...Difference between climate and weather? Weather is the description of conditions over a short period of time – a “snap shot” of the atmosphere at a particular time. Climate the some or synthesis of all the weather recorded over a long period of time. It tells us the average or most common conditions. What is oceanography? Also called oceanology or marine science. It is a branch of earth science, it is the study of the deep sea and shallow costal oceans. What is hydrology? The study of movement, distribution and quality of water on earth and other planets. What is metrology? The study of weather. What is demography? Statistical study of human populations and sub-populations. What is geomorphology? The study of the surface of a planet and those processes responsible for forming it. Four types of precipitation: Rain, snow sleet and hail. Synoptic chart Shows weather events occurring at one time throughout a large area such as a country or region. Hectopascals: Unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure. What is microclimate: Local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding areas. Ozone layers: Layer of earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone. The Troposphere The Stratosphere The Mesosphere The Thermosphere The exosphere. What is atmosphere The atmosphere is a layer of gases, which surrounds the entire Earth. It consists mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, as well...
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...after more than seven inches of rain fell Saturday and Sunday in Louisville, Kentucky. The National Weather Service declared a flash flood emergency for Louisville early Sunday due to back-to-back thunderstorms that began Saturday.. First floor apartments were flooded and vehicles were swallowed by high waters after 5.91 inches fell in Louisville on Saturday alone, according to the Weather Channel. Flooding closed at least 45 roads. Authorities say more than 80 people were rescued or evacuated thanks to seven-inches of rainfall that fell in 36 hours. NBC's Kerry Sanders reports. "I was lying there sleeping, kids woke me up, looked out, I couldn't believe it," evacuee Vickie Dedrick told NBC affiliate WAVE in Louisville. "Just a little bit of water on the road, next thing you know it looks like a tidal wave come through; looks like all cars washed off," added evacuee Mark Elliott. No injuries were reported, but at least 45 roads were closed and many homes and cars were damaged, according to the Courier-Journal. According to the National Weather Service, a record 5.91 inches of rain fell on Saturday, breaking the day's old record of 3.07 inches of rain set on October 5, 1910, WAVE reported. The deluge also already breaks the local all-time record for rainfall the month of October: The previous record was 5.07 inches set in 2004. The National Weather Service reports Louisville residents will be able to breathe a sigh of relief with a mostly sunny day...
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...Weather Vol. 58 Margules, M. (1893) Luftbewegungen in einer rotierenden Spharoidschale. Sitzungsberichte der È Kaiserliche Akad. Wiss. Wien, Teil IIA, 102, pp. 11±56 È –– (1904) Uber die Beziehung zwischen Barometerschwankungen und Kontinuitatsgleichung. In: È Ludwig Boltzmann Festschrift, J. A. Barth, Leipzig Pichler, H. (2001) Von Margules zu Lorenz. In: Hammerl, C., Lenhardt, W., Steinacker, R. and È Steinhauser, P. (Eds.) Die Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik 1851±2001. 150 Jahre È Meteorologie und Geophysik in Osterreich, Leykam Buchverlags GmbH, Graz, pp. 387±397 Platzman, G. W. (1967) A retrospective view of An introduction to weather and climate derivatives John E. Thornes University of Birmingham The weather derivatives market has grown from being virtually non-existent in 1997 (Price Waterhouse Coopers 2001) to an estimated $10 billion global market by 2002. The market in Europe is just beginning to take off, as indicated by the establishment of the Met Office and London-based Umbrella Brokers’ joint venture WeatherXchange (www.weather xchange.com) in June 2001 and the Londonbased Liffe (www.liffeweather.com) weather futures market and European weather index in July 2001. These two Internet sites give a good introduction to the basic concepts of weather derivatives. Since the early 1980s, derivatives have been used by companies to manage their exposure to risk, be it due to currency exchanges or a host of other financial...
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...Describe and explain the characteristics of the British climate (40) The purpose of this essay is to describe, with specific reference to highland and lowland regions, the British climate. also an explanation of how air masses, latitude, continentally, and ocean currents can interact to determine the British climate before reaching a conclusion as to the ultimate determining factor. The climate or average weather conditions in Britain for a protracted period of time can be classified as ‘Temperature Maritime’. This is the climate typical of the west coasts at middle latitudes of most continents, and generally features warm summers and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range. In 2014, the UK mean temperature for summer was 14.8°C and in the winter the mean temperature was 5.2°C. In the UK, the average rainfall in the lowlands is a lot lower than the average rainfall in the highlands. the overall total rainfall for 2014 was 1300mm, 113% of the 1981-2010 average. Highland Britain, lies north of Tees-exe line, is usually colder, in both winter and summer than lowland Britain Manchester is located in highland Britain and is much colder than Brighton, which is located in lowland Britain. The mean maximum temperature in summer between 1981 and 2010 in the UK’s lowlands was 20°C, and the minimum mean temperature was 11°C. In the highlands however, the mean maximum temperature was 15°C and the mean minimum temperature was 8-9°C. in the summer, it was...
