...Theories for Dividend Policy and Factors Affecting Dividend Payout A Review of the Literature Prepared for, 11038 Corporate Finance 307 School of Economics and Finance Curtin Business School Curtin University Miri Sarawak Campus Abstract The main objective of this literature review is to highlight the major theories for dividend policy that have been discussed and argued by many researchers over the years. It is aim to helping firms’ management to set their dividend policy and provide additional knowledge to investors. The theoretical aspect is agency theory which has negative relationship between percentages of insiders and ratio of dividend payout. The signaling theory is applicable in the real world but there is no evidence to support changes in dividend payout signaling the current and future performance of the firm. Bird-in-the-hand theory which risk adverse investors prefer receive dividend now instead of sell their shares in future for capital gain and this theory was not agreed by MM. Next is tax preference theory to study whether the level of firm leverage ratio will affect the dividend payout but it is not applicable for Indian firms. Lastly will discuss about how firm size and financial leverage can affect the firms’ dividend payout. In conclusion, since firms are free to choose whether to distribute dividend or retained their earnings, so there are not right or wrong theories and factors for dividend policy. Government regulations on firms and corporate...
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...Corporate Payout Policy Select three publicly listed companies. Analyse their recent dividend decisions and use these to support your critical assessment of the main theories of corporate payout policies. Dividend policy is one of the most important decisions that a manager of a firm makes in order to achieve the goal of the firm, maximising shareholder wealth. Determining a company's corporate payout policy is a question of "how much, when, and how", that is, the value of the payouts, when to deliver the surplus cash to investors, and in what form should the payouts be delivered. Corporate payout policy is also one of the most polarising topics in finance. Theorists such as DeAngelo and DeAngelo (2006a, 2006b, 2008), and Fama and French advance a theory on the financial life-‐cycle of the firm determining dividend policy. Other academics are less sanguine about how dividends affect the value...
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...Question The dividend discount model tells us that the value of a firm is equal to the present value of its expected dividend payments. Some firms have never paid dividends and have no intention of doing so. Does this mean that these firms are worth nothing? Discuss with reference to academic research and theory. Answer 719 words Two schools about dividend policy: relevant dividend theory and irrelevant dividend theory The dividend discount model tells us the value of a firm is equal to the value of its expected dividend payments. The dividend discount model provides a means of developing an explicit expected return for the stock market. Elaborations on the simple dividend discount model provide an important tool for comparing relative values across a sample of individual stocks. [pic] V is the value of the stock. Dt is the expected dividend payment at the year t. K is the discount rate. Dividend policy has always been a baffling problem of financial management. In theoretical circles there are two schools about dividend policy: relevant dividend view and irrelevant dividend view. Relevant dividend view: Farrar, Salwyn and Gordon are representatives of this theory. Their theory is that company's dividend distribution has an impact on the value of the company. Dividend payment is not dispensable, but very necessary. It is an important strategy of a company. If the company’s choice of the dividend payment policy on the stock market changes , the company's...
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...“The dividend decision is unimportant to the wellbeing of a company.” Discuss Stock is a product of socialization production, and the earliest stock can be tracked back to 17th century. In terms of stock, dividend decision is an important concept, which can not be ignored. Dividend decision is defined as ‘Determines the division of earnings between payments to shareholders and retained earnings.’ ( http://finance.mapsofworld.com/corporate-finance/investment-decision/dividend.html ) Dividend decision is also called dividend policy, which has always been disputed. However, no matter how it is debated, dividend policy is very important to the healthy and orderly operation of a company. In the fist place,this essay will discuss the effect of different dividend policies on companies running, secondly indicate dividend decision should be changed to be fit for different growth periods and various investment opportunities, thirdly investigate how the refunding ability and cost of a company are affected by dividend policies, after that this paper will talks about the relationship between dividend decision and the structures of control rights to an enterprise, finally this article will evaluate the M&M theory and further prove that the importance of dividend policies for a corporation. There are diverse types of dividend policy, and each policy has different influence on corporations. Generally,Constant Payout Ratio (CPR), Constant Dollar Dividend Policy(CD), and Regular with Extras...
