...KEY DATES IN BRITISH HISTORY ROMAN BRITAIN ( 55BC- AD 440) 55-54 BC Caesar lands in Britain THE ANGLO_SAXON AGE (440- 1066) THE MIDDLE-AGES 1066 The battle of Hastings : the Normans conquer England – William the Conqueror 1215 The Magna Carta is imposed upon King John by the barons .( voir dans les fiches sciences po « les textes fondamentaux du Royaume Uni ») The beginning of the Black Death and the plague epidemic 1339 Hundred Years ‘War (till 1453) 1381 The Peasants’Revolt 1455-1485 The War of the Roses ends with the death of Richard III at the batlle of Bosworth. TUDOR BRITAIN (1485- 1603) 1509 Henry VIII ascends the throne and strengthens the power of the monarch 1534 Henry VIII breaks apart with Rome and becomes the Supreme Governor of the Church of England 1536 Henry VIII dissolves the monasteries and Church estates are sold by the Crown 1547 Henry VIII dies. His son Edward VI succeeds him. 1549 The first book of Common Prayer is published 1553 Mary I – « Bloody Mary » (from Scotland ) succeeds to the English throne and devotes her energies to the restauration of the Catholic faith. ( religious trouble) 1558 Elisabeth I ascends the throne 1588 The Spanish Armada is defeated by the fleet of Elisabeth I. 1564 Shakespeare’s birth. 1577 Francis Drake (the first English explorator to the New World) sails from Plymouth heading west ; 1587 A new group of English settlers arrives at Rooanke Island. Birth of the...
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...Company Profile Britvic plc, through its subsidiaries, engages in the production and distribution of soft drinks primarily in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The company offers stills and carbonates under the brand names 7UP, Ame, Britvic, Britvic, J20, Drench, Gatorade, Idris, Pennine Spring, Pepsi, Purdey's, Really Wild Drinks, Red Devil, Robinsons, Fruit Shoot, Fruit Spring, R Whites, Shandy Bass, and Tango. Britvic through a relationship with PepsiCo, Inc. holds the right to distribute the Pepsi and 7UP brands in Great Britain and Ireland, as well as access to all new carbonated drinks developed by PepsiCo for distribution. In addition, it supplies water-coolers and bottled water. The company sells its products primarily to supermarkets, shops, restaurants, pubs, cinemas, and hotels. Britvic also exports its products to approximately 50 countries worldwide. It was formerly known as British Vitamin Product Company and changed its name to Britvic Plc in 1971. The company is headquartered in Chelmsford, the United Kingdom. Historical Background Britvic Soft Drinks has a long and illustrious history in the world of brands. The company that makes the juices was founded in the middle of 19th century in Great Britain. The firm’s juices were first produced in 1938.It was the main source of vitamin C during the Great Depression. By 1949, the Britvic brand had been fully launched, and the company continued to grow. The Company owns a number of leading brands in...
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...made it a very generous trademark for the younger generation. It was only after the 1707 union between England, Wales and Scotland was the term Britishness spoken of as being be divided into four entities. It is an undoubted fact that previously, Britishness was identified with centralized state institutions such as the Monarch, the Parliament and even the church. In recent times, the term has become associated with the intent of preserving or perhaps restoring a homogenous British identity. While some feel there isn’t homogeneity anymore because cuisine for example, have become Chinese and Greek, others also regard this mix as delightful. Many people have become more sceptical and more aligned to their respective countries within the United Kingdom. A research conducted in 2011 shows that 52% of English voters will choose...
