...CheckResults Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions Score: 6/11 1 2 Types of Argument 67% 3 4 6 Components of an Argument Differences Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments 50% 5 7 25% 8 9 10 11 Concept: Components of an Argument - Claims Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions 1 2 1.When evaluating an argument with unstated premises, which of the following is the most appropriate tactic? A. Find a claim that would make the argument invalid or weak and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Don’t add anything. If the arguer had wanted a claim to be included, he or she would have included it. Evaluate the argument as it stands. B. C. Find a claim that would make the argument valid or strong and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Correct! When you approach an argument without an obvious claim, the best approach is to “give the best read.” It is important to find the best claim to make the argument work. 2.All of the following are reasons that you should include claims that contradict the conclusion when diagramming an argument EXCEPT: A. B. C. It shows that you have considered other sides of the issue and found them wanting. To confuse your audience To bring up an objection, and then give reasons for rejecting it, is more powerful argumentation than to ignore possible objections to your argument. Including counterclaims in your argument helps make you look more credible...
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...Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Types of Argument Components of an Argument Differences Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments Mastery 100% 100% 100% 100% Questions 1 2 Score: 11/11 3 4 6 5 11 7 8 9 10 Concept: Components of an Argument - Claims Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions 1 2 1. When evaluating an argument with unstated premises, which of the following is the most appropriate tactic? A. Find a claim that would make the argument invalid or weak and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. B. Don’t add anything. If the arguer had wanted a claim to be included, he or she would have included it. Evaluate the argument as it stands. C. Find a claim that would make the argument valid or strong and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Correct! The correct answer is: C. When you approach an argument without an obvious claim, the best approach is to “give the best read.” It is important to find the best claim to make the argument work. 2. All of the following are reasons that you should include claims that contradict the conclusion when diagramming an argument EXCEPT: A. It shows that you have considered other sides of the issue and found them wanting. B. To confuse your audience C. To bring up an objection, and then give reasons for rejecting it, is more powerful argumentation than to ignore possible objections to your argument. D. Including counterclaims...
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...A Cybernetic Defense of Type Physicalism Abstract In this paper, I examine the tenability of type physicalism within the context of a second-order cybernetic analysis of phenomenality. I begin by describing the philosophical problem type physicalism attempts to resolve and follow up with an examination of arguments against type physicalism. I then describe how arguments against type physicalism tend to rely on the ontological distinction between system and observer. Next, I show that this distinction is purely conceptual and dissolves when phenomenality is analyzed from a second-order cybernetic perspective. Within this context, type physicalism remains a tenable solution to the mind-body problem so long as an isomorphic mapping between physical and psychological processes is possible. Introduction The motivation for type physicalism stems from empirical evidence of pervasive and systematic psychoneural correlations, that is, correlations between mental phenomena and brain processes. These correlations are systematic enough to allow scientists to successfully sense, transmit, analyze, and apply the language of neurons using an assortment of sophisticated imaging techniques and brain-computer interfaces. For instance, in 2003, Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, associate professor of neurobiology at the Duke University Medical Center, used a brain-computer interface system to successfully filter and utilize motor command impulses from the electrical activity of a primate brain to operate...
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...“HOW CAN LOGIC BEST BE APPLIED TO ARGUMENTS?” | March 10 2015 | | | Abstract This talk surveys a number of methods currently being developed that assist in applying logic to the evaluation of arguments used in particular cases. A case is seen as speci_ed by a given text and context of discourse. The methods used are pragmatic, and are based on the Gricean Cooperative Principle (CP), as implemented in several types of goal-directed conversational exchanges. Abstract This talk surveys a number of methods currently being developed that assist in applying logic to the evaluation of arguments used in particular cases. A case is seen as speci_ed by a given text and context of discourse. The methods used are pragmatic, and are based on the Gricean Cooperative Principle (CP), as implemented in several types of goal-directed conversational exchanges. “HOW CAN LOGIC BEST BE APPLIED TO ARGUMENTS?” INTRODUCTION How can logic best be applied to arguments? The goal of this address is to extend the boundaries of the subject known as logic towards the task of evaluating arguments as found in given cases of natural language argumentation. Of course, recently in philosophy, many influential voices are saying precisely that it is not possible to carry out this task (in an objective way that would be suitable for use in logic). I will argue that it can be done, or at least that there are resources available that can be brought...
