...Conspiracy theory Protective sense of human-beings naturally help observe others’ action whether it is hostile or not. A person, who is suspicious of persecutory actions from others around him for some or no reason due to excessive protective sense, is said to be jealous. When this sense goes even further, it becomes a disease. In medicine, it’s called paranoia. This is one type of schizophrenia. Paranoia leads one to reach quick conclusion about why a bad thing has happened to him, accuse the suspect easily and overlook one’s easy conclusion. This disease is common in any society. Personal analysis is much better and healthier and therefore less prone to this disease while paranoia at the level of society is more common as it is more prone. Psychologists say that this has to do with the fact that individuals are directly responsible for consequences of his action while no one is held responsible for actions of society as a whole. Society is much more susceptible to paranoia and is easy to escalate it once infected. In other words, society holds much stronger conviction in order to find the person guilty of causing bad things got them. It’s very common for social paranoia to be directed towards people with different nationality, religion and beliefs, and different social strata. Its symptoms manifest in accusation and suspicion. Victims of social paranoia tend to be accused of having supernatural power and association with witches, and of plotting evil conspiracy. This delusion...
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...Cognitive Theorist – Jean Piaget Terry Cross University of Phoenix 10/17/2014 Contribution of the theorist in the field of learning Jean Piaget was one of the pioneer psychologists who concentrated on the systematic analysis of cognitive development. Jean Piaget contributed in the field of learning by developing a theory of cognitive development in children. His detailed and close observational studies of children’s cognition in addition to administering ingenious tests to children revealed varying cognitive abilities. Piaget’s drive to study the cognitive development in children was informed by the psychological assumption that children have reduced or less thinking competency that adults. As such, Piaget made observations that children have a different mode of thinking compared to adult members of the society. Piaget established that children have innate and basic genetically inherited and evolved mental structures upon which later knowledge and learning stems from (Piaget, 1936). The cognitive theory developed by Piaget contributes to the understanding of cognitive development in children. Cognitive development theory by Piaget concentrates more on the cognitive development and does not argue about learning and acquiring information on given behaviors. Cognitive theory details elaborate stages of cognitive development that differ from one another. As such, the cognitive theory contributes to the field of cognition by explaining processes and systems by...
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...Theories and Theorists Application 1 Week 5 Kimberly Perkins Walden University Theory is described as “a set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomena” (Creswell, 2009). There are multiple theories that are used in the field of psychology such as Cognitive Behavioral Theory, Learning Theory and Personality Theories to name a few. For the purpose of this paper I have chosen to further explore the Humanistic and Developmental Theories. Humanistic Theory believes that humans are different from all organisms and that they control all events and destinies that shape the world around them (Crandell, Crandell and Zanden, 2009). Humanistic theorists believe in the holistic approach, the whole individual and their surroundings are taken into account and they are not just seen as a number or data that is being collected. These theorists argue that “scientific inquiry should be directed toward helping people achieve freedom, hope and self-fulfillment ( Crandell et al. 2009). The goal in mind for this theory is to have the individual viewed as the controller of their situation, making the individual more motivated and have increased self-esteem. One of the greatest Humanistic theorists in my opinion was Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park Illinois. Roger’s initial major was in agriculture however after 2 years he...
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...A Comparison of Theorists Many of the greatest theorists of the past decade have helped form the foundation of knowledge. In this paper, this writer will compare two of the most talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) BF Skinner renowned for his theory of Operant Behavior (Maslow and Skinner: n.d.). He is known for, his leadership in the field behavior modification through conditioning. This states that behavior is affected by the consequence that follows the behavior. This is a practice teachers, utilize in the classrooms every day as part of the classroom management process: if the behavior of the child or children is unacceptable, the consequence will not be favorable. If the behavior is positive, the consequences will also be positive. Really, Skinner's theory states that good behavior is reinforced while bad behavior is reprimanded (Maslow and Skinner, n.d.). Ultimately, Skinner believed that in order to change behavior there had to be a positive stimulus to reinforce that behavior. Added...