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...the year 8,000 BC when hunters came from Great Britain and Europe. Early Irish society was organized into a number of kingdoms. They were pagans for thousands of years. This changed in the early 5th century AD, when Christian missionaries, including St. Patrick, arrived. In the 9th century Vikings invaded Ireland. In 1534 land was confiscated from Catholic Irish landowners and given to Protestants from England and Scotland. Religion became a source of division. During the 18th century, many laws discriminated Catholics. By 1778, only 5% of the land was owned by Catholics. In 1801 the Irish parliament was abolished and Ireland became part of the “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. In 1922, the southern 26 counties of Ireland seceded from the UK. They new country called itself the Irish Free State. Ties with Great Britain were cut in 1948. The country became known as the Republic of Ireland. The other six counties in the north, called Northern Ireland, remained part of the UK, which they are still today. Ireland joined the European Union in 1973. Government: Parliamentary Democracy Language: English, Irish and Ulster Scots Three personal perspectives of the country: 1) People are loud. 2) They like to party a lot. 3) They are hard working people. TIPS TO DO BUSINESS: Three relevant things to do business: Tips in case of going to this country to do business: Generally, the Irish are very friendly people with a great sense of humor and their behavior is less...
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...History of Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search History of Ireland Wenzel Hollar's historical map of Ireland This article is part of a series Chronology Prehistory Protohistory 400–800 800–1169 1169–1536 1536–1691 1691–1801 1801–1923 Timeline of Irish history Peoples and polities Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Republic of Ireland · Northern Ireland Topics Battles · Clans · Kingdoms · States Gaelic monarchs · British monarchs Economic history · History of the Irish language Ireland Portal v · d · e The first known settlement in Ireland began around 8000 BC, when hunter-gatherers arrived from continental Europe, probably via a land bridge.[1] Few archaeological traces remain of this group, but their descendants and later Neolithic arrivals, particularly from the Iberian Peninsula, were responsible for major Neolithic sites such as Newgrange.[2][3] On the arrival of Saint Patrick and other Christian missionaries in the early to mid-5th century AD, Christianity began to subsume the indigenous Celtic religion, a process that was completed by the year 600. From around AD 800, more than a century of Viking invasions brought havoc upon the monastic culture and on the island's various regional dynasties, yet both of these institutions proved strong enough to survive and assimilate the invaders. The coming of Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de...
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...“Celtic Tiger”: The rise of Ireland to an economic successful country for foreign investment K. Siebeneicher ENG 240 Communications for Business and the Professions Ireland’s improvement from a country dominated by poverty and violence into an economically as well as financially successful country has not only turned it into one of the most successful countries in the European Union but also into an attractive choice for foreign investors from all over the world. If somebody is asked what Ireland is famous for most likely the answer will be Guinness- beer or Saint Patrick’s Day. Most people know Ireland as a popular tourist destination located in the western part of Europe. Well-known for its beautiful landscape, historical remnants and ruins of its fascinating history Ireland attracts millions of tourists every year. Whether tourists plan to visit some of the several ancient Castles, such as Trim Castle, ancient monuments such as the Beaghmore Stones or enjoy themselves playing golf, going fishing or watching horse racing Ireland offers anything a person is looking for in a vacation. (History & Heritage, 2008) Although its history and landscape it interesting and beautiful, Ireland is also branded for its troubled and violent history which includes diseases, starvation, wars and terrorism. Not many people are acquainted with the fact that after the period of violence and struggle, around 1990, crucial changes in the government were made and strategies...
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...The leaders of the rebellion soon were executed. Initially, there was little support from the Irish people for the Easter Rising; however, public opinion later shifted and the executed leaders were hailed as martyrs, as this brave act would lead the way towards Irish independence. In 1921, a treaty was signed that in 1922 established the Irish Free State, which eventually became the modern-day Republic of Ireland. 2 With the Act of Union in 1800, Ireland (which had been under some form of English control since the 12th century) merged with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. As a result, Ireland lost its parliament in Dublin and was governed by a united parliament from Westminster in London. During the 19th century, groups of Irish nationalists opposed this arrangement in varying degrees. Some moderate nationalists advocated for home rule, under which Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom but also have some form of self-government. Several home rule bills were defeated in Parliament in the late 1800s before one finally passed in 1914. However, implementation of home rule was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I (1914-18). Meanwhile, members of a secret revolutionary organization called the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), who believed home rule wouldn’t go far enough and instead sought complete independence for Ireland, began planning what would become the Easter Rising. They hoped...
