...pieces of literature, including Amores, Espistolae Heroidum and Epistulae ex Ponto. Ovid encountered many challenges while pursuing a career in poetry. Ovid’s journey in the goal of turning his passion to a profession resulted in harsh criticism by the nobles of Rome, as well as those closest to him. However, Ovid received recognition by many other individuals for his creativity. Unlike many poets of his time, Ovid took an imaginative route to writing, by bestowing the themes of his poems to changes in shape. Moreover, the poet had an alternative goal, as well. Ovid strived to depict new ideals regarding love and challenge those instilled by Emperor Augustus. Through this, Ovid’s legacy inspired storytelling during the Middle Ages, themes for painting and sculpting during the Renaissance, as well as creating a stepping stone to modern English literature. Through the criticism and negative judgment made against him, Ovid’s originality, especially regarding...
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...that complaint is filed it then goes to an appointed committee which reviews the work and determines the public is allowed to ingest the content presented by the author and his novel. As this process is hardly justifiable partly due to the fact that it takes such a small proportion of the population to enforce as opposed to the lengthy but respectable process of say getting a bill or new law pass; the act of novel censorship specifically is hardly an acceptable process of deciding if a book should be permitted. Satanic Verses, a novel which caused a large debacle overseas due to its perceived harsh criticisms of a certain religion, fell victim to this process but on a larger scale which included extreme threats, and rallies concentrated in the Middle East. Although the controversial novel Satanic Verses by author Salman Rushdie was banned because of its perceived harsh criticism of the Islamic faith, it’s honest interpretation of the human dynamic through the weight and expectation of religion has warranted praise as opposed to its previous challenge then ban....
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...however that what I have to say here is still relevant and describes the fundamental paradigm shift which has altered the direction and mandate of literary study. July 2001 Studies in literature in universities in the last two decades have been marked by the growing interest in and bitter division over a set of related theoretical approaches known collectively as Literary Theory. Many Departments have become divided between "theory people" and opponents who see themselves as defending the traditional values central to the culture against Theory’s perceived anti-humanism. Literary Theory is part of a wide-spread movement in the culture which has affected a number of disciplines, occasioning similar disputes in some, a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning, textuality and interpretation. Literary Theory is not a single enterprise but a set of related concepts and practices — most importantly deconstruction, post-Althusserian ideological or 'political' criticism, post-Lacanian psychoanalytic criticism, New Historicist or 'cultural' criticism, some reader-response criticism and much feminist criticism. The aim of this essay is to define the issues that ground these contemporary literary theories. There have always been literary theories — about how literature works, what meaning is, what it is to be an author and so forth. The central interpretive practices in force and in power in the academy which are being...
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...Shaneika Francis Romantic writers are Social Critics British Literature II 02/09/2012 The romantic period, like all literary periods, is a reaction to what came before it. Unlike most literary periods, it was an almost complete rejection of the immediate preceding period. They rejected nearly every idea from the enlightenment/neoclassical writers and artists. Hence, the writers of this period were often social critics. Three authors whom fall into this category are William Wordsworth, William Blake, and Matthew Arnold. This period is believed to be the most drastic reaction in literary history. Wordsworth's preface of 1800 has been recognized as the first text of English Romantic criticism. In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" of 1800, William Wordsworth had similarly proposed a transformation of poetry that would correspond to the "revolutions not of literature alone, but likewise of society itself" (245). Such thinking presupposed that separation between the classifications of politics and literature by the end of the eighteenth century had already formed. He said that in his poetry he wanted to represent "incidents and situations from common life." He said he wanted to use a "selection of language really used by men." Wordsworth may seem to focus on nature, but he is actually using nature to comment on society. By pointing out certain aspects of nature he is able to study the issues that are created as society drifts farther and farther away from a more natural way of...
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...Spying is a recurring theme in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet as it creates an abundant amount of dramatic intensity throughout the play. It causes the death of Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and it reveals significant characteristics of major characters. Shakespeare specifically incorporates spying into certain scenes known as observation scenes or ‘closet scenes’. An observation scene dramatically enhances the climatic moments of the play and develops the complex reasoning behind many major characters such as Hamlet. The most important observation scene in the play is Act III scene IV as Hamlet discusses his true feelings to Gertrude while Polonius overhears the conversation. It probes the sexuality of Hamlet and Gertrude and is the turning-point in which Hamlet demonstrates a change in character. Throughout the play, Hamlet displays hostility towards his uncle Claudius due to the marriage between him and Gertrude. This is especially evident in the closet scene as Hamlet berates his mother with many sexual and incestuous references. In order to explain the relationship between Hamlet and his mother, Sigmund Freud’s theory the Oedipus Complex identifies this situation as a male’s unconscious sexual desire for his mother (Losh). Freud believes that these sexual desires are repressed unconsciously which in turns creates a lasting effect in a boy’s life (Losh). An example in this scene is when Hamlet says: “But to live / In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, / Stewed...