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...Cognitive Theorist PSY/390 Elizabeth Schnobrich September 15, 2014 The cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought process. In humans, it is assumed that thoughts are the primary determinants of emotions and behavior. The cognitive theory mainly rejects behaviorism because it reduces complex human behavior to simple cause and effect. However, there has been a trend going around the past decade or so that leans towards merging the two into what is known as cognitive behavioral theory. This allows therapists to use more techniques to help achieve goals. One cognitive theorist who is well known throughout psychology is Edward C Tolman. Edward C Tolman was a very influential theorist who introduced many new concepts and vocabulary into the field of psychology. Before psychology, Edward C Tolman studied engineering. He spent a majority of his career at Berkeley and eventually earned his Ph.D. at Harvard. He enjoyed working with his research students and confesses that he received many of his ideas from the students themselves. Behaviorist said that psychology should study observable behavior and that nothing happens between stimulus and response. Basically, there are no cognitive processes that take place. Edward Tolman challenged these behaviorist by proposing that people and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as suggested. “Tolman believed individuals do more than merely...
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...Nursing Theorist: Betty Neuman Nursing Theorist: Betty Neuman Intro Nursing theories are the basic concepts that define nursing practice and provide the explanation to why nurses do what they do. Nurses are exposed to theories everyday in clinical practice. During any given day, a nurse will utilize multiple nursing theories. These theories guide how a nurse treats patients, how tasks are performed, assessments completed and interventions established. By studying nursing theory, it allows the nurse to sharpen critical thinking skills. One such theorist is Betty Neuman. Betty Neuman Educational background and career path Used widely in today’s nursing, Betty Neuman began developing her system many years ago. In 1947 she received RN Diploma from Peoples Hospital School of Nursing, Akron, Ohio. She then moved to California and gained experience as a hospital, staff, and head nurse; school nurse and industrial nurse; and as a clinical instructor in medical-surgical, critical care and communicable disease nursing. In 1957 Dr. Neuman attended the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) with double major in psychology and public health. She received BS in nursing from UCLA. In 1966 she received Masters Degree in Mental Health; Public Health Consultation from UCLA ("Nurses Info," “n.d.”, p. 1) Neuman developed a widely used theory model named, Neuman’s Systems Model in 1970. There are many aspects of today’s nursing that uses Neuman’s model. Define Neuman’s metaparadigm...
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...Theories and Theorists Zsofia Kappelman-Arany Walden University Theories and Theorists I am completing a master’s degree in Culture of Psychology. One of my goals is working with children in the future. Therefore, it is crucial to understand human development theories that I will be able to use in my work. Human development theories can help professionals examining how a person’s behavior and personality improves during the lifespan (Berk, 2010). For this assignment, I chose two key theories that address human development. I will introduce and analyze Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. I will identify similarities and differences. Finally, I will discuss how these theories relate to my goals in research. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss theorist who conducted research studies on cognitive development. Although he observed his own children, his theory is one of the key theories of human development. Piaget published several books on childhood development, psychology, moral judgment, and intelligence (Berk, 2010). Few of his major works that I will use for this assignment are: The Moral Judgment of the Child (1948), The Early Growth of Logic in the Child (1964), Biology and Knowledge (1971). Piaget’s four stages address infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence (Mussen, 1983). Piaget believed that there is a significant connection between biological and cognitive...
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...Cognitive Theorist – Jean Piaget Terry Cross University of Phoenix 10/17/2014 Contribution of the theorist in the field of learning Jean Piaget was one of the pioneer psychologists who concentrated on the systematic analysis of cognitive development. Jean Piaget contributed in the field of learning by developing a theory of cognitive development in children. His detailed and close observational studies of children’s cognition in addition to administering ingenious tests to children revealed varying cognitive abilities. Piaget’s drive to study the cognitive development in children was informed by the psychological assumption that children have reduced or less thinking competency that adults. As such, Piaget made observations that children have a different mode of thinking compared to adult members of the society. Piaget established that children have innate and basic genetically inherited and evolved mental structures upon which later knowledge and learning stems from (Piaget, 1936). The cognitive theory developed by Piaget contributes to the understanding of cognitive development in children. Cognitive development theory by Piaget concentrates more on the cognitive development and does not argue about learning and acquiring information on given behaviors. Cognitive theory details elaborate stages of cognitive development that differ from one another. As such, the cognitive theory contributes to the field of cognition by explaining processes and systems by...