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...The 1st half of the 18th century Well, before the end of the 18th century Britain had become a very powerful country. It became wealthy through trade. The wealth made possible both an agricultural and an industrial revolution, which made Britain the most economically advanced country in the world. Howewer, there was a reverse side to it: while a few people became richer, many others lost their land,, their homes and their way of life. Families were driven off the land, in another period of enclosures. They became the working proletariat of the cities. The invention of machinery destroyed, the old, "cottage industries" and created factories. At the same time it caused the growth of unemployment. Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Акт о престолонасле́дии или Акт об устрое́нии (англ. Act of Settlement) — законодательный акт, принятый парламентом Англии в 1701 году, лишивший католическую мужскую линию Стюартов прав на престол в пользу протестантки Софии Ганноверской и её потомков. Акт был принят в царствование короля-протестанта Вильгельма III Оранского, непосредственной преемницей которого была его свояченица Анна. Все дети Анны умерли во младенчестве или в детстве, последний, 11-летний герцог Глостерский, скончался...
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...Protestants in Northern Ireland call themselves Orangemen. After the Battle of the Boyne most of the civil rights were taken away from the Catholics. No Catholic could be voted or be elected for Parliament, they could not join the army or the navy, nor work in any civil office, they were not allowed to have weapons, they could not study at the university, no Catholic teachers were allowed in Irish schools and no Catholic priests were allowed in the Irish churches. The fight then became a fight not only about the politics and religion, but over basic civil rights as well. Ireland is now divided into 2 parts, but the country was not divided into 2 parts until 1921. 26 counties in the south became the Irish Free State, which was still tied to Great...
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...has localised England’s prestige to the Ambassador to indicate to the viewer that he is clearly of importance. This then raises the question about the fact that this is an Ambassador, as opposed to the actual leader. One could then argue that the garments worn represent the King. This then sparks the question of what the context was that disallowed the actual King to be there. Were there domestic problems he had to tend to? Was the Ambassador merely collecting “The Secret of England’s Greatness” as a means to resolve the greatness that they might had lacked? Divinity is also explored because of how the non-physical concept of “greatness” is presented as something religious– a Bible. Given the context of a vastly religious 19th century Britain, the Bible is probably an allusion to God and his glory. However the fact that “greatness” is portrayed as a physical entity, leads one to think that it can be achieved by man. This is consolidated by the fact that Queen Victoria is handing the Bible to the Ambassador. It is a form of evangelism per say, declaring that “greatness” is achievable. Given the cultural differences between the Queen and Ambassador,...
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...Discuss the British victories from 1758 to 1760 which gave victory to Great Britain over the French in North America. What impact did this victory have on the American colonies? Great Britain and the French had ceaselessly been fighting and the British were not looking so well. It was only until 1758 that the British began to make a turn around against the French, that not only led to many victories, but also led to friendly rivalries. Although the Colonials and the British fought together and obtained their goals, a new conflict evolved, thrusting a spire of scorn between the two prior allies. Led by William Pitt the British essentially gained the upper hand on the French when they cut off their supply from the mother country to Canada via British naval forces at sea. Because the French relied heavily on goods transported at sea, they were left crippled and in a defense only mode. With this strategic gain, Pitt set out to conquer all and take over french territory by overtaking Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne and Quebec. Aside from the failure by Abercromby at Ticonderoga that was later redeemed, the British objectives were a success and the French were devastated. The most devastating blow was the attack on Quebec and Montreal where the British aimed “to rip the heart out of Canada.” (Millet & Maslowski 1994). Britain was successful and took over Quebec although France made great efforts to retake it in failure. Later in 1763, the Peace of Paris was...