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...Summary The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between corporate governance on dividends payout in Canada to better understand "why companies pay dividends". In the light of agency theory, Adjaoud and Ben-Amar tested two competing hypothesis, which are outcome and substitution hypothesis. They chose Canada to examine the relationship between corporate governance and corporate dividend payments for two reasons; first, the comparability between Canada and USA from the perspective of stock market development, and legal protection offered to minority shareholders. Secondly, the difference between Canada and many other law countries in the concentration of ownership and the frequent use of dual class share. The two variables in the relationship are the dividend policy, the dependent variable, and the corporate governance, the independent variable. Adjaoud and Ben-Amar used the dividend payout as a proxy for dividend policy and Globe & Mail annual corporate governance rating as a proxy for corporate governance quality. The sample data used in the study was comprised of 714 firm-years listed on Toronto stock exchange. The sample was divided into two categories according to the dividend payouts, the first consist of 397 paying firms and 317 non paying firms. The processing of such sample data showed the following findings; 1- The result of regression of dividend payout on corporate governance score showed a positive relationship between corporate governance...
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...completed as a degree requirement for Masters of Business Administration (MBA). During the course taken our honorable teacher asked to prepare a report on dividend policy. We have chosen “Bata Shoe (Bangladesh) Ltd.” to study to prepare this report. The report is designed to gather practical knowledge from the corporate world. The objective is to get the experience of dividend policy that used in real corporate environment. It helps to integrate the knowledge learned in the class room from this course. ------------------------------------------------- Study Purpose: We are going to identify the theory which can be applicable for dividend policy to attract the investors. To find out the value of the corporation & scatter the importance of its uniqueness towards all the stakeholders, competitors and contemporary corporation. However, BATA has already demonstrated its excellence through good products to customers, but has not yet deceased his journey to titan its capital & Customers providing fruitful dividend. Bata is trying to formulate an accomplished dividend policy that offers the dividend after undertaking the investment for expanding the business and financial decision. ------------------------------------------------- Report Objective: The objective of the report is to know about the dividend policy of Bata Shoe (Bangladesh) limited. This report will help us to understand the appraisal process and to find out the scope of learning financing activities...
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...Abstract Dividend represent a source of cash flow shareholder and provide information about the forms performance .some shareholders expect to receive dividends, others are content to see an increase in share prices rise and no dividends .this is guided by the firm dividend policy .This paper will discuss what is dividend, dividend policy and the various factors that affect dividend policy used in the dividend policy in an organization.. Reference will be made to metropolitan teachers Sacco in Kenya. Table of content Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of content 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Metropolitan teachers Sacco 4 1.2 Financial system 5 1.2.1 Advantage of financial systems: VISUAL ASMAS 6 2.0 Dividend 7 3.0 Dividend Policy 9 3.1 How much to pay as dividend 10 3.2 When to pay dividend 11 4.0 Dividend policy theories 12 4.1 The Modigliani and Miller Theorem 12 4.2 The residual theory 14 4.3 The Gordon / Lintner (Bird-in-the-Hand) Theory 14 4.4 The Tax-Preference Theory 16 4.5The Agency 17 4.6 The Signalling 17 4.7 The Clientele Effect 18 REFERENCES 19 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Company profile: Metropolitan teachers Sacco Metropolitan Teachers SACCO Society was registered on 10th February 1977 as Kiambu Teachers SACCO and continued to operate as such until 2nd July 2009 when we were granted the change of name certification. Originally, the SACCO was intended to serve primary school teachers in Kiambu District, Central...
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...Dividend policy theories (By Munene Laiboni) 1. Introduction: Dividend policy theories are propositions put in place to explain the rationale and major arguments relating to payment of dividends by firms. Firms are often torn in between paying dividends or reinvesting their profits on the business. Even those firms which pay dividends do not appear to have a stationary formula of determining the dividend payout ratio. Dividends are periodic payments to holders of equity which together with capital gains are the returns for investing in a firm’s stock. The prospect of earning periodic dividends and sustained capital appreciation are therefore the main drivers of investors’ decisions to invest in equity. In this paper, we explore various theories which have been postulated to explain dividend payment behavior of firms. Major Schools of thought: At the heart of the dividend policy theories discussion are two opposing schools of thought: One side holds that whether firms pay dividends or not is irrelevant in determining the stock price and hence the market value of the firm and ultimately its weighted cost of capital. In retrospect, the opposing side holds that firms which pay periodic dividends eventually tend to have higher stock prices, market values and cheaper WACCs. The existence of these two opposing sides has spawned vast amounts of empirical and theoretical research. Scholars on both sides of the divide appear relentless on showcasing the case for their arguments. Several...