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...The argument I chose was the Common Consent Argument. A simplified explanation of this argument is that there is an innate and instinctive belief in some type of god and this belief has existed willfully in nearly the whole course of humanity and throughout history. A good way of explaining this ( as the argument suggests) that it is safe to assume that a God of some type does exist and it is believed that there’s no way so many millions of people would believe In something (In this case God) if it didn’t actually exist. The best strength for this argument is that the defensive arguments against this theory fall short of being impressive. These opponents will quickly resort to cognitive science when trying to disprove this theory, but this type of science and it’s research on religions is still being fully conducted and concise facts cannot even be given as of right now because of the immaturity of cognitive science on religion and the belief if God. These scientists who oppose the common consent theory have yet to even determine whether religion in itself is just a variation or a result of some psychological occurrence whether good or bad or if it is an instinctual need. These opponents refuse to accept any proof that God exists or any God exists for that matter, but yet they have failed to disprove religious occurrences such as spiritual and mystic experiences. It’s hard to take this viewpoint seriously considering the severe lack of facts and proof that the theological viewpoint...
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...confusions or distractions because sometimes the question stem refers to information in the stimulus which may throw you off. Stimuli with two questions will once again lead to time waste because you are not re-reading one question but two questions this time! Reading the stimulus sometimes enable readers to predict the question stem. For example, “Resolve the Paradox” type of CR questions usually contain an obvious paradox or discrepancy. However, when you read the question stem first, you are not gaining or saving time in anyway. Premises give the reasons why a conclusion should be accepted. Always ask yourself “What info is the author using to convince me? Why should I believe this argument or what is the evidence behind this conclusion?” Premise Indicators: because, since, for, for example, for the reason that, in that, given that, as indicated by, due to, owing to, this can be seen from, we know this by. Conclusion Indicators: thus, therefore, hence, consequently, as a result, so, accordingly, clearly, must be that, shows that, conclude that, follows that, for this reason. Complex Arguments: Contain more than one conclusion known as sub-conclusions which are then used as premises to unify a main conclusion. Diagram: Premises → Conclusion/Premises → Conclusion. Example: Because Miami has the best player in the NBA, they therefore have the best offensive attack in NBA. Because they have the best...
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...many types of Logical Fallacies .American Intercontinental University PHIL 201- 1401B-02 Week 3 Individual Assignment Introduction: Logical Fallacy: A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning. In other words, it is a factual error or a failure to logically support the conclusion in an argument. An argument is a group of statements about a specific topic where a stand is taken applying premises needed to support their conclusion. A fallacy is a type of argument where the person uses bad arguments to support their conclusion but in order to be a fallacy it must be believed some of the time (Eemeren & Grootendorst, 1995). The different types of fallacies are mere assertion, circular reasoning, Ad hominem, red herring, pseudo-questions, false cause, sweeping generalizations, slippery slope, and equivocation or changing meanings. Mere Assertion: Arguments by mere assertion simply mean a person uses a strong statement instead of any real fact to argue a point. Just because an argument is stated emphatically does not mean that statement is in fact true. In mere assertion even if there are facts to the contrary or that contradict the argument it will continue o be supported. Arguments by mere assertion are also considered rhetoric. Rhetoric is supporting the argument despite the fact there is no evidence the argument is true. It is a form of persuasion or blind faith in the mere assertion. Circular Reasoning: Circular reasoning is a type of fallacy where the argument goes...