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...Technology Development Project Initiation Award for Students (TDP-IAS) 2009 PROJECT proposal LOW COST AUTOMATED WEATHER STATION (AWS) |Name |Department |Entry # |CGPA |Contact # / email | |Manish bansal |electrical engineering |2007ee50502 |9.55 |manishbansal.iitd@gmail.com | | | | | |9811977681 | |Ishan mittal |electrical engineering |2007ee10371 |9.45 |Ishan.mittal3@gmail.com | | | | | |9990641832 | |aditya goel |electrical ENGINEERING |2007Ee50052 |9.29 | aforadi@gmail.com | | | | | |9911073596 | |avinash kumar |electrical ENGINEERING |2007ee10060 |9.50 | avi.nitw@gmail.com | | | ...
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...Weather, Climate and associated Hazards – Sample Paper 1 (a) Study Figure 2 which shows a synoptic chart of Western Europe and the north-east Atlantic. Describe and suggest reasons for the differences in the weather experienced by stations A and B. (7) (b) Explain the characteristic features of the weather associated with a winter anticyclone in the British Isles. (8) (c) Evaluate the concept of the urban heat island. (10) Critically evaluate the possible effects of the phenomenon known as global warming and suggest possible responses to them. (40) Weather, Climate and associated Hazards - Sample Paper 2 - Study Figure 2, a diagram showing the impact of Hurricane Floyd 1999. (a) Using Figure 2, comment on the responses to Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. (7) (b) Explain the causes of tropical revolving storms. (8) (c) With reference to one tropical region that you have studied, describe and explain the characteristic features of the climate of that region. (10) “Urban areas have a significant impact on climatic characteristics.” Discuss this statement. (40) Exam Board Approved Back of Textbook Sample Paper (a) Study figure 2 which...
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...1.0 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC The weather is changing. Adverse weather patterns are increasing around the world. Natural catastrophes and particularly severe weather events are increasing in frequency and severity all over the globe. Extreme rains, heat waves, cold snaps, blizzards, floods and droughts are just some of the many weather events that are impacting peoples’ life and company’s profitability. For many businesses a small deviation from normal weather patterns can adversely affect their financial performance. Recent events around the world highlight the increasing volatility of the weather and how they can impair the economy. Although the majority of businesses are exposed to weather risks, many are still failing to adequately identify...
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...Extreme Weather Unit Abstract This unit will study extreme weather on Earth but more specifically Mars and Venus. In the first steps it outlines the summary of this unit. The steps that the students have to take in studying these planets are outlined in the objectives. There are three cognitive objectives, one psychomotor, and one affective objective. The students will take this new knowledge of these planets and have to compare and contrast it with each other as well as weather on Earth. They will then have to assemble their own measuring tool for Mars or Venus and then have to defend their tool as the last step in this unit. As the students go through this unit they will be going through the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. They will start in the knowledge category as they start off describing weather but will finish in the evaluating category with their final creation presenting and defending why their tool would work on Mars or Venus. By taking these steps, utilizing back ground knowledge, and being able to create and make a measuring tool this would be a great lesson to add to any weather unit that is hands-on and engaging. Extreme Weather Unit Studying extreme weather on other planets is a very engaging lesson to teach to grades 2-5. It gives the students’ knowledge on weather that we experience on Earth and makes them think beyond that to our whole solar system. They will also be challenged to create their own measuring tools to use on other planets in the solar...
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...Tools for managing weather risk Characterization Weather derivatives, unlike the financial and stock are used to hedge quantity rather than price risks. As commodity futures have underlying price of the commodity and weather derivatives are based on a measured weather index, depending on the specifics of the contract. For this purpose, relevant weather variables can be measured quantitatively. Most weather contracts – 69% Degree Days are based on indices which measure the deviation of the average daily temperature from a base temperature (mostly 65 ° F or 18 ° C). These indices occur within the energy industry and are designed to correlate well with the consumption of electricity for heating (Heating Degree Days, HDD) or cooling (Cooling Degree Days, CDD). The indices are calculated for each day of the contract and in effect a measure of how cold (HDD) or how warm (CDD) is one day. The index value for the contract period is the cumulative sum of the measured daily deviations from the benchmark. The same principles of aggregation of reported daily values (deviation from a benchmark average and cumulative value) is applied to calculate indexes based on the amount of rain and snow, wind power, etc.. Specific type of indexes are indexes threshold ("event" or called "critical day" index), which report the number of cases (of days) during the contract, which occur in certain weather events, such as average daily temperature exceeds (or falls below) threshold. Types of derivatives ...
