...Article review: One‐Party Rule and the Challenge of Civil Society in Vietnam Vietnam has experienced important changes since the Doi Moi in 1986. One of these changes is the emergence of the political civil society groups. Nowadays, these groups gain importance over the years. The reason of the presence of those association and groups is because of the repression of the state, the hegemony exercised by it, the corruption and other social ills. That is to say that Vietnam may face domestic instability if the one-party state fails to answer the civil society’s challenge. The Vietnamese system, the mono-organizational one has during these last years lived some important changes. The Vietnam Communist Party was viewed as an elitist hierarchical organization that exercised an unchallenged power. This party has been exercising control over the state and the armed forces by the penetration by committees and party cells Such as Vietnam fatherland Front, an umbrella Organizations grouping the majority of pro-party mass organizations of the country. The state has allowed a little room for the private sector, for associations such as Vietnam Union of Friendship Associations and organizations as the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. This private sector employs more than ninety per cent of the work force and private enterprises gain more importance and growth over the years even if it is policy that party committees must be established in all private enterprises. Nevertheless...
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...it would stand to reason that both countries would have similar experiences during both their Communist and reform periods. However, this has not always been the case. In this paper, I will argue that even though both China and Vietnam have made significant advances in liberalizing their economies, what they have accomplished is often blown out of proportion. In particular, the economies of both countries are still heavily controlled by their respective governments. Though they differ in some ways – for instance, Vietnam has done a better job of liberalizing its banking system than has China, and China’s economic growth has been marked by a steep increase in inequality which has not been seen in Vietnam, they are both fundamentally similar in that many “commanding heights” industries are still controlled by the government. Political Change in China and Vietnam The first article I will examine is Political Change in China and Vietnam: Coping With the Consequences of Economic Change. In this article, McCormick (1998) argues that both China and Vietnam have been profoundly changed by liberalization and that their...
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...exist, when that sector plays a leading role in the Vietnam economy. Even though there was an effort to renovate Vietnam’s economy; "Doi Moi", a country with turbulent history is not used to the competitive market system enough. * Political instability and uncertainties in the legal system This is one of the most important reasons why Vietnam is not a suitable expansion location for American Rice. As stated in the case, the new laws which partially aimed to reassure foreign investors were not supported with appropriate related regulations and enforcement structure. It was perceived to be weak and confusing. It would not be a good option to operate business where the security is uncertain. * Low price of Vietnam rice Determinants of rice quality were type, color, odor, cooking qualities, and the proportion of broken grains to whole grains. Another factor which influences the price of rice is the country of origin. Rice from the United States traded at a premium while the rest, including Vietnamese rice was discounted. The way customers perceive Vietnam grown product and low quality product due to prevalence of pests, diseases and poorly designed equipment might hurt the image of US rice. * Others - Numerous cultural differences exist between the Vietnamese and Western investors - Frequent delays in filling contracts - High shipping costs However, there are some positive aspects in Vietnam....
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...The Misrepresentation of Cambodia Sociology 300 Professor: Emmanuel Obi Althea M Pullins 01/18/2010 Abstract The history of Cambodia will be reviewed in this paper. The paper will focus on the history of Cambodia from the time that Pol Pot led the country until present time. The paper will look in detail at the genocide of Cambodia that occurred under the leadership of Pol Pot from 1975 to 1979 where an estimated 2,000,000 Cambodians died. An analysis of the political landscape will be discussed in the paper. Women culture and the treatment of women during this period will be examined. The paper will also evaluate the religious culture, the impact that various ethnicities had on Cambodia, and report on the agrarian reform in Cambodia. An exploration of why Cambodia progress in the areas of economic growth, social development, and political development has been stymied will be investigated. A comprehensive look at the educational system of Cambodia will be reviewed along with urban development. History Cambodia is juxtaposed on mainland Southeast Asia between Thailand and Vietnam (2010). Because of Cambodia’s location, it has long been vulnerable to foreign territorial ambitions. Cambodia has struggled to maintain self-identity and survival as a nation (1993). The name “Cambodia” derives from the French Cambadge, which comes from Khmer word the People’s Republic of Kampuchaea (1979-1989), the country was known internationally as Kampuchea, but more recent...
