...has faced criticism about its effectiveness. One criticism is that community policing has not been successful in a substantial reduction in crime. While community policing has accomplished helping citizens feel more secure in their communities, crime rates have not gone down in a considerable amount. Also, while citizens may...
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...family is universal institution that performs 4 major functions: * Stable Satisfaction of the Sex Drive - prevents social disruption caused by sexual 'free-for-all'. * Reproduction of Next Generation - means society able to continue. * Socialisation of the Young - spreading society's norms and values. * Meeting Member's Economic Needs - providing food, shelter, etc. Criticisms of Murdock * Marxists - reject consensus view; argue that Murdock neglects dark side of family. Claim meets needs of capitalists, not family. * Feminists - reject consensus, 'rose-tinted' view, argue that Murdock ignores women's oppression and inequality. See family as serving needs of men and exploiting women. The Family - Parsons Parsons Functionalist; family has 2 'basic and irreducible' functions: * Primary Socialisation of Children - happens in early stages of child's life; child learns norms, values, etc of culture they are born into. * Stabilisation of Adult Personalities - family provides place for adults to relax, escape stresses of working life and feel emotionally secure. Criticisms of Parsons * Too deterministic - children are moulded by all-powerful adults. Also ignores possibility of socialisation being 2-way process where by socialisation can be resisted by children. * Zaretsky - family only provides such emotional support so members can spend another day under harsh capitalist oppression. Family is servant to capitalist state - looks after exploited...
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...the Arts I. Community Performances and Exhibitions J. Technologies in the Arts K. Technologies in the Humanities Historical and Cultural Contexts..……………………….. A. Context of Works in the Arts B. Chronology of Works in the Arts C. Styles and Genre in the Arts D. Historical and Cultural Perspectives E. Historical and Cultural Impact on Works in the Arts 9.1. F. Vocabulary for Historical and Cultural Context G. Geographic regions in the arts H. Pennsylvania artists I. Philosophical context of works in the arts J. Historical differences of works in the arts K. Traditions within works in the arts L. Common themes in works in the Arts Critical Response…………………………………………. A. Critical Processes B. Criteria C. Classifications D. Vocabulary for Criticism E. Types of Analysis F. Comparisons G. Critics in the Arts Aesthetic Response………………………………………... A. Philosophical Studies B. Aesthetic Interpretation C. Environmental Influences D. Artistic Choices Glossary……………………………………………………. 9.3. 9.4. 9.2. XXVII. 22 Pa. Code, Chapter 4, Appendix D (#006-276) Final Form-Annex A July 18, 2002 Academic Standards for the Arts...
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...choice in some 86 percent of U. S. manufacturing firms. This paper discusses the criticisms of SCSs that (1) the variances are obsolete, (2) there is no provision for continuous improvement, and (3) use of the variances for responsibility accounting result in internal conflict rather than cooperation. Updates for SCSs in the form of redesigned variances, suggestions for dynamic standards, and refocused responsibility and reporting systems are presented. The compatibility of SCSs and its main competitor as a cost system, activity-based costing (ABC), is examined. The authors discuss when it is appropriate to use ABC or SCS or some combination of the two. Since Eli Goldratt's (1983) charge that cost accounting is the numher one enemy of productivity in the early 1980s, traditional cost systems have heen under attack. Although Goldratt subsequently softened his stand to say that cost rather accounting was the culprit (Jayson 1987), others were quick to jump on the handwagon to condemn the cost systems in use. New systems were proposed of which the most popular was activity-hased costing (ABC). In spite of all the criticism, a 1988 survey shows 86 percent of U.S. manufacturers using standard cost systems (Cornick et al. 1988). A survey by SchifF(1993) indicates that 36 percent of companies use activity-based costing, but only 25 percent of those use it to replace their traditional cost system. It would seem that only about 9 percent (25 percent of the 36 percent)...
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...MG214 ASSIGNMENT 1 Assignment Question: Discuss the criticisms of the NPM model and what the new developments in the NPM model are The New Public Management (NPM) was formed in early 1980s and 1990s as a result of reforms or change public management styles that includes its structures and processes with the objectives of running them better. Before this new public management came into exist in management sector the early administrations were personal meaning that opportunity to have jobs or other positions was based on loyalty to a particular person such as a King. Hence innovations of ideas or theories came up to change traditional model of administration (old management) and developed what is known to us new public management (NPM). However, the formation of NPM or the use of NPM system creates criticisms from the traditional practitioners of public administration. Such as lack of specificity as to what is actually involved in NPM, there is no agreement as to what NPM actually is and different theorists put forward quite different lists of NPM characteristics( (Hughes, 2012). Now let’s go on by looking at four criticisms when developing New Public Management today. The first criticism of the NPM is the merit-base pay for all employees which means that payment will be paid according to qualification for job satisfaction (Whitford, 2013). Academics develop new ways of managing human resource development in organisation which were administered by the lines of managers. For example...