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...There were many alliances of France starting with the first war. The French and United States was together for most of the war this was when the treaty of alliances was first signed in 1778. After their defeat over England, France became the enemy; their government also, sought out justice in the English colonies. As the war continued a storm arose and the French abandon the Americans to seek shelter. At this time there were two allies that were create which were, the treaty amity and commerce, which bestowed most-favored nation trading privileges. The second was condition and defensive alliances, and which provided case war. There was a war that broke out against the alliance of France. Things were much different around this time. According to the first treaty the French were suppose to fight the war with the American. The treaty of alliance was composed of exigencies of conjunctures to become good and faithful allies. They were also supposed to create liberty, sovereignty, and independence. The treaty alliance of France was announced and the war between Great Britain and France continued many years later. France, later, broke her own isolation and formed the Triple Entente with Britain and Russia in 1907. The most important term of the alliances was that the members of the same alliances agreed to support their allies if they were attacked by other countries. Power was motivated by money glory and religion. The expansion on the alliances grew greater as time moved on, and...
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...colonialism as a state centralized system of power, often distinguished by economic exploitation and with astounding disregard for the colonies (D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts & S. Whatmore 2009). Great Britain was no stranger to colonialism, and since the first settlers arrived at Jamestown, the British Empire expanded its control over the first thirteen colonies for nearly 170 years. An intricate part of colonialism was the economic doctrine of Mercantilism. In Companion to British History, Mercantilism is explained as a basic economic theory to increase the country’s wealth by amassing gold. He listed amongst other aspects of the theory the following trade policies: trade restraints by prohibition, taxation on imported goods which could be produced in the colony, prohibition of imports from countries with unfavorable trade balance, goods exported to colony had to pass through home country ports first, establishment of trade treaties, and the regulation of colonial trades so that the colony’s raw materials were exported to the imperial power in exchange for the import of that power’s manufactured goods (2008 Charles Arnold-Baker). At the end of the French and Indian wars in 1763 and in order to fund the British debt from that war, Great Britain began to exercise more control over the colonies by passing trade acts to include increased taxation. The Sugar Act of 1764, increase the duties on sugar and many other raw materials which restricted the colonies’...
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...case during the 1800’s in which the great event known as the Industrial Revolution occurred and the safety and welfare of employees was not even a priority in most establishments. Many of the industries in Great Britain forced their workers to labor for excessive amounts of time which led them to intense exhaustion in areas that reached extremely high temperatures. Faulty machinery was also an issue along with exhaustion causing mortality rates to spike as many employees were placed in great danger whilst operating the machines. Possibly the main reason for all of the mishaps was the glaring inexperience of the management as most people had never experienced this new technology before, but on the other side of the world New England factories were thriving with positive reviewing from their employees due to many different factors. The fact that American businesses were doing so well proves the point that the poor conditions could have been escaped in Great Britain under the right circumstance and leadership. “The happiest place I have passed in America” was said by Charles Dickens during his first visit to Lowell Massachusetts in which he was thoroughly enthused by due to how successful and well kept some of the establishments were. Dickens hailed from Great Britain which happened to be having an Industrial Revolution of their own but as he remarked it was not as incredible as Dickens believed Lowell to be for the workplaces in Great Britain tended to employee more youths under...
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...World War I affected the nation in many aspects; however, the most evident were the economic and social aspects. In the early 1910’s the US was experiencing a recession that was quickly ended by World War I. The Great War increased the demand for production, thus creating jobs. WWI made it socially acceptable for women to join the work force as there was a demand for workers. Another social aspect that was impacted by WWI would be the African Americans and their attempt to obtain more equal rights by joining the war. World War I can be considered to be a total war as it included the entire society. In this case, it includes women, African Americans, and the entire US economy. As a result of the war, there was a great demand for the production of military supplies. However, the men would be drafted to the war. 3 million men were drafted into the army under the Selective Service Act and another 2 million joined various branches of the armed services voluntarily. This created job opportunities for women as the men were absent as a result of the war. Women took advantage of the industries’ great demand for workers to occupy the role of men in the workplace. Therefore, women demanded to be paid the same as a man would and demanded to have 8 hour days with the opportunity to get overtime. Women working in factories and other industries where only men would work, gradually became more socially acceptable. Women taking over the job industry was not only socially acceptable during...
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