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...• Theorist • His/her education and experience • Primary focus of study • Outline of their theory of grief including steps/tasks if any • Your opinion about this theory and whether you feel it would be helpful or unhelpful to you in a time of loss • Your critique of this theory positive or negative I choose to do my grief theorist paper on Elisabeth Kubler Ross. Elisabeth Kubler Ross was born on July 8th, 1926 in Zurich Switzerland and died on August 24, 2004. Against the wishes of her father, Ms. Ross attended the University of Zurich: Medical School after she spent time volunteering at a refugee relief camp, during WWII, and visiting a Nazi death camp. There she realized that her true calling in life was psychiatry. She graduated in 1957 from the University and traveled to New York to continue her studies. In New York, she met and married, Emmanuel Ross, who happened to be a fellow medical student. In 1958, Kubler-Ross began her fellowship at Manhattan State Hospital, here she had her first encounter with terminally ill patients. Kubler-Ross bore witness to the poor, inhumane treatment of these patients. It appalled Ms. Ross and she was inspired to begin a workshop that focused on meeting the needs of those individuals who were dealing with terminal illness. The workshop, which she taught herself, helped medical students recognize the needs of these patients and the special care that they needed. After leaving New York in 1962, Kubler-Ross...
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...MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE NUR-240 Professional Transitions June 7, 2011 Myra Estrin Levine is known as a Nursing theorist for creating “The Conservation Model”. Levine obtained a diploma in 1944 and attained her B.S in 1949 and completed M.S.N in 1962 from Wayne State University. She served as a consultant to hospitals and schools of nursing. She also provided a teaching structure for medical-surgical nursing and established “The Four Conservation Principles”. “She explicitly linked health to the process of conservation model views health as one of its essential components” (Levine, 1991). The three major concepts of the Conservation Model are 1) wholeness, 2) adaption, and 3) conservation. “Whole, health, hale all are derivations of the Anglo- Saxon word hal” (Levine, 1973, p.11). Myra Levine based her use of wholeness as an open system, which meant exploring the parts of the whole. The next concept according to Levine was adaption, “a process of change whereby the individual retains his integrity within the realities of his internal and external environment” (Levine, 1973, p.11). This process allows in creating an economy where there is safety for the individual/patient. There are three characteristics of adaption: 1) Historicity, 2) Specificity, and 3) Redundancy. Levine states that adaptive patterns are developed and hidden in the individuals’ genetic code and that redundancy means that there is an option for the individual to achieve adaption, which is fail – safe option...
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...Part 1: Machiavelli, Fayol and Taylor The 20th century was remarkable for the rise of the professional manager – often basing his or her approach to management on a particular theory or favoured guru. MBA students all over the world have investigated these theories and written countless assignments discussing their value. As we progress through the 21st century, are these theories still relevant or have they had their day? This article is the first in a three-part series that looks at ten influential theorists and the influence they still have. The series does not attempt to create a ‘top ten’ or rank contributions in any way (they are presented in chronological order), but aims to provide food for thought and debate. Part 1 looks at Machiavelli, Fayol and Taylor – three famous theorists who have all passed into management mythology, but whose views are sometimes misunderstood. MANAGEMENT THEORISTS In a three-part series, Dilys Robinson looks at ten influential theorists and assesses their influence in business today Thinkers for the 21st century? NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, 1469–1527 The end justifies the means achiavelli lived in Florence, where he worked for the Florentine state as a secretary, then a diplomat. His best known work, The Prince,1 is based on his observation of Cesare Borgia – a cunning, cruel and self-seeking man. Machiavelli did not regard Cesare Borgia as an ideal person, but thought that, under him, the Florentines could unite Italy – and this was his...
