...Introduction There are many theories which are used to explain personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between personality and attributes. The most well-known dispositional theories are factor, tract and Allport’s Psychology of individual theory (Paul, 2009). This chapter will discuss the differences between dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories, the strengths of both and how the Big Five personality test is used in the study of personality. The differences between dispositional and biological theories The assumptions of dispositional theories vary from those of other theorists because they provide the basis of study for personality. On the other hand, biological or evolutionary theories believe that personality development is mainly governed by biological maturation in an individual. Environmental factors which may also influence an individual personality are viewed as part of evolutionary theories (Peterson, 2013). Biological oriented personality theories argue that specific environmental factors are not necessary for a species development but the factors are viewed as a provider of opportunities for biological development. Environmental factors in biological theories are required for an individual personality functional and adaptive development. Dispositional theories bring together several thoughts about human personality. The basis of these theories is that human nature is a combination of both genetics and heritage...
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...The concepts encapsulated within the term ‘queer’, according to Corber and Valocchi, are those which define the “identities and practices that foreground the instability inherent in the supposedly stable relationship between anatomical sex, gender, and sexual desire” (2003: 1). In other words, Queer Theory attempts to illustrate that these things do not always align in predetermined and/or normative ways, and it is perhaps misguided to assume that they should. Corber and Valocchi refer to this notion in their suggestion that Queer Theory focuses on forms of sexuality which fall ‘outside’ of the typical binaries (2003:1). Queer writer Annemarie Jagose states the Queer Theory works to destabilise the belief in ‘natural’ sexuality by exposing the incoherencies that occur within the varying relationships of sex, gender, and sexuality (1996: 3). By having an analytical framework which includes numerous modes of sex/gender/sexuality combinations, such as cross-dressing, sadomasochism, and androgyny, Queer Theory acts in critical relation to the hegemonic social norms through which traditional sexual identities are governed and accepted (Weed and Schor, 1997: vii). Theorist David Halperin (1997) suggests that numerous varying degrees of difference and interpretation exist within any given from of sexuality - for example, there exist both feminine male homosexuals and masculine male homosexuals, and so on. Related to this is one Queer Theory’s central claims, which wishes to state...
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...| GRADUATE SCHOOL OFFICECoursework Submission Form | P03-F01 | INFORMATION | STUDENT TO COMPLETE IN FULL (To be fastened securely to the front of all coursework. It is your responsibility to also attach any additional items. E g. CD, …) Please tick if you are: Foundation Diploma √ Undergraduate Postgraduate Others Please Use Block Capitals 1 | Module Code & Title | ECON 0203 MACRO ECONOMICS | 2 | Course | | 3 | Name of Lecturer | MR PERZEUS JAMES | 4 | Submission Date | 3 APRIL 2015 | Please tick if this assignment is re-submission Please ensure that you have signed the declaration below before submitting your assignment. For group assignments, all students in the group must sign the declaration. I/We understand that: This assessment item is entirely my/our own original work, except where I/we have acknowledged use of source material [such as books, journal articles, other published material, the Internet, and the work of other student/s or any other person/s]. This assessment item has not been submitted for assessment for academic credits in this, or any other course at FTMS College or elsewhere. I/We understand that: The assessor of this assessment item may, for the purpose of assessing this item, reproduce this assessment item and provide a copy to another member of the college. The assessor may communicate a...
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...complex for evolutionary theory to explain it with reference to intelligent design. This states that some organisms are way too complex to have been created through evolution. For example, if you take away a feature from the eye it will not be able to see thus it would not have evolved as all its features were needed for it to be able to be classed as an eye. Secondly, Paley's watch analogy explains how the world shows design and order which proves that the world had to be designed rather than just have developed through evolution as the theory states. Thirdly, Plato was a philosopher who argued this physical world is the world of appearances thus it is all an illusion thus too complex for an evolutionary theory to explain it because you cannot actually explain an illusion because it is not even real in the first place. Moreover, it can be argued that the conditions on earth are too perfect to have been created by chance thus the universe is too complex for evolutionary theory to explain it because evolution cannot be the real cause that everything on earth is so perfect. In addition, it can be argued evolution is only a 'theory' thus it is not necessarily the real explanation for the reason why the universe is here. On the other hand, it can be argued that nothing is ever too complex because what is classed as complex is subjective thus if someone believed that the creation of the universe was not that complex , evolutionary theory can actually explain it...