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...and of ethnic or cultural distinctiveness. Only gradually does national consciousness expand into an awareness of the modern concept of nationhood, rooted in the mass of the population. Nationalism takes place in 3 stages: proto, modern and mature. Interpretation This statement implies that the defining nature of SEA nationalism was opposition of colonial rule. Argument Outline It is true that SEA nationalism was a concept of anti-colonial struggle, but there were also other forms mainly traditional, cultural/religious and ethnic/economical and moderate/reformist. They were not anti colonial in nature but rather reactions to colonial policies. SEA society was never homogenous, thus political awareness among the masses came only post WWII after originating from non political forms before 1945. This essay would be covering the early stage of SEA nationalism before WWII. Thesis Thus, it can be seen that there are many variations of nationalism which were not necessary anti colonial in nature due to the unique demographic circumstances of SEA. To say that in SEA, nationalism was principally an ideology of anti-colonial struggle would be a oversimplification and generalization. Expo 1 P: SEA nationalism was a result of traditional nationalism which was anti colonial in nature. E: Saya San, a Western educated Buddhist monk initiated a rebellion aimed at overthrowing the British and reinstalling himself as king of Burma. He relied heavily on traditional symbols...
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...Why didn’t the French win the war against the Vietminh? The French lost their Indochinese colonies due to political, military, diplomatic, economic and socio-cultural factors. Armed struggle for the unity and total independence started in 1946 and eventually terminated with the reunification of the country’s desire years later, which constituted the most important phase of modern colonial history resulting in the loss of French power by the end of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Indochina suffered subjugation from the Chinese, the French, and the Japanese. The events of World War II, including the defeat, humiliation, and compromise of the French, galvanized the revolutionary movements. Two worlds collided, a European colonial power and an Indo-Chinese traditional society....
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...Modern History Assignment- BY: Kwaku Marfo 'To what extent did the Geneva conference solve the problems of indochina to 1954?' After decades of struggle under the practice of imperialism Indochinese nations would propse their problems to the the international community at the Geneva conference. The 1954 Geneva Conference, held in Geneva Switerland occured on the 8th of May, following the historical defeat of French forces in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu to the Vietminh (DRV). The Geneva Conference is essentially the proposal of international treaties binding of all nations which have accepted them. The primary objective of the Geneva Conference was to discuss and solve international issues concerning the Korean and Indochinese war. Nearly a decade after the Potsdam conference and still in the midst of the Cold War, the Geneva conference witnessed the meeting of the USSR, US and UK with intentions of reaching agreements for the future of Indochina. The conference involed delegates from the United Kingdom, United States, France, Soviet Union, People Republic of China, Democratic replublic of Vietnam (DRV) and the Nationalist Government of Vietnam. Issues proposed by Ho Chi Minh (DRV) concerning the future of vietnam included, the removal of foreign control, the unification of Vietnam, the development of a defence force for secuirty and the establishment of a communist nation. Resulting agreements of the Geneva Conference led to 'peaceful co-existence' with foreigners in Vietnam...
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...century with the increasing role of new technologies, private investment that have led to the remarkable reduction in poverty. The Third World development in the future will likely be very different from what it has been in the past. Less Developing Countries are often unindustrialized, economically instable, have an underdeveloped political system and have high levels of human health. LDCs have changed and evolved over the years as we move into the modern age. The purpose of this paper is to examine two developing countries (Vietnam and Iraq). I will focus on the three major problems that the two countries are experiencing in today's world that include political, economic and human rights. Despite the country’s political differences, they share some similarities; though much of the philosophy has been debated, there are points of value to both countries. This essay intends to study some of their most painful discover in their political philosophy. Vietnam Political The North and the South were divided politically in 1954 because of different economic ideologies. Communist was in the North and capitalist in the South. Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary leader, who established the communist governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945. Ho Chi Minh became president of Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. He died in 1969. After the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Communist Party renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor. In 1975, the Communist Party unified the...