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...Nursing Theorist Timothy Mack University of Phoenix Theories and Models of Nursing Practice NUR/403 Judith Mc Leod July 25, 2010 Nursing Theorist The theorist that I have chosen is Dorothea Orem. This theory describes the role of nursing in helping a patient’s who can no longer care for themselves (Mosby, 2009). The theory is divided into three parts; universal, developmental, and health deviation. Orem’s Theory The universal portion of Orem’s theory consists of the self care that a patient needs to meet their physiologic and psychosocial need. The developmental portion of the theory covers the care when coping through developmental stages, and the health deviation, which cover the care a patient need when theory health has deviated from their normal state. Theory History Dorothea Orem was born in Baltimore Maryland in 1914. After receiving a diploma in nursing, she attended the Providence Hospital School of Nursing earning a BSN degree in 1939. In 1945 he received the MSN degree from Catholic University of America. Dorothea Orem developed her theory in 1959, with the purpose of guiding nurses to assist patients in performing self care. The nurse was to assess the reasons the patient could not perform tasks of their self care and to assess them in discovering ways the patient will be able to meet their self care needs (Potter & Perry, 2009). Orem’s model was designed to assess nurses in assisting a patient to be able to care for their needs. Orem’s...
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...A BRIEF STUDY OF NURSING THEORIES ACCORDING TO FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, JEAN WATSON AND MADELEINE LEININGER TOLULOPE ADEDIWURA MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Nursing as a profession is based on concrete (scientific, philosophical, behavioral, social, and humanities among others), concepts and theories by past and current nursing theorists. These theorists have helped shape the profession from 19th century till date. New theories are emerging due to advance in health care, as off-shoot of previous theories and also as addition to suit present day application. This paper shall look at the works (theories) of Florence Nightingale; Environmental theory, Jean Watson; Human caring theory, and Madeleine Leininger; Culture care diversity and universality and how it relates with Minot State University’s mission statement and philosophy. In addition, the paper will venture into the merits and demerits of these theories. These nursing theorists viewed nursing differently but, have a common goal in aiming to deliver service to clients using different methods. This adds to the dynamism inherent in nursing profession and provides platform upon which improvements are made. Nightingale focuses on manipulating the environment to cater for health needs of patients and prevention of illnesses. Jean Watson presents a care approach view at nursing. She ultimately support the value of caring relationship in dealing with clients. While Madeleine Leininger stress the importance of cultural understanding...
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...Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson were famous theorists of the 20th century, who had enormous impacts on the cognitive developmental research. They were intrigued by the question: how does the human mind develop? They all had great ideas that are still relevant to our lives and useful in our teaching practice, but there are some aspects that are in contrast with recent research. Piaget’s main significance was that he was the first psychologist who made a “systematic study of cognitive development” (McLeod, 2009, n.p.). He identified four developmental stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational (Funderstanding, 2011). He believed these stages were universal, uninfluenced by social or cultural factors (McLeod, 2009). This theory conflicts with Vygotsky’s idea, who emphasized the importance of the social and cultural factors. Gladwell (2008) also stresses the decisive role of culture in someone’s life. In Outliers, he notes: “The culture we belong to and the legacies passed down by our forebears shape the patterns of our achievement in ways we cannot begin to imagine” (Gladwell, 2008, p. 19). According to Vygotsky, social interactions and cooperation with others help children’s development (McLeod, 2007). Based on this belief he developed two principles, called the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and the More Knowledgeable Other (MNO), (McLeod, 2007). Vygotsky stated that before development occurs, first social learning...
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...Henri Fayol and Max Weber are two different organizational theorists that came up with the concepts and ways to manage their workers or employees. They both developed scientific management theories to encourage production efficiency and productivity. Henri Fayol introduced a general theory of management with a set of principles, which are still used today in modern business. His principles are as followed: 1) unity of command - each individual worker should receive orders from only one specific manager 2) hierarchy of authority - each individual worker should know whom to report to, chain of command 3) division of labor - specific areas that require much attention should be divided either into groups and or individuals 4) subordination of individual interests to the general interests - the interests of the group or organization are more valuable than the interests of an individual 5) authority - the right to give orders and the power to impose compliance, having responsibility is having accountability, (assuming authority also assumes responsibility, both are closely related) 6) degree of centralization - is the amount of managerial control that a specific manager can express 7) clear communication channels - every individual worker should be able to contact any other worker with ease and no hesitation 8) order - all resources and people should fit in it's appropriate setting 9) equity - all employees should be treated as an equal and with respect 10) esprit de corps - a spirit...
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