...Technological Revolutions of the United States Lyndria A. Smith AIU Online Abstract The Industrial Revolution changed lives by changing the methods of manufacturing, the way Americans made a living, and the products available to them. Technological Revolution of the United States While many Americans face the issues of reconstruction that was dividing a nation, a large economic boom was going on. The Industrial Revolution took place in England in the late eighteenth century. It introduced machines to manufacture, iron, printing, papermaking, and engineering industries. One of the Technological Revolutions of the United States development was the steam power and cotton gin, which changed American society and caused the economy to explode. Industrial Technology The most important factor was the Bessemer process. Henry Bessemer and William Kelly discovered a new way to convert iron ore into steel, which led to a rise in steel production in the second Industrial Revolution. In 1767, the textile industry was invented by steam engines, which were used to make cloth. The spinning jenny was introduced by James Hargreaves, which was a machine that increased the amount of cotton yarn that could be spun. In 1779, one machine called the mule was introduced by Samuel Compton who combined the jenny and the water frame machines to produce 300 times as much yarn than on a spinning wheel. Because of these machines English weavers were working 200 times more cotton in 1800’s than...
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...constant urge to improve and innovate. Another distinctive feature of our humanity is an urge to critique our own human behavior. Enter Leo Marx. Leo Marx believes that our world is taking a wrong turn. Before the industrial revolution, technological progress was a means to improve society for the greater good of man. Now, Leo Marx claims, technology is just a way of improving efficiency, with no regard to issues like political and social liberation. Leo Marx shares the same views as famous Enlightenment thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. The Enlightenment period represents a time when technology was a tool for transforming society and improving the overall quality of life. Jefferson was vehemently against developing a society of American factories. He claimed the economic benefits of industrialization were not worth the social consequences. He preferred to maintain a slightly lower material standard of living, but a higher level of happiness in the country. Likewise, Franklin refused to betray his moral obligations to his country. As an example, he declined to patent his stove. He looked past the material wealth he could gain, and decided to make his invention public domain for the benefit of all. During the American Industrial Revolution, a new breed of thinkers was created: the Technocrats. Marx claims that the Technocrats (primarily Webster, Edison, Taylor, and Carnegie) are more interested in technology for brute machine power than for political improvement...
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...The Industrial Revolution began in the second half of 18th century and had an everlasting effect on Europe, and the rest of the world. It caused major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport and technology. Eventually, socioeconomic and cultural conditions began to change in Britain, which then spread throughout Europe, then eventually the world. These changes made Europe and the rest of the world more modern. Proof of this can be seen in more efficient trade & transport and mass production that were a product of Industrial Revolution. This essay will seek to demonstrate the most significant effect these two components had on modernity and how they shaped Europe, and the rest of the world. The time period covered by the Industrial Revolution varies according to Historians, but according to Eric Hobsbawm, it started in Britain in the 1780s and fulfilled its potential in the 1830s or 1840. Some important effects of these two components comprise of, but are not limited to include: technological and chemical innovations, improved trade, transportation and increase in wealth etc. Almost all aspects of daily life were influenced in some way by the Industrial Revolution; hence it marks a major turning point in human history. Industrial Revolution was an achievement of sustained economic growth that began the industrialization of the European economy. Growth did not reach a plateau in Britain as it did in other countries in Europe. Depressions and recessions...
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...This eventually brought about the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, that abolished slavery in this country. The Thirteenth Amendment states that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” (Becker, 1999) This was easily the most significant turning point in the era of Reconstruction. In today's society all races are integrated, this is what creates the American culture. In 2008, all races came together to shatter more than two hundred years of history by electing Barrack Obama, the first African American President of the United States. President Obama put the sentiments of this history making night in to words by stating “Young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled, Americans have sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of red states and blue states,” he said. “We have been and always will be the United States of America.” (Johnson, Nove) This is a testament to the end of slavery and the profound impact it has had on our country. President Lincoln was shot April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth, he died the following morning. President Lincoln was a stanch supporter of abolishing slavery and issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, this was the first...
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...Topic: Industrialization after the Civil War was a major component in creating the advanced world we live in today. The industrial revolution connected America through transportation, leading to easier communication. It shifted how the process of business went about allowing productivity to skyrocket. Industrialization changed how the average person lived their life with their family and how they earned money to provide for that family. Political control was superseded by the wealthy. It shifted the majority of workers from agricultural positions to industrial ones. Finally, it urbanized American society, so that we could eventually become a super power of a nation. 1. Major Aspects of Industrialization a. Business and industrialization centered on the cities. The ever increasing number of factories created an intense need for labor, convincing people in rural areas to move to the city, and drawing immigrants from Europe to the United States. As a result, the United States transformed from an agrarian to an urban nation, and the demographics of the country shifted dramatically. b. Laissez-faire economics helped the country industrialize. Supporters of Laissez-faire believe that government should not interfere in the economy other than protect property rights and maintain peace. c. Industrialization brought us many technological advancements. A few of those were being able to utilize a faster, safer, and easier way of transportation. Many of the factory workers...