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...of intertextuality is an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another. The term “intertextuality” has, itself, been borrowed and transformed many times since it was coined by poststructuralist Julia Kristeva in 1966. As philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term “has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Kristeva’s original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence.”[4] Contents [show] Intertextuality and poststructuralism[edit] Kristeva’s coinage of “intertextuality” represents an attempt to synthesize Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotics—his study of how signs derive their meaning within the structure of a text—with Bakhtin’s dialogism—his examination of the multiple meanings, or “heteroglossia”, in each text (especially novels) and in each word.[5] For Kristeva,[6] “the notion of intertextuality replaces the notion of intersubjectivity” when we realize that meaning is not transferred directly from writer to reader but instead is mediated through, or filtered by, “codes” imparted to the writer and reader by other texts. For example, when we read James Joyce’s Ulysses we decode it as a modernist literary experiment, or as a response to the epic tradition, or as part of some other conversation, or as part of all of these conversations at once. This intertextual view of literature, as shown by Roland Barthes, supports the concept...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.em erald-library.com/ft IJPSM 14,2 Managing organisational change in the public sector Lessons from the privatisation of the Property Service Agency Ron Coram and Bernard Burnes Manchester School of Management, UMIST, Manchester, UK Keywords Organizational change, Public sector management, Privatization, Government agencies, Public authority assets Abstract Whilst organisational change appears to be happening with increasing frequency and magnitude in both the public and private sectors, most of the major studies of change focus on the private sector and tend to derive their approaches to change from that sector. From a review of the literature, it is argued that there is no ``one best way’’ to manage organisational change but that public sector organisations need to adopt an approach to change which matches their needs and situation. The article examines the privatisation of the Property Services Agency (PSA) in order to draw lessons as to how the public sector can and should manage change. It is shown that the privatisation was characterised by a lack of clarity, an over-emphasis on changes to structures and procedures, and staff resistance. However, underpinning this was an inappropriate approach to change. The article concludes that the main lessons of the PSA’s privatisation are that, in such circumstances, it is necessary to adopt an approach to change which incorporates both the...
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...Portland State University English 547: Arthurian Literature Tobias Wilms 913944913 Alfred Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King in the Discourse of Postcolonial Criticism Introduction: Ever since his name was first mentioned by the Welsh monk Nennius in the 9th century, writers modified and applied the great King Arthur's popular legend to convey their various political, religious and social beliefs. The Victorian author Alfred Lord Tennyson followed this tradition exemplarily and enwraped his imperialistic views in the famous Arthurian poem Idylls of the King. The aim of this paper is to accentuate his political and social ideologies from the context and introduce to some of the reactions of postcolonial critics. Idylls of the King, a Piece of Victorian Literature: Especially if Tennyson's Idylls are the first and only piece of Arthurian literature one has read, one can irritatedly ignore its dedication and letter to the royals Albert and Victoria, and simply summarize it as the story of a medieval King, the adventures of his accompanying knights, the fortune of the ladies at his court, and the creation and downfall of his kingdom in twelve books. Those readers, however, who are familiar with the previous versions of Arthurian stories written by Chrétien de Troyes and Thomas Malory, for instance, cannot be satisfied with that. They wonder about Tennyson's framing poems “Dedication” and “To the Queen”, stumble over the changes the author made in his adoption of the Arthurian...
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...Auteuring Nollywood: Critical Perspective on The Figurine, edited by Adeshina Afolayan. Ibadan: University Press PLC, 2014. xxii + 457 pp. (Paperback) ISBN-13: 978 978087. This book holds within its covers a collection of intensely engaging essays of an interdisciplinary character, on developments in the Nigerian film industry today. It is a significant and valuable contribution to the growing body of literature devoted to the discourse on Nollywood for several reasons. One of these is that for the very first time we have an assemblage of articles offering varied critical approaches to the reading of a single film text, which makes it not only refreshing but also unique. Using Kunle Afolayan’s The Figurine, it engages the concept of neo-Nollywood...