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...I will then attest to these arguments before evaluating the article as a whole. Hu Shi’s article “The Significance of The New Thought” in his book China’s response to the West provides an interesting and rational perspective regarding the attitudes displayed in the May fourth movement. Hu Shi actually alludes the May fourth movement to that of a ‘Chinese renaissance’ and bases the overall mindsets as one of criticism and reflection. In practice, this attitude identifies the existing flaws of the current status quo and innovates new ideas and improvements to the system. For example, throughout the movement many controversies were put forward such as the problem of Confucianism and technological development, vernacularism and the classical language, and our ethical practices to name a few. This stance to challenge encourages people to introduce new academic theories, to which it is developed and adjusted. To a substantial extent, I agree with Hu Shi’s interpretation of the May fourth movement. After all, it appears that throughout history, society tends to replace traditional institutions through a process of reflection and creative destruction. In concordance with Chiang Monlin’s interpretation, Hu Shi views the May fourth movement as an “emancipating movement”. The movement was an era of challenge. Tradition was challenged by reason, authority was challenged by freedom, and suppression was challenged by humanist values. The movement was faced with a surge of radicalized idea’s...
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...teach with them. Eliot consorted with modernist literary iconoclast Ezra Pound but was obsessed with the traditional works of Shakespeare and Dante. He was a man of his time yet was obsessed with the past. He was born in the United States, but later became a royal subject in England. In short, Eliot is as complete and total a contradiction as any artist of his time, as is evident in his poetry, drama, and criticism. But the prevailing of his contradictions involves two major themes in his poetry: history and faith. He was, in his life, a self-described "Anglo-Catholic," but was raised a Midwestern Unitarian in St. Louis. Eliot biographer Peter Ackroyd describes the relThomas Stearns Eliot was not a revolutionary, yet he revolutionized the way the Western world writes and reads poetry. Some of his works were as imagist and incomprehensible as could be most of it in free verse, yet his concentration was always on the meaning of his language, and the lessons he wished to teach with them. Eliot consorted with modernist literary iconoclast Ezra Pound but was obsessed with the traditional works of Shakespeare and Dante. He was a man of his time yet was obsessed with the past. He was born in the United States, but later became a royal subject in England. In short, Eliot is as complete and total a contradiction as any artist of his time, as is evident in his poetry, drama, and criticism. But the prevailing of his contradictions involves two major themes in his poetry: history and faith...
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...Monday 10th December 2012 09016707 The Development of the Techniques of Activity Based Costing, Budgeting and Management from the 1990s to the Present Day. Executive Summary: This report aims to explore the developments of activity based costing, budgeting and management from the 1990’s to the present day. This report aims to evaluate the criticisms made during this period by Kaplan and Cooper, and to use a range of theories and developments to assess whether these criticisms have been overcome. The use of case studies to evaluate these changes in practice will give supporting evidence to the changes that have been made. Introduction to Kaplan and Cooper’s Criticisms: Since 1987 when H. Thomas Johnson and Robert S. Kaplan wrote ‘Relevance Lost: the rise and fall of Management Accounting’, there have been significant developments in the traditional cost accounting methods used at the time; these mainly being absorption and marginal costing. Although these methods are “geared toward compliance with financial reporting requirements”1, they often resulted in misleading and inaccurate cost information used by managers. Traditional costing methods use a ‘blanket’ overhead recovery rate which meant when the number of overhead costs increased with more complex production schemes, cost allocations were inaccurate. This method was now “invalid relative to how the products and services consumed costs”2. With reference to the commonly used theory by Miller and Vollmann (1985),...
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...should be used. This model sees communication process as a message going from sender to receiver whereby posters, radio and televisions are used to persuade people. This is whereby Modernization plays a very significant role, where people move from a traditional way of doing things to a different, more technological development and more rapid changing way of life. Mass media are important in spreading awareness of new possibilities and practices. Research has shown that even thou group of public can obtain information from impersonal sources such as radios and television; this information has little effect on behavioral changes. Self-management is seen as the most developed form of participation. This principle implies the right to participate in the planning and production of media context. In all of these, development played a very important part of the movement for a new world information and communication. Modernization Theory in the 1950s and 1960s and fall of the theory in America and Russia were booming economically and ideologically. This is after Stalin’s Five Year Plan and America recuperating after the Great Depression. It was believed that Third World countries could develop if they adhere to modern values and drop traditional ones. Societies could develop if they were exposed to new ideas and technology. Theorists assumed the following: underdevelopment was a stage towards development; once the process was started it would flow relatively smoothly. The fall...
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...Over the past decade, the field of security studies has developed as one of the more dynamics and contested areas in International Relations. A different concept and understanding of “security” has been created with the emergence of new challenges that have put into question our traditional conceptions. The creation of a newer and much broader definition of security has resulted in discussions between those who support the traditionalist views and those who challenged it, as they try to showcase how their approach to security holds the most value. After the end of the Cold War military power had decline significance in the international arena making it essential for scholars to reevaluate the way we used to look at international relations and especially the way we used to analyze security. Issues like economic instability, freedom, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and others started to take more and more attention, creating a necessity for a widen view on security. Such necessities shifted the agenda from a nation-centric (traditional) to a more individual-centric (non-traditional) perspective by treating...