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...Criterion Explanation of marketing 20% Unacceptable Marginal Mostly correctly stated, does not go beyond direct quotes of minimal content, shows little understanding Adequate Correctly stated, some extension of basic theory, mostly quoted or paraphrased, shows some understanding Proficient Comprehensively explained, goes beyond basic text, uses own words that demonstrates general understanding Exemplary Comprehensively explained, concept fully expanded, integrates multiple perspectives, demonstrates insight into the nuances of the concept Comprehensively explained, concept fully expanded, integrates multiple perspectives, demonstrates insight into the nuances of the concept Incorrect or missing Explanation of customer value 20% Incorrect or missing Mostly correctly stated, does not go beyond direct quotes of minimal content, shows little understanding Correctly stated, some extension of basic theory, mostly quoted or paraphrased, shows some understanding Comprehensively explained, goes beyond basic text, uses own words that demonstrates general understanding Link between customer value and marketing 20% Missing, or uses incorrect basis for linkage, or completely repetitive of explanation Connection between theory and example not made, no indication of understanding the business context The writing is of an unacceptable academic standard. Requires support from Learning Skills to correct Demonstrates some knowledge of the link between...
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...deals with theories, and the role they play in scientific explanation. Here I will try to paraphrase his explanation of theories as I understand it. A theory is introduced after a study has revealed a pattern of similarity in something which can be explained in the form of law. A theory should explain this pattern clearly, and help understand the original study even more. The claim of a theory must be very specific and easily explained otherwise it does not serve its purpose as a theory. Hempel then contrasts the neovitalistic doctrine and the Newtonian theory. Hempel notes the neovitalistic doctrine fails as a theory because unlike the Newtonian theory, it does not provide specific laws which state what will happen under specific circumstances. A good theory will have bridge principals which link unmeasurable entities with measurable aspects. Or it can link unmeasurables to an already established theory. If theories did not hold any link to something feasible or explainable, it would hold no power as a theory. It would not be able to serve its purpose as a theory. A bridge principal ties a theory to reality. Testability and explainability are only a basic component of a theory, Hempel claims. A theory should deepen an understanding, not just broaden it. A theory that highlights previously established laws does not have to prove that law without exception, but can show that there is exception to a law, demonstrating when that law will not hold true. A good theory can refute...
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...evaluate psychological explanations of depression: at least two Psychodynamic theories: * Outline : * Fixation at the oral stage (over or under gratification at the oral stage) results in dependency on caregiver and on other people. The dependant personality makes the constantly seek love and approval of others. * if the needs are not met the anger turns inwards ( later in life events like death, relationship break-up, job loss results in regression to the oral stage) results in depression. * Freud explained how, when a loved one is lost there is first a mourning period and then, after a while, life returns to normal. For some people however, the mourning period never seems to come to an end, they continue to exist in a state of permanent melancholia (depression). * Bibring psychodynamic theory states that depression is due to poor parenting. The child develops low self-esteem in contrast to the ideal self because the parents expect perfection on the child and can be critical. Evaluation: * This theory shows that early childhood experiences can affect vulnerability to depression, in later life the effects of early childhood experiences is supported by bowlby where the child attachment whether secure or insecure can affect later life relationship. * Freud’s theory is a good theory and is linked to the theory of Bowlby, insecure parent attachment. * Freud’s theory lacks falsifiability, because it cannot be operationalized and is based on the unconsciousness...