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...“Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882,” by Roger Daniels analyzes the United States’ immigration policy as one that has forever been flawed, putting forward a clear yet detailed criticism of how racism, blind politics, and ignorance have overtaken the agenda of immigration legislation for the past 140 years. Specifically, he claims that immigration laws have had an evocative effect on the immigrants of all eras and these laws have become stricter due to the nativists’ fear of an increased foreign threat. The prevailing belief during periods of restricted immigration was that alien groups, due to their innate inferiority, were not capable of absorbing the country’s values and ideologies and therefore...
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...School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory posed was “Are we made of language?” This turn to language gives new relevance to literature. To discover the new relevance of literature being applied to every system, the aspect of symbolic communication, the dominance of language over thought was done through Hermeneutics- the theory of interpretation; a very important component of understanding critical theory as it turns towards the...
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...Starting in Mississippi & moving across the southern part, Nixon administration made biracial state committees in order to plan and also to implement school desegregation. At 1970 year, with some anticipated violence along with little fanfare, committees had created significant progress only 18% black children in South had attended in all black schools. Nixon also created FAP (Family Assistance Plan), it was the bureaucratically replacement administered programs to help the families with Medicaid, food stamps and for dependent children with the direct cash payments, who are in need. It was not only applicable for single parent families, but also for the working poor families. Heavy criticism followed for the FAP policy and later he removed it. Nixon won reelection on 1972 and during the first term, he achieved in redirection authority away from federal government. Many argue had gone and his efforts gave many advantages to minorities and women. With New Federalism, Nixon fought heavily to preserve presidency position during Watergate...
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...Cory. Robinson describes Richard Cory as a man who is wealthy, admired, educated, stylish, and modest. At the end of the poem the feeling of admiration changes to shock after it was revealed that Richard Cory "went home and put a bullet through his head." Robinson taught the moral "money doesn't buy happiness" through the magic of envy. 2. Simon, Paul. Richard Cory. 1966. Literature In Paul Simon's adaptation of Richard Cory he reconceived the original poem and added a chorus that emphasized a separate truth. Simon talks about Richard Cory being Meeks 2 "born into society" and painted a picture of Cory being a wealthy playboy with tones like "the orgies on his yacht." Simon wants his readers/listeners to view Richard Cory as a type of lifestyle. Secondary Sources 3. Morse, David E. Avant-Rock in the Classroom. The English Journal, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Feb., 1969), pp. 196-200+297. Print. This article suggests that using avant-rock in the classroom the students would show more interest in literature. "The whole avant-rock movement clearly challenges the traditional notions of what is literature." Morse believes that by doing this they will bring many students who react sentimentally to ballads will undertake meaning with art of their culture. Morse uses the process of comparison between Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem Richard Cory and Paul Simon's adaptation of that poem. By bringing avant-rock into classrooms it allows the reader to be more open to interpretation...
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...Study. The affluent middle class are defined as individuals residing in a household with a per capita income of R1,400 – R10,000 per month in 2008 prices. The paper explores changes in the size of the middle class as well as the racial and gender profile of the middle class within the context of Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa. The affluent middle class experienced very modest growth over the period, only slightly ahead of population growth. There was however substantial churning in the racial composition of the middle class, with a large increase in the number of Africans accompanied by a fewer number of Whites. The gender profile of the middle class showed less conclusive evidence of transformation. The upper class similarly experienced significant racial transformation and more than doubled in size, and also accrued a higher share of total income (at the expense of the income shares of middle and lower classes). 1. Introduction South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994 promised the beginning of a nondiscriminatory multi-ethnic regime in which money and power would no longer reside with the White minority. The growth and establishment of a multi-racial ‘middle class’ is one way of evaluating progress towards this goal. The middle class itself is considered to provide a range of key functions for the economic growth...
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...1995 this short story is told from the view point of a parrot reincarnation of a jealous husband who falls to his death while trying to catch his allegedly unfaithful wife in the act. In human form the husband is wildly jealous, emotional, and irrational and fails to communicate with his wife about her suspicious behavior. Butler uses point of view, character transformation, and symbolism to show how the husband’s hasty actions, internalization of emotion, and poor handling of his wife’s cheating perpetuates and then dissipates in his current aviary state. The first and most profound literary element used in this short story is point of view. This story is told from a first person limited omniscient point of view. Although the speaker has two physical forms in this story, he has only one conscience as he narrates through his peculiar situation. A first person limited omniscient point of view allows the reader to experience the husband’s jealousy as he fells and thinks it. There are no comments or judgments made from any outside perspective, which reflects a jealous person and the inability to accept outside criticism or advice. The opening line of the story, “I never can quite say as much as I know.” (Butler,1995, 187), is insight that only the character himself would know and could only be accurately relayed in a first person point of view. This information is important in understanding the character and his jealousy; it would be less reliable if this were an observation...
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