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...World He may therefore be justly numbered among the benefactors of mankind, who contracts the great rules of life into short sentences, that may be easily impressed on the memory, and taught by frequent recollection to recur habitually to the mind. —Samuel Johnson, Rambler No. 175 (November 19, 1751) The basic outline of world economic history is surprisingly simple. Indeed it can be summarized in one diagram: figure 1.1. Before 1800 income per person—the food, clothing, heat, light, and housing available per head—varied across societies and epochs. But there was no upward trend. A simple but powerful mechanism explained in this book, the Malthusian Trap, ensured that short term gains in income through technological advances were inevitably lost through population growth. Thus the average person in the world of 1800 was no better off than the average person of 100,000 BC. Indeed in 1800 the bulk of the world population was poorer than their remote ancestors. The lucky denizens of wealthy societies such as eighteenth-century England or the Netherlands managed a material lifestyle equivalent to that of the Stone Age. But the vast swath of humanity in East and South Asia, particularly in China and Japan, eked out a living under conditions probably significantly poorer than those of cavemen. The quality of life also failed to improve on any other observable dimension. Life expectancy was no higher in 1800 than for hunter-gatherers: thirty to thirty-five years. Stature, a measure both...
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...Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Loh Hu 2/18/2013 In this paper, I examine how the theory of technological innovation waves could contribute to solving the ongoing economic crisis. Primarily, my stance remains that innovation in itself is insufficient to solve the economic crisis unless there exists a matching techno-economic paradigm where national, supranational and global efforts are coordinated for a full deployment of technological revolution. Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Background There has been a wide international debate on the causes and possible solutions to the economic crisis that emerged in 2007 – 2008 (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). The economic crisis sweeps across the global financial system rapidly and furiously as markets are globally integrated (Gore 2010). Hence, the responses to the global economic crisis are not only enclosed within a nation’s or a coalition government’s approach. Rather, a global coordinated response is warranted as well. Economic stimulus packages addressing short-term and long-term problems have been adopted in most countries as well as the European Commission (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). Internationally, the United States of America and European Union have recently been discussing on a free-trade agreement to remove trading barriers between the two important economic powers and boost the economies (BBC News Business 2013). Globally, the G-20 group of major economies have considered proposals on international...
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...* * Argumentative Essay * ___________________ * * A Paper * Presented to * ____________________ * * _______________ * ____ * * In Partial Fulfillment * of the Requirements for the Course * * * ___________________ * * by * * * * James Watt developed a steam-powered engine in the late 1700’s that used the pressure of super-heated water to create steam pressure. This pressure moved a slide piston that pushed a rod on a pivot. The motion turned a rotary wheel for as long as the mechanism was fueled and in good repair. The invention of the steam engine was the catalyst for a series of technological innovations developed during the Industrial Revolution that changed warfare after the Napoleonic Wars through to the American Civil War. Steam engine technology led to the development of factory-based assembly line production of materials, the development of the steamship and locomotive, and to innovations in the production of steel from pig iron. These series of innovations created the means for military power to mass quickly and continuously throughout the Civil War. * As steam engine technology continued to improve1 during the early 1800’s, commercial entrepreneurial ventures morphed into a new industrial system that could generate and project large military forces over greater distances faster than ever before. The steam engine lead to the development of steamships and railroad systems funded...
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...CHAPTER The Industrial Age 17 Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: LO 1 Describe and discuss the development of the Industrial Revolution in America after the Civil War, concentrating on the major industries and their leaders. LO 2 Explain why the late 1800s in America have sometimes been called the “Age of Innovation.” LO 3 Describe how America’s regional and local markets merged into one truly national market, and how this influenced the consumer demand for products and services. 9781133438212, HIST2, Volume 2, Kevin M. Schultz - © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization “ The world that had consisted of small farms, artisans’ workshops, and small factories transformed into a full-scale industrial society. ” The Art Archive / Culver Pictures As the process of ensuring political, economic, and social rights of African Americans waned during the 1870s, most Americans turned their attenNo invention had more lasting impact than the incandestion to another transformacent light bulb. tion brought on by the Civil Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree War: the Industrial Revolution. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 During the half-century between 1865 and 1915, the United States evolved from a relative economic backwater to become the most powerful economy in the world. Industrialization played a key role in the nation’s advances, and both the Civil War and a core group...
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...In this essay I will consider the social, economic and political factors of Technology in the 20th century. The constantly changing fashionable take on Technology in the 20th century demonstrates the depth of the subject. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, several of todays most brilliant minds seem incapable of recognising its increasing relevance to understanding future generations. Since it was first compared to antidisestablishmentarianism much has been said concerning Technology in the 20th century by global commercial enterprises, who are yet to grow accustomed to its disombobulating nature. Complex though it is I shall now attempt to provide an exaustive report on Technology in the 20th century and its numerous 'industries'. As Reflected in classical mythology society is complicated. When Sir Bernard Chivilary said 'hounds will feast on society' [1] he could have been making a reference to Technology in the 20th century, but probably not. Both tyranny and democracy are tried and questioned. Yet Technology in the 20th century smells of success.When one is faced with people of today a central theme emerges - Technology in the 20th century is either adored or despised, it leaves no one undecided. It breaks the mould, shattering man's misunderstanding of man. Derived from 'oikonomikos,' which means skilled in household management, the word economics is synonymous with Technology in the 20th century. We will study...