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...horrifying, there are theories of criminality that can help to explain the murderer. These theories draw from the backgrounds of the criminals, which have similarities and differences. John Wayne Gacey was a well-liked business man, who killed thirty-three men over an eight-year span before he was caught by the police (Gacy). The man had a troubled, abusive childhood in which his father beat his mother and belittled him, which causes noticeable, strange behaviors and a grandiose sense of self in adulthood; he was 36 years old when he was apprehended for the murders (Gacy). On the other hand, Bobby Thompson was only 10 years old when he murdered a two-year-old boy (Beyond All Reason). Bobby also had a troubled childhood, which had been a cycle of abuse that his maternal grandfather passed to his mother, whom continued the cycle to Bobby and his brothers (Beyond all Reason). These backgrounds can be used to assign theories of criminality to the murderers, to help explain the heinous crimes committed. First, Gacy’s crimes can be explained through several theories of criminality. The theories that best explain Gacy’s murders would be psychopathy, stimulation seeking theory, and containment theory. Gacy clearly...
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...COMM 89 Theory Paper Purpose: Evaluate the utility of an academic theory by examining its applications to everyday life. Enhance your ability to understand academic theory as explained by an outside source and to apply theoretical concepts with organization and clarity. Demonstrate original thought in analysis of utility. Preparation: 1. Choose an episode from your life. Choose one of the two following types of brief (1-3 minutes) real life communicative episodes (any communication interaction between 2 or more individuals). Do NOT attempt to use a movie scene. a) First-hand experience: an incident in which you met and/or communicated with someone. b) Observed episode: an incident in which you witnessed 2 or more others communicating. 2. Select a theory from those on the schedule prior to the midterm. Choose one that will help you understand your communicative episode and that might also be beneficial for understanding your future communication interaction. 3. Find at least one main academic source (NOT your textbook or lecture notes) that explains the theory. This main source must be published and will most likely to be either a chapter in an edited book or a journal article that provides a thorough explanation of the theory. A journal article with an experimental study is unlikely to provide a thorough explanation of the theory, but is a very useful additional source for discussing the utility of the theory. (Use these in your utility section.) Your textbook and...
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...Theory/Law Many Students tend to intermingle the two terms law and theory. A law can be explained as a tested observation that has perfect reliability without explanation of the origin. It is the knowledge of something in nature but without the explanation of how it came to be. For instance the Universal Law of Gravitation is a principle regularity of how two particles attract each other. Whereas a theory may be explained as an extension of a hypothesis intended to explain something in nature. For example The Big Bang Theory is a hypothesis that has gained attention and evidence to support it. Mayonnaise Experiment In my double blind study to test my hypothesis that mayonnaise facials cause warts in humans I will have two different groups, my control group and experimental group. The subjects who get the Mayonnaise facials will be in the experimental group and the subjects who receive a traditional facial crème will be the control group. The doctor or scientist in charge should not be informed of which group is the receiving the mayonnaise facials, this will cause neither the subject nor the researchers to form any unconscious bias. The experiment should consist of multiple races to show any other variables. This experiment will last one month with weekly reports from the subjects based on how the experiment is going if there are any side effects or if the facial seems to be working. FDA does not label milk that has been produced with hormone treatment. Since:...
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...Describe and discuss social facilitation theory. Refer to empirical evidence in your answer Social facilitation is the tendency people have to perform better on tasks when in the presence of others than when alone. Social inhibition, on the other hand, is the tendency people have to perform worse on certain tasks when in the presence of others. When in the presence of other people, we automatically become alert, or aroused. The body’s usual response in such situations is called the dominant response. The dominant response refers to the response that is the most likely response in a given situation. It can be thought of as such: if you’re very good at a task e.g. kicking a ball, then most of the time, when you try to kick the ball, you will kick it well. This might be a result of having practised a lot. In any case, it is the response that you’d most expect the body to give. However, if you were asked to perform a task that you’re very bad at, such as juggling, then the most natural response for the body to give would be to perform badly, because you don’t know how to perform the task very well. In short, for a task that you’re good at, or one that you’ve practised a lot, you will be very good, and so the dominant response will be to perform the task well. For one that you’re not very good at, the dominant response will be to perform badly People are aroused as a result of being watched by others. Arousal brings out the dominant response in a person. Hence, if a person is...
