrive at this estimate by calculating how fast the hydrogen in the Sun's core is being converted to helium. Approximately 37% of the Sun's hydrogen has been used since the time of its formaton, 4.55 billion years ago. (Lang, 1999) How big is the Sun? The Sun's diameter is...
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... and Scott McNealy founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 with the intention of selling low-cost, high- performance desktop computers running the UNIX operating system. These computer workstations found instant acceptance among scientists, engineers, and software developers who benefited from having dedicated machines, rather than sharing costly minicomputers or mainframe computer systems. Sun Microsystems did not have revenue from other sources to fund the research and development of its computer workstations. To develop a hardware-manufacturing infrastructure and to attract top-flight hardware and software engineers, Sun Microsystems needed hundreds of millions of dollars in start up costs as well as large purchase agreements. In 1983, Sun Microsystems signed a multimillion-dollar original equipment manufacturer (OEM) agreement with Computervision Corporation. Shortly after, Sun Microsystems signed large OEMs with Eastman Kodak Corporation, AT&T Corporation, and Xerox Corporation. The OEMs for which Sun Microsystems built computers that sold the workstations under their own labels brought the company strong revenue and profit growth. Sun Microsystems passed $1 billion in annual sales in 1988, just six years after start-up. Only Compaq Computer Corporation had reached the billion-dollar mark faster. In an effort to overcome some of the problems associated with networking different manufacturers’ machines while running different operating systems, Sun Microsystems introduced the...
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...Sun Tzu Verses Great Military Leaders Military 301 Great Military Leaders Abstract Sun Tzu a great military leader, designed many principles in which he felt if followed you would have the ability defeat any enemy. Three of Sun Tzu’s principles were preparation, know yourself and your enemy, and deception. One must always prepare for battle. In this preparation process, one must learn their enemy. You have to learn their strengths and weaknesses. You must also learn your strengths and weaknesses. One of Sun Tzu’s keys principles of being a good leader is leadership, being able to communicate clear and concise orders and having the ability to motivate your subordinate leaders to execute your exact orders without hesitation. Subordinates must have the discipline to execute the mission upon receipt. This is Sun Tzu’s principle of knowing yourself. Sun Tzu also practiced the art of deception. Which in many ways similar to deception techniques used by General Patton and General Washington when flanking their enemies. I will show you these principles and the principles of some of our great leaders throughout history. I will show how many of these leaders’ principles and beliefs were very much alike and used throughout history during different periods. Some of these great leaders are Napoleon Bonaparte, General George Patton, and John Moore. We can see through the analyzing of battles throughout history Sun Tzu’s principles are effective and taught by many today....
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...Computervision’s decision? Does Sun have a better product? Can Sun be regarded as a reliable longterm vendor? If I understand well the case there is many obstacles for Sun to be chose by Computervision such as: * The fact that the company is quite new and Sun don’t have the reputation of Apolo * There is also the problem that Apalo has the industry standard and the good amount of employees when Sun has only “40 person” as said in the phone call from the president. * And the sun product is seen as incomplete. So if we stay on those elements, Vinod Khosla don’t really has chance to change the decision of Computervision. But if we look more in detail, there is also argument in favor of Sun: * The advantage of Sun is that they have an open product which can be modified by the user, this is the reason why in the case the software developers are attracted by their product. It also mean that the product will be a part of the improvement of computer technology and may grow with it while the product of Apolo for example is nonstandard so it is not flexible as the Sun machine. * The price of the Apolo product is also higher so for the long run benefit, the Sun computer may be more interesting because more competitive. * The Sun machine is already adopted by university which mean that the product is viable and well appreciate * Moreover, in the phone call of the president, it is mentioned that the number of employees of sun doesn’t play in their favor...
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...“A Raisin in the Sun” What happens to a dream deferred? In the poem written by Langston Hughes detects what could happen to dreams that are not pursued or maybe even dreams that don’t come true. In the play A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry which also discuss dreams and how they can change throughout time. Both Langston Hughes and Lorraine Hansberry write about the effect of dreams and pursuing happiness. Neither of the two directly spells out racism but by reading the two together they are talking about the dreams of African Americans and how their dreams are harder to achieve and sometimes they just shrivel up like a raisin in the sun or maybe it just sags like a heavy load Hughes writes. The realities of dreams during this era in time for African Americans were slim. In Hansberry’s play we know that blacks are not equal to the whites. The main theme in both pieces of work is about the dreams and ambitions that everyone possesses and to be able to overcome society’s views and live a life that you want for yourself, regardless of what anyone else says or does. Broken dreams can be extremely hard for anyone but more so if you are already expected to fail. A Raisin in the Sun becomes about dreams as the main characters try to overcome obstacles in their own lives to achieve their dreams. The title of the play is perfect because of all the dreams and failures that are mixed throughout the play will the Youngers dreams shrivel up “like a raisin...
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