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...How do philosophical arguments work? The idea of philosophy incorporates numerous types of differentiating arguments that involve views on philosophical issues such as major topics such as, God’s existence or whether Morality is subjective. As well as this, the types of arguments that philosophical issues can consist of can also be used as background knowledge for the specified argument. Arguments are made in terms of ‘proofs’ which is “an argument that begins with one or more premise, which are propositions taken for granted for the purposive the argument and argues to a conclusion” which is stated by an author Richard Swinbourne in his novel regarding the existence of God. Another aspect of a proof is that it cannot be false in regards to it being factual. Mathematics is an example of this as a sum of 5+5=10 and in the definition of 5+5, it must always equal to 10. A proof can be untrue but cannot be false and there is a very big difference between these two statements as a proof has to be a logically proven statement. A proof has to include a premise in which i previously stated and a premise is a statement that an argument claims will induce or justify a conclusion. a premise is an assumption that something is true in which it requires a set of at least two declarative sentences(propositions) known as the premises along with another proposition commonly known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure...
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...An Analysis on the Speech Contestants’ Arguments in English Celebration Week Octaviyani Raharja 1213009001 Abstract Nowadays, many universities hold speech contest to facilitate their students in improving their communicative skills. Widya Mandala Catholic University, through English Department, holds a speech contest during the English Celebration Week event. As speech contest in common, students are required to conduct a good speech that deals with the topic given. Unfortunately, there are still some mistakes found that deal with the argument components and verbal fallacies. In figuring out a good speech, the contestants’ speeches are recorded and transcribed to be analyzed whether they have met the quality of a good speech which are: (1) includes all of the main components of argument and (2) fallacies free. Since the speech contestants are still in the first semester, they have limited knowledge on argument components and verbal fallacies. Therefore, the contestants sometimes miss the argument components and make no verbal fallacies in their speech. |Keywords: Argument, Fallacy, Verbal Fallacy, Speech, ECW Speech Contest | Introduction There are four language skills and two language components that are needed in learning foreign language, especially English. Among the four language skills, speaking has big roles in both language teaching and learning activity since it requires both communicative...
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...1) Before I started to read Chapter 1, I thought that the word argument had to do with a discussion two or more people; whether calm or severe to argue the difference in their opinions. After reading the chapter, I found that there are various types and forms of arguments. 2) Arguments are everywhere! If doesn’t matter whether there is a child/teenager arguing with their parents over being disciplined, to friendly conversation on two or more sports fans and their favorite team, and/or a returning military member/veteran coming from war and finding that there is no government support or jobs for them as they come home from war. 3) A Traditional argument is a person or persons that are making an argument with the means of persuading to convince an audience to change positions and agree with the arguer. An example of a (n) traditional argument is public debates (i.e.: presidential debates) or court hearing. A Consensual argument emphasizes an agreement. An example of a consensual argument are two team members that dialogue all their ideas to try and discover what will be their best position to on any issue or idea. 4) Conditions which are necessary for an argument to work best are: * An issue: An argument needs as its central focus an issue that has not yet been settled, or has become unsettled. * An arguer: Ideally every argument requires a person who is motivated to initiate the argument, to take a position on the issue, to obtain and consider information, and to...
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...Formulas | FV FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type) Rate is the interest rate per period. Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity. Pmt is the payment made each period; it cannot change over the life of the annuity. Pmt must be entered as a negative number. Pv is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is worth right now. If pv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (zero). PV must be entered as a negative number. Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due. If type is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 which represents at the end of the period. If payments are due at the beginning of the period, type should be 1. PV PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type) Rate is the interest rate per period. For example, if you obtain an automobile loan at a 10 percent annual interest rate and make monthly payments, your interest rate per month is 10%/12, or 0.83%. You would enter 10%/12, or 0.83%, or 0.0083, into the formula as the rate. Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity. For example, if you get a four-year car loan and make monthly payments, your loan has 4*12 (or 48) periods. You would enter 48 into the formula for nper. Pmt is the payment made each period and cannot change over the life of the annuity. Pmt must be entered as a negative amount. Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. Fv must be entered as a negative amount. Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates...