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...Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism Introduction A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important. For example, if a critic is working with certain Marxist theories, s/he might focus on how the characters in a story interact based on their economic situation. If a critic is working with post-colonial theories, s/he might consider the same story but look at how characters from colonial powers (Britain, France, and even America) treat characters from, say, Africa or the Caribbean. Hopefully, after reading through and working with the resources in this area of the OWL, literary theory will become a little easier to understand and use. Disclaimer Please note that the schools of literary criticism and their explanations included here are by no means the only ways of distinguishing these separate areas of theory. Indeed, many critics use tools from two or more schools in their work. Some would define differently or greatly expand the (very) general statements given here. Our explanations are meant only as starting places for your own investigation into literary theory. We encourage you to use the list of scholars and works provided for each...
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...explications of and judgments on, this primary material which discusses the subject but is written after the time contemporary with it.’” 1.5. Historical Criticism The Enlighten period of the 18th century inaugurated the historical-critical research in Germany, especially in the interpretation of the Bible and its historical facts. E. R. Hambye states that the critical approach to historical sources helped the historian to come to a point of accuracy and discover the hidden agendas and motives by subjecting them to a scientific analysis, this is called ‘historical criticism,’ which involves: external criticism and internal criticism. The historical criticism includes: textual criticism; criticism of authorship and its genuineness; criticism of authenticity; and criticism of interpretation. The historical criticism asks questions such as: Why? What? Who? When? Where? The two functions of historical criticism are: first, it detaches from the present historical phenomena which it examines, and describes historical distance from all traditional approach from present and achieves no union of then and now; second, the functional dependence on a concept of history and reality which its practice assume. Seen from rationalistic view of history all concepts are markedly positive, while conversely, it takes all historical experiences to criticism or skepticism. 1.6. History and other Disciplines The inter-disciplinary studies in the modern times have discovered the relationship between history...
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...“The traditional budget is a rigid tool and therefore be discarded in practice”. Should the traditional budgetary model be abandoned as suggested above? Introduction What is budget and budgeting? Budget is a financial plan, which is tailored individually for each entity covering specific future period of time and which enables to determine manager’s targets and to predict the consequence of that specific financial period (Langfield-Smith, et al., 2006). Budgeting has been recognized as one of the most significant concepts used for planning and controlling organizations performance since the early 20th century. As a process, budgeting comprises of a set of activities and procedures that undertake the development of a budget. Budgets are used by corporations to serve various operational and functional purposes that include facilitating in planning process, predicting future development, simplifying communication, allocating resources, motivating employees and controlling operations. The process is effectively completed through the evaluation of performance indicators and incentives (Weber & Linder, 2005). Consequently, organizations recognized budgets as a key element in management control systems (Libby & Lindsay, 2007). Background and definition From the 18th to 20th century, traditional budgeting has set a range of common goals and institutions. It can be defined as “an annual, incremental, conducted on a cash basis in the form of line items which...
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...modernization literature, there is an attitude of complacency toward Western Europe and the United States. These nations are viewed as having unmatched economic prosperity and democratic stability (Tipps: 1976, 14). In addition, modernization is an irreversible process, once started modernization cannot be stopped. In other words, once third world countries come into contact with the West, they will not be able to resist the impetus toward modernization. Modernization is a progressive process which in the long run is not only inevitable but desirable. According to Coleman, modernized political systems have a higher capacity to deal with the function of national identity, legitimacy, penetration, participation, and distribution than traditional political systems. Finally, modernization is a lengthy process. It is an evolutionary change, not a revolutionary one. It will take generations or even centuries to complete, and its profound impact will be felt only through time. All these assumptions are derived from European and American evolutionary theory. There is also another set of classical assumptions based more strictly on the functionalism-structuralism theory which emphasizes the interdependence of social institutions, the importance of structural variables at the cultural level, and the built in process of change...
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...that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country may be attributed as MNC. Usually, it is a large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries.[3] It can also be referred to as an international corporation or "transnational corporation". They play an important role in globalization. Arguably, the first multinational business organization was the Knights Templar, founded in 1120.[4][5][6] After that came the British East India Company in 1600[7] and then the Dutch East India Company, founded March 20, 1602, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.[8] Contents [hide] 1 Conflict of laws 2 Transnational corporations 3 Criticism of multinationals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Conflict of laws[edit] Main article: Conflict of laws Conflict of laws is a set of procedural rules that determines which legal system and which jurisdiction applies to a given dispute. The term conflict of laws itself originates from situations where the ultimate outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which law applied, and the common law court's manner of resolving the conflict between those laws. In civil law, lawyers and legal scholars refer to conflict of laws as private international law. Private international law has no real connection with public international law and is instead a feature of local law which varies from country to country. The three branches...
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