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...IGHOFOSE FELIX OGHENEROBOH 20FBNKRN1114 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IMPACT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON SHARE PRICE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY OF COMMERCIAL BANK LISTED IN NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE SUBMITTED TO PROF. NIRMALYA B BISWAS ABSTRACT Dividend decision is a vital financial decision any company must make a side from financing decision and investment decision. Ordinary shareholders who are the owners of the company by contributing the capital to run the business are entitled to get returns from the profit made by the company after all obligations or other interest had been met; the policy adopted by the company on how dividend should be paid, how much should be paid and the proportion of profit to be retained is known as dividend policy. Company’s major goal is wealth maximization of shareholders and this can be achieved either by paying returns which is called dividend or through share appreciation by reinvesting the retained profit in to profitable investment. Though a lot of research has been carried out on how dividend policy affect shareholders wealth less has been done on the impact of dividend policy adopted by the Commercial Banks in Nigeria on share price (Market price per shares) of the ordinary shareholders who invested in Banks shares. The aim and purpose of this research is to find out how dividend policy has impacted the MPS (Market price per shares) of an ordinary shareholder in Commercial Banks. This current study will carry out a cross sectional study on the...
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...Earnings or Cash Dividends? From the firm’s perspective, net income can be retained and reinvested or else paid out as cash dividends. The opportunity cost of one alternative is the other alternative. We already saw this when covering the cost of capital. Remember the cost associated with retained earnings (internal equity)? It was the going rate of return on the firm’s stock, since that is what we expect that the stockholders could earn if they were paid cash dividends that they would reinvest. A firm that cannot earn the going rate of return on its investments should pay out its money so the investors can earn that rate of return elsewhere. Likewise, if the firm pays cash dividends it gives up any opportunities present with earnings retention. A company with great growth opportunities that are expected to earn more than the company’s cost of capital would be giving up stockholder wealth increases if it paid cash dividends. Dividend Policy Theory We start our coverage of dividend policy theory with three extreme positions, labeled "basic views." These serve as benchmarks for thinking about the importance of dividend policy. They are all based on assumptions that leave out important pieces to the dividend puzzle. So after we cover them, we will proceed by taking into account some other factors that will help to "improve our thinking." Three basic views The three basic (and rather extreme) views of dividend policy are: dividends are irrelevant, higher dividends are always better...
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...should give back to its investors or not. Haveloche is constantly faced with the predicament of deciding what dividend policy is best for the organization and the investors. The company’s CEO listed the stock prices and dividends for us to take a look at, so let us do just that. Below are the two scatter plots created from the information given in the case. The first scatter plot charts the dividend and the stock price. As you can see from the scatter plot, there is no obvious correlation between the two. The dividend does not necessarily move in the same direction or the opposite direction of the stock price. The second scatter plot charts the change in the stock price with the dividend. As you can also see with this scatter plot, there is no real correlation between these two. There are 3 theories of investor preference for dividend versus capital gains: (1) Dividend Irrelevance Theory or Modigliani Miller (2) “Bird-in-the-hand” Theory (3) Tax Preference Theory. According to Modigliani Miller (MM), the dividend policy has not effect on the stock price of the firm or the cost of capital. This theory states that investors reinvest the dividends back into the firm and the firm’s value is only based on the income produced from its assets, and not the dividends and retained earnings. According to the second theory, the “Bird-in-the-hand” theory, dividends are known and stable and...