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...between science, pseudo-science and non-science. The goal of science is to discover what there is in the world and explain why it is and how it is (Hammerton, 2010, p.1). Science is helpful to answer some of these questions by presenting what the cause and impacts of different actions (Hammerton, 2010, p. 3). One of the significant characters of science is the construction of theories. Scientists usually want to explain the results of observation and experiment in terms of general theory rather than simply recording the results (Okasha, 2002, p. 2). Physics, biology, geology and psychology are within the domain of science (Hammerton, 2010, p. 1). However, some questions would be better explained by philosophy rather than science, such as evaluative questions, non-empirical questions, normative questions and questions related to personal experiences (Hammerton, 2010, p. 2). Pseudo-science refers to a theory that belongs to the domain of science, however, it is not scientifically testable. The philosopher Karl Popper thinks that the main differences between science and pseudo-science are whether the theory is scientifically testable. According to Popper, Marxism and Freudian psychology are in the domain of pseudo-science (Hammerton, 2010, p. 8)....
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...Okoro’s keyhole theory of conflict assumes that “textual conflicts consist in series of locked doors and actions in the text comprises in attempts to unlock these doors”. Further, this theory of textual conflict recognizes the importance of what Aristotle has called the “depth burden of the past” however, it explains this concept in a slightly different way. The keyhole theory explains that the state of the key hole at the point of opening directly affects the state of the keyhole at the exit door. As explained by mr Fidelis himself, what we see as a comedy is just the manner of actions that sees to the opening of all the doors in a text, by contrast, a tragedy thrives because the hero meets difficulties and is ultimately unable to open the exit door both incidents are as a result of opening the first door with either the right or the wrong key. According to A.N. Akwanya, the theory is ‘a comprehensive statement which means that it must apply in the same way to a vast range of objects’. This can be further explained to mean that a theory must overlook he distinct properties of the individual object. This raises the question : can F.U Okoro’s keyhole theory of conflict qualify as a theory? Again, to what extent can it be able to apply in the same way to a vast range of literary text. A literary text here covers both prose narratives and plays. THE KEYHOLE THEORY AND DRAMA Now, without further ado, I will set about examining the extent of applicability of this theory by using it...
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...ease of pollination and easy breeding cycle. These traits make RCBr an ideal candidate for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. Brassica rapa acts as a test subject in testing cross-pollination, allowing the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. The stems that were visible above the soil ranged from green to purple. The purple coloring was caused by anthocyanin. The anthocyaninless gene (anl), determines whether or not anthocyanin will be expressed. In the homozygous, recessive form (anl/anl), anthocyanin expression is completely suppressed, and the plant stems appear a bright green color. If the genotype is anl/ANL or ANL/ANL, then anthocyanin is expressed at varying levels and the plants are purple. The complete data was used to agree or disagree with Mendel’s theories. 2 INTRODUCTION Needs to have background and explains relevance of understanding genetics using cogent examples. Question, hypothesis and prediction clearly stated. Based on at least three independent sources (see below) with correct citations. Description and explanation of experimental system being used. 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Conveys experimental procedure in sufficient detail such that experiment could be repeated by a student next semester. Timeline of events is present. Past tense used. Written in narrative/prose form. Variations from prescribed protocol explained. Source of seed and genotype given. 4 RESULTS Complete set of data for all sections included, described in narrative...
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...view on the "religion vs. science" debate and putting it all into words. In this book, Collins follows of a Kantian-like tradition from not Michael Gardner but rather authors such as German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), attempting while not specifically naming the logician to combine the practical and the supernatural theories and views, the cold logical reason and the more emotional reason. In a three-part book, Collins successfully combines religion and science all into one central idea. In the first part of this book, Collins reveals his atheism-driven past and his later outlook towards a theistic-like worldview. He begins the book by rhetorically asking the readers a central question: “In this modern era of cosmology, evolution, and the human genome, is there still the possibility of a richly satisfying harmony...
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