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...audience, purpose, and context can affect an argument. Notice it or not arguments take place in our everyday lives, as ridiculous as it may sound it is absolutely true. Some people believe that arguments can better be solved through verbal altercations and fist fights, however a successful argument is one that is calm collective and appropriate. An argument is affected by the audience, purpose, and context. There are two different types of arguments traditional argument and consensual argument. A traditional argument is having proof of what you are arguing so that you can target your audience members to agree with the side of the argument that you are on. Some examples of a traditional argument are public debate, courtroom argument, single-perspective argument and one-on-one everyday argument. A consensual argument is when the possibility of an argument is brought about by arguers who acknowledge different points of view and work to identify a combination of views that are acceptable to the majority of the audience members. Some examples of a consensual argument are dialectic, academic inquiry, negotiation and mediation, and internal argument. In order for an argument to be successful it needs to have an issue which is the problem or situation of which the argument is about. A successful argument must also have an arguer it can be one or more people who have different perspectives of whatever the subject may be. A successful argument must also include an audience, an audience...
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...Package ‘quantmod’ July 24, 2015 Type Package Title Quantitative Financial Modelling Framework Version 0.4-5 Date 2015-07-23 Depends xts(>= 0.9-0), zoo, TTR(>= 0.2), methods Suggests DBI,RMySQL,RSQLite,timeSeries,its,XML,downloader Description Specify, build, trade, and analyse quantitative financial trading strategies. LazyLoad yes License GPL-3 URL http://www.quantmod.com https://github.com/joshuaulrich/quantmod BugReports https://github.com/joshuaulrich/quantmod/issues NeedsCompilation yes Author Jeffrey A. Ryan [aut, cph], Joshua M. Ulrich [cre, ctb], Wouter Thielen [ctb] Maintainer Joshua M. Ulrich Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2015-07-24 21:10:42 R topics documented: quantmod-package addADX . . . . . . addBBands . . . . addCCI . . . . . . addExpiry . . . . . addMA . . . . . . addMACD . . . . . addROC . . . . . . addRSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...translation . . . . 2.2 Phases of translation . . . . 2.3 Character sets . . . . . . . . 2.4 Trigraph sequences . . . . . 2.5 Preprocessing tokens . . . . 2.6 Alternative tokens . . . . . 2.7 Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 Comments . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 Header names . . . . . . . . 2.10 Preprocessing numbers . . . 2.11 Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 Operators and punctuators 2.14 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Basic 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Contents concepts Declarations and definitions One definition rule . . . . . Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . Name lookup . . . . . . . . Program and linkage . . . . Start and termination . . . Storage duration . . . . . . Object lifetime . . . . . . . Types . . . . . . . . . . . . Lvalues and rvalues . . . . . ii x xiv 1 1 1 2 5 5 6 6 7 8 11 14 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 32 32 34 36 42 55 58 62 65 69 74 ii . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...value you want to look up in a table. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 294 4. If a lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in the first column of table_array, VLOOKUP opens up the Lookup Wizard. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 297 5. When using a VLOOKUP function it’s not always obvious when a returned value is incorrect. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 298 6. When you use a lookup type of TRUE, the VLOOKUP function looks only for an exact match of the lookup value. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 299 7. Headings at the top of each column should be included as part of the lookup_range in the VLOOKUP formula. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 301 8. When creating a vertical lookup table with the TRUE type, be certain to start with the lowest possible value, such as 0, so that the table covers all the possible data. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 301 9. The syntax of the HLOOKUP function is as follows: HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup) ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 303 10. The rules for an HLOOKUP function with a TRUE lookup type test the values down the first column. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 304 11. A table_array argument must contain relative cell references so that the row values will not change when the formula is copied down the column. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 305 12. You can use a VLOOKUP formula and an HLOOKUP formula to retrieve data stored in lookup tables on the same worksheet. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 307 13. Range names copy absolutely. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 310 14. Unlike...
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