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...Vietnam The Vietnam War or conflict as it was known was complex in its origins and followed France’s failure to suppress nationalist forces in Indochina, better known as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, as it struggled to restore its colonial dominion after WWII. Led by Ho Chi Minh, a Communist-dominated revolutionary movement, the Viet Minh, waged a political and military struggle for Vietnamese independence that frustrated the efforts of the French and resulted ultimately in their leaving from the territory (Bowman, J. S.). Vietnam The U.S. Army’s first encounters with Ho Chi Minh were brief and generally sympathetic. During World War II, Ho Chi Minh’s anti-Japanese resistance fighters helped to rescue shoot down American pilots and supplied information on Japanese forces in Indochina. United States Army officers stood at Ho Chi Minh’s side in August of 1945 as he celebrated in the brief contentment of proclaiming Vietnam’s independence. Five years later, however, in a worldwide sense overwrought with ideological and military confrontation between Communist and non-Communist powers. Army advisers of the newly formed United States Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), and Indochina, were assisting France against the Viet Minh. With combat rampant in mainland China and Korea experiencing a recent collapse to the Communists, the war in Indochina now became visible to Americans as one...
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...had an impact on them from a social, political, and economic perspective. During the late part of the 20th century, the International Monetary Fund and other organizations collaborated with countries that were struggling economically and offered financial assistance and the creation and implementation of policies. Globalization has had a significant impact on countries around the world; both positive and negative outcomes have resulted from various factors pertaining to globalization. Revolutions such as the Arab Spring uprisings have been influenced by aspects of globalization, such as the changing political sphere and the unstable economic market. Furthermore, the revolutions are more successful in contemporary times as opposed to fifty or one hundred years ago because globalization has provided the world with many comforts, such as the convenience individuals possess in the usage of technology—namely social networking websites. Therefore, it is important to analyze and examine the social, political, and economic changes that have been brought about by globalization, the changing global-politics, as well as social and economic issues that may have caused by or formed after military conflict. India and Vietnam are two countries that are quite similar in terms of GPD per capita rates, life expectancy, and other factors and are a perfect set of nations to examine and analyze in terms of the impact globalization has had on them from a political, economic, and social perspective. ...
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...THE COMPARISON OF READING CULTURE AMONG JAPANESE AND VIETNAMESE PEOPLE. TABLE OF CONTENT PART A: INTRODUCTION I: Rationale II: Aims of the study III: Objectives of the study IV: Scope of the study V: Methods of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT I: Reading culture review 1: Definition of book 2: Definition of reading culture II: Reading culture of Japanese people 1: History of reading culture 1.1: In the past 1.2: At present 2: The importance of reading culture to Japanese people 3: The development of reading culture III: Reading culture of Vietnamese people 1: History of reading culture 2: The importance of reading culture to Vietnamese people 3: The development of reading culture IV: Intercultural communication in reading culture among Japanese and Vietnamese people PART C: CONCLUSION PART A: INTRODUCTION I: Rationale With the trend of globalization and integration, many traditional values have been forgotten. Computer, telephone appears more and more frequent. Of course, they have many advantages but frankly, book always is a biggest resources of knowledge. And reading is a crucial thing to do if we want to get the better future. I am a student, who always want to learn and explore about the differences between the culture of Japan and Vietnam. I realized reading culture is one of characteristics need to mentioned. Besides that, I am also love reading book. As a result, I decided to choose this study...