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...Weather often goes overlooked in literature just like in real life. In day to day life, when it is snowy, rainy, or sunny outside we do not put much thought into it. The weather is a natural occurrence that varies. It happens all the time. However, in terms of literature, the weather is a crucial aspect of a novel or movie. It reveals deeper details about a story. For instance, in a novel or movie, if the weather is sunny the characters are happy. The sunny weather reflects the mood of the characters. Clouds do the same thing. Clouds in a novel or book can foreshadow a storm or something bad is about to happen. Weather is simply not just weather. In the Wizard of Oz, the tornado wrecks havoc to everything in its path and causes upset...
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...the world. Continuing to gain popularity not only for the game itself, but also for the absurdly expensive and extremely entertaining commercials and the half-time performance; Super Bowl XVIII is expected to have an economic impact of approximately $500 million. So why did I choose to do my report on Super Bowl 2014? Well, I am a big fan of the Super Bowl and all I’ve been hearing lately is The Farmer’s Almanac prediction of a bitterly-cold, wet and white start to February for the mid-Atlantic region of the United States (Almanac Publishing Co.). So I thought it would be interesting to take a look into what type of weather the teams and performers would be challenged with. Image from 2013 Farmer’s Almanac with regional predictions for central and eastern US. For this reason, the focus of my research paper will be an analysis of variables directly affecting weather for East Rutherford, NJ on February 2nd, over that past 30 years. The dependent variable, wind chill, is determined by independent variables: wind speed, temperature, humidity and whether or not Punxsutawney Phil saw his shadow (otherwise known as could cover). The most important independent variable in determining wind chill during the winter months is temperature. The Wind Chill is the temperature your body feels when the air temperature is combined with the wind speed. My dependent variable is the wind chill for East...
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...Has weather ever affected you or your community in any way? Have you ever felt a way about weather that makes you uncomfortable. Paul, the residents of Lake Windsor Downs and Tangerine have tried to control weather and tried to stop it from affecting their community and they still have problems. The homeowners association have tried to stop the effects of weather with no success. In the novel the motif of weather is used to show that man cannot control nature no matter how hard they try. In Edward Bloor's novel, Tangerine citizens try to stop the effects of weather on their community. The freeze has brought lots of bad things to the groves in Tangerine. They have to ice the trees by covering them with water. They said that “32 degrees won’t...
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...How does Hannah Kent make the landscape and weather an integral part of the novel? Amidst the journey of the last woman executed in Iceland is the ‘nature [that] is watchful of all of us.’ Kent parallels the protagonist Agnes’ story alongside the force of the harsh Icelandic climate and country that ‘is as awake as you and I’ and often determines key events in the novel. The ominous foreshadowing of death represented in elements of the landscape highlights how the country is an essential aspect of the novel, often adding to the dramatic effect. Agnes’ road to spiritual redemption, both religion based and personal, is greatly influenced by the natural occurrences of the country. Ultimately, the harsh Icelandic conditions impact the lives of many characters, regularly wielding its power that can determine their paths. Despite Kent’s fundamental notion of the force of the nature, it is also the individuals of higher status that have the ability to control and enforce their will on others. Kent highlights the integral nature of the landscape by using motifs to foreshadow impending events. With Agnes’ forthcoming ‘execution,’ death is regularly referred to in the novel often by the ‘ravens in the sky.’ As she arrives at Korsna, where Agnes awaits her death, she hears ‘the caw of ravens’ and as demonstrated by Kent’s simile, are ‘dark shapes like omens.’ Thus this may imply that the ‘omen’ cements the notion from the exposition that Agnes’ fate has been determined. Kent renders...
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...Sarah Weathers was a twenty-one year old professional soccer player for the United States Women’s National Soccer team. When the team would practice, it would be when the sun was close to setting so that it wouldn’t be that hot. One day, there was a storm brewing but the players and coaches didn’t know that, so the practice went on. That cool windy night after practice had ended, Sarah wanted to say out a little later to perfect her fundamentals. Unknowingly, she had chosen the wrong day to stay out after practice. Keep in mind, the field they were on was about a football field and a half away from the closest building. Sarah was dribbling the ball down the field to the goal furthest from the building, and she felt a drop in her head, but she...
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...What is the difference between weather and climate? WEATHER -is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation in minutes to weeks. People generally think of weather as the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. We talk about changes in weather in terms of the near future: "How hot is it right now?" "What will it be like today?" and "Will we get a snowstorm this week?" * Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves and more. * The study of weather is called as Meteorology. * Weather is for a current period. * It prevails over a short area. * It has only limited predictability * It depends primarily on density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. CLIMATE-is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Climate information includes the statistical weather information that tells us about the normal weather, as well as the range of weather extremes for a location. * Climate may include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, and wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms over a long period of time. * The study of climate is called as Climatology. * Climate is the area's average weather over a certain amount of years. * It prevails...
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