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... February 2006 Corporate Dividend Policy Authors Henri Servaes Professor of Finance London Business School The Theory and Practice of Corporate Dividend and Share Repurchase Policy Peter Tufano Sylvan C. Coleman Professor of Financial Management Harvard Business School Editors James Ballingall Capital Structure and Risk Management Advisory Deutsche Bank +44 20 7547 6738 james.ballingall@db.com Adrian Crockett Head of Capital Structure and Risk Management Advisory, Europe & Asia Deutsche Bank +44 20 7547 2779 adrian.crockett@db.com Roger Heine Global Head of Liability Strategies Group Deutsche Bank +1 212 250 7074 roger.heine@db.com The Theory and Practice of Corporate Dividend and Share Repurchase Policy February 2006 Executive Summary This paper discusses the theory and practice of corporate dividend and share repurchase policy drawing on the results of a recent survey. Theoretical Considerations The table below lists the factors that are important in the choice between dividends and repurchases as a payout mechanism Factor Taxes Conveying information Management bonding Shareholder rights Investor preferences Attracting monitors Managing EPS Changing capital structure Residual policy Dominating Payout Form Depends Depends on time horizon Dividends Depends on other factors Depends on preferences Depends on other factors Repurchases Depends on other factors Depends on other factors Survey Results Dividends continue to be the most important...
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...Chapter 17 Distributions to Shareholders: Dividends and Repurchases ANSWERS TO BEGINNING-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 17-1 Investors who prefer a high payout policy would generally (a) need current cash income and (b) be in a low income tax bracket. Those who prefer a low payout would not need cash currently and would be in a high tax bracket. Universities and other tax-exempt institutions, and many retirees, are examples of those who prefer cash dividends, while people in their peak earning years often prefer low payouts. If someone holds a low payout stock and wants more cash income, he or she can sell the stock and buy a high payout stock, but that would result in brokerage costs and possibly capital gains taxes. If you owned a high payout stock and wanted less dividends, you could (1) sell out and switch to a low dividend stock, (2) try to get the company to lower its payout (while possibly starting a stock repurchase program), or (3) join a dividend reinvestment plan. Selling would involve brokerage costs and possibly capital gains taxes. The dividend reinvestment plan would avoid brokerage fees, but you would have to pay taxes currently even if you reinvest the dividends. You would have a good chance of getting the company to follow your advice under Point 2 if your name were Warren Buffett. 17-2 Here are the three theories, which are illustrated in the BOC model. They should be thought of as applying to investors in the aggregate and not to each...
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...ABSTRACT This report focuses on the concept of Dividend Policy used in a firm. It talks about the importance of using a Dividend Policy which is giving a share to the stockholders. A dividend policy is first known as a heavy factor in a company’s stock value and is a set of company rules and guidelines used to decide how much the company will pay out to its shareholders. The report then highlights the common theories and models used in dividend policy decision in an organization. The feasibility of the concept had been further exemplified with the case study of City Lodge Hotels Limited and Microsoft vs Berkshire Hathaway which depicts two companies that do not believe in using a dividend policy and a lodging company that believes in keeping dividends. Keywords Dividend Policy, Residual Dividend Policy, Shareholders, Walter Model, MM Model, Dividend Irrelevancy. INTRODUCTION Dividend policy is the policy used by a company to decide how much it will pay out to shareholders in dividends. In financial accounting course, it is said that after deducting expense from the revenue, a company generates profit. Part of the profit is kept in the company as retained earnings and the other part is distributed as dividends to shareholders. From the share valuation model, the value of a share depends very much on the amount of dividend distributed to shareholders. Deciding on the amount of earnings to pay out as dividends is one of the major financial decisions that a firm’s managers...
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...11/3/2008 FIN720 | Baitshepi Tebogo| 9302747|MBA | term paper | CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND DIVIDEND POLICY DISCUSSION: How does Standard Chartered Bank Botswana contribute to this discussion? | TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Historical Background 4 Literature Review 6 Research Objectives 21 Methodology 22 Challenges 23 Methods 24 Data Analysis 25 Conclusion and Recommendations 27 References 28 Appendices 32 ABSTRACT The paper begins by highlighting the historical background of Standard Chartered Bank, and its evolution over the years, and how it eventually got to set up in business in Botswana. After this, the paper delves into the capital structure and dividend policy theories at length. The theories are at first discussed separately, and then meticulously blended as the report progresses. In addition, after a more general discussion, the topic is narrowed down to reflect on the capital structure subsisting under a banking environment. Empirical evidence from Standard Chartered Bank Botswana is then presented to assist future researchers reflect on how it stands against conventional theory. The result of the empirical study shows positive correlation between capital structure and dividend payment; and an even stronger correlation is evident between earnings per share and dividend payment. The paper, however, ends by recommending further studies using larger sample...
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