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... Philip 1995). The luckier refugees were taken by countries such as Canada. Some escapees spend 12 months in camp, some of them even years. There were many camps, for example, in Thailand and in Hong Kong. The Canadian government helps the Vietnamese refugees by giving them a home, food, healthcare, and education. However, the Vietnamese refugees faced many hardships in Canada such as language, discrimination, and lack of financial support (CBC,Refuge for the unwanted). The most effective factor that affected Vietnamees refugee adaption in Canada was learning a new language (Dwok B. Chan and Doreen Marie Indra, 1987). Many refugees could not speak a word of English or French, and understand even basic words such as washroom, phone, and post office. However, they needed to obtain speaking skills because they had to look for job, house, and a school for their children (CBC-Welcome to Canada: Vietnamese refugees arrive). However, Canadian sponsorship programs for Vietnamese refugee were helpful (Dwok B. Chan and Doreen Marie Indra, 1987). There was multiple courses help refugee to adjust in a new country: Canadian culture course, opening bank account course, language learning course in English and French, and Canadian postal system. There were also emotional support and advice was provided by privately sponsor. In spite of the fact that Canada is...
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...The Tet Offensive began January 31, 1968 as the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong broke a cease-fire that was declared for the duration for the Tet Celebration. These attacks were launched at over sixty districts, thirty-six provincial capitals, and in major cities all across South Vietnam. This attack was successful due to the extreme lack of intelligence and communication between the United States and the U.S. embassy in Saigon. This attack led to major changes in the political and civil systems in both the United States and South Vietnam. This was a major turning point for the war as it caused many problems within the governments’, as well as within the American public. By the fall of 1967 polls indicated that the public support for the...
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...02138 Tel: (617) 495-1134 | Fax: (617) 495-4948 Ben Wilkinson ben_wilkinson@harvard.edu VIETNAMESE HIGHER EDUCATION: CRISIS AND RESPONSE I. Overview This short paper seeks to provide the American members of the bilateral Higher Education Task Force with an opinionated analysis of the crisis in Vietnamese higher education. We begin by analyzing the magnitude of the crisis and its root causes. Next, we consider how key actors—the Vietnamese government, the Vietnamese people, and the international community—are responding to the situation. We conclude by stressing the importance of institutional innovation as a necessary component of an effective reform platform. A short essay on Vietnamese higher education and science by a prominent Vietnamese scientist is included as reference in an appendix. This memorandum is informed by Harvard’s experience building and operating the Fulbright Economics Teaching Program, a center of public policy teaching and research located in Ho Chi Minh City.1 At present the Ash Institute is a partner in a research project lead by The New School that is studying the institutional barriers to higher education reform in Vietnam. II. Dimensions of the Crisis It is difficult to overstate the seriousness of the challenges confronting Vietnam in higher education. We believe without urgent and fundamental reform to the higher education system, Vietnam will fail to achieve its enormous potential.2 The economic development of East and Southeast...
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...Recently, Vietnam is attracting increasing interest from international investors as a promising emerging market. Some of the largest U.S. corporations such as Intel, IBM, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, to name a few, started to set foot in the country with confidence. However, investing in Vietnam still constitutes a conundrum for outsiders and horror stories have been told by former entrepreneurs who lost their fortunes and even almost lost their lives dealing with the Vietnamese Communist Party. Case in point: Trinh Vinh Binh, a Vietnamese Dutch investor who escaped from Vietnam and later sued the Vietnamese government for breach of contract and for confiscating his assets in Vietnam. The case was eventually settled for an undisclosed amount of award in 2007. The initial claim was $150 million (UNCTAD, 2007). The crucial question remains: “under the current market conditions, is it worth to invest in Vietnam?” S.W.O.T analysis Strengths. 1. A fairly large customer base of more than 86 million and growing at a rate of 1% annually. 60% of the population are young, born after 1975 and aspire to become a consumer society with higher standards of life. Wages in Vietnam are among the least expensive in all Asia. Vietnam has a high rate of literacy. 90.3% of the population aged 15 years and older are literate (CIA World Factbook, 2009). 2. Significant reserves of energy and mineral resources such as oil (Vietnam is ranked 33 worldwide among oil producing countries), bauxite...
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