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...During the life of the United States, there have lived countless men that have changed the world one event at a time. During an incredible time for trade, growth and development, the United States faced a new benchmark for success and growth within the country - this was the Second Industrial Revolution. Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized the United States individually with their self propelled contributions; they represented the epitome of individual prosperity and national growth. Andrew Carnegie’s fortune under current inflation rates would equate to nearly 12 times as much as Bill Gates’ worth. Carnegie was born poor, and moved to the United States as a Scottish immigrant looking for a better future and life. Ultimately, not only did he find a better life, but nearly infinite success during the second revolution. For Carnegie, he founded one of the most expansive and lucrative industries in this time, and even today, a steel company. Humbly, Carnegie started work as a factory worker, however over time, he was able to climb the ranks, eventually earning enough to found the Pittsburgh Steel Company. This company alone, settled Carnegie with a substantial fortune, however given his entrepreneurial mindset, he pushed forward and was able to thrive with philanthropy. Carnegie's influence during this time really shines when he is noted for combining many smaller steel companies, and his own to form U.S. Steel. This company was responsible...
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... he assumed, had the potential to reduce wage labor and thus increase the scope of individual freedom (Abromeit, 2010, p. 90). In his 1941 essay “Some Social Implications of Modern Technology,” Herbert Marcuse analyzed technology in terms of its power to transform society, and he developed a theory of “technological rationality,” the belief that “rationality is embodied in the coordinated apparatus of production itself” (Abromeit, 2010, p. 89). According to Marcuse (1998), “He is rational who most efficiently accepts and executes what is allocated to him, who entrusts his fate to the large scale enterprises and organizations which administer the apparatus” (p. 60). Marcuse linked his concept of technological rationality to the rise of large corporations, increased state intervention in the economy and the integration of the working class into the capitalist system. From his point of view, technology is no longer a field open to society’s experimentation and creativity, but an activity having only one possible dimension of development: the capitalist one of a profit-based economy (Berardi, 2007, p. 61). Marcuse (1998) applied the tenets of technological rationality to...
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...History Notes January 17, 2013 Industrial Revolution in the USA * Growing population by the mid-1800s, the population of Europe and North America was on a rise. * The rapidly growing cities of the industrial world attracted people of different/every social class. Also the growing demand for textiles and other mass produced goods. The effects of the American Industrial Revolution ranged from positive, in the form of growing cities, individual wealth, and philanthropy, negative, in the form of child labour, abusive working conditions, and unsanitary living conditions. Positive and Negative impacts of the American Industrial Revolution on the United States Positive * Improve people’s daily lives by diversifying the number and quality of the kinds of products factories could provide, also ordinary Americans learned better, lived better and had more time on their hands as conveniences and efficiencies defined the Industrial Revolution. * Transportation and technology in terms of the expansion of business including the expansion of our transportation network out of necessity and brought US canals, highways and turnpikes. It better connected us together as a society. There was technological innovation such as interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) and the textile mill (Samuel Slater) which revolutionized Americans lifestyle. * Jobs as factories in the major cities created hundreds of thousands of jobs, expanded the cities...
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...We are lucky because we are the first generation that can observe the full path of technological revolution firsthand - from first mobile phones to tablet PCs, from heavy desktop computers to lightweight ultrabooks. Each of us faces the results of this revolution every day. Enjoying the benefits, we forget what lies behind them. It turns out that rapid technological progress hides a whole bunch of problems, which most of us do not even think about. The very first issue all the inhabitants of our information society suffer from is problems with mental and physical health. Teenagers often spend half a day chatting online, instead of visiting their friends or doing sports. Adults usually use computer for a whole working day. It results in a growing number of teenagers suffering from obesity and hypodynamia, according to American Academy of Pediatrics (2011). Lack of live communication takes away our social skills, makes us feel isolated and depressed. The second problem becomes important when we upload our personal information into the Net. From the time the information got online, our privacy completely depends on interest to us. If some organization becomes interest in our personal data, there is almost one hundred percent assurance that they will find it on the Internet. If some organizations have interest in our personal data, there is almost one hundred percent assurance that they will find it on the Internet - “Our privacy is dead” (Rambam, 2010). The third problem stems...
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...How Has American Business Changed In the Last 50 Years? In the last fifty years America has encountered more changes than ever before. The prosperity of our county driven by American consumerism has enabled businesses and individuals to branch out beyond the corporate, business as usual, models. Consequently, individual creativity sparked the entrepreneurial drive that facilitated the technical revolution of the 1970’s and beyond. Sure some could argue that the industrial revolution of the late 1800’s through the early 1900’s brought about dramatic changes, but in comparison to two decades of economic growth, digital advances and the globalization of economies; America not only grew up, but it boomed. Power which was once in the hands of large...
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