...psychological habit to break. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behavior and try smoking. There is an almost immediate effect on our brains with those first cigarettes, so we keep smoking to get this reward. Later we learn to associate smoking with other activities such as drinking coffee, going to the bar, etc. We can become conditioned so just the thought of the activity triggers the need for a cigarette, just like Pavlov's dogs learned to drool at the sound of a bell. These psychological associations remain when smokers try to quit. Finally, you learn to keep smoking, because if you try to quit you are punished by withdrawal symptoms - irritability, snappiness, lack of concentration. Having a cigarette gets rid of these symptoms, negatively reinforcing the desire to carry on smoking. Such conditioning keeps you hooked on smoking because the reward when you smoke is instant, whereas it takes years before you become aware of the damage in terms of your health. Similarly, when you try to quit, the 'punishment' of withdrawal symptoms comes quickly, whereas the benefits of better health take longer to realize. Although smokers sometimes claim they are more productive than nonsmokers because smoking allows them time to reflect on their work goals, smokers overall are less productive. A 2007 Tobacco...
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...students their urges towards these actions. By doing so, it will assist in understanding the motives, attitudes, and urges on a deeper level by evaluating “why” they want what they want, and “why” they did what they did. Another issue that the authors wanted to acknowledge is the college students’ reactions as well as their actions. They wanted to understand how the students would react to a change in the smoking policy at their college and what they would do to fix it if they did not like it or how they would help enforce the policy if they did like it. Cho and DeVaney conducted their research in two types of methods: field observation and semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Within the field observation, the authors watched about 65 smokers throughout a 7-day period. This included which times they smoked, what occurred or any events that happened while they were smoking, and the different places they smoked. During this time, the reactions that non-smokers had towards the smokers were also noted. During the one-on-one...
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...One of my habits is smoking, and I developed this habit due to influence from my peer many years ago. The role models for the smoking habit were some of my friends who used to smoke cigarettes. When I joined a group of friends who used to smoke, I found myself smoking too, and it is now became a daily habit. They encouraged me and I started smoking slowly, but it became a habit. From the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2006), a habit is acquired behavior pattern being developed through constant repetition. Therefore, I kept smoking every day, and the smoking behavior became automatic. I now continue smoking because I am addicted to it. This is because smoking has caused some changes in my body and the way I act to them thus continuing to smoke. The changes in the ways I act have now developed over time, and these changes have become my smoking habit. For example, when I am stressed, I use cigarettes as an outlet for my frustrations. I am used to a smoking environment where my friends keep on smoking thus making me continue smoking. There has been a time I attempted to break this habit, to no avail. Kleinman and Messina-Kleinman (2000) argue that ignorance is one of the causes that contribute to persistent smoking. The government has tried to raise awareness on smoking, but the tobacco companies have increased advertisement of tobacco. Thus, it is difficult for people to break the habit of smoking. Moreover, tobacco has nicotine that makes one addicted thus making it hard for...
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...Tools and Programs to help quit smoking 2.1 Increase in the price of tobacco Raising cigarettes taxes is considered a long term method of controlling smoking, which is prevailing in the society. According to meta-analysis in 2003, statistics from 86 research papers show more than 50% of smokers were influenced by increase of tobacco price, which means a 10% tobacco price increase would result in 2.4% less smokers (Martire, Mattick, Doran&Hall, 2010). Therefore, the effects of increasing cigarette prices have a significant influence on decreasing the consumption of tobacco. Furthermore, Hayes (2011) claims that if the government of New Zealand follows the policy completely, the deaths caused by smoking in ten years will decrease up to 300 each year. Consequently, the World Health Organization suggests that regulating the price of tobacco is the most efficient measure to reduce smoking (WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, as cited in Hayes, 2011). 2.2 Legislative response According to Hayes (2011), the main barrier in the process of controlling smoking efficiently is that government lack of policy. It means that the government policies would not only focus on the cigarettes consumers, but also on supervising the authorized tobacco sellers. In 1985, a legislation was enacted in New Zealand, children under 16 years old were prohibited to buy cigarettes (Hayes, 2011). In addition, National Public Health Partnership (2000) notes that ACT, Western Australia and South...
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...essential to find out more about the reasons and compulsiveness of the college smoker in order to help the smoker cope with situations that cause them to smoke. College students have had lower smoking rates than people the same age who are not in college, but the gap is narrowing. It shrunk from 20.0% in 1980 to 10.0% by 1999 (Halperin, 2002). Surprisingly, most of the people who start smoking in college only smoke socially and when around others. Most of those who exclusively smoke during parties do not even consider themselves as smokers (Kimberly Waters 2010). The rest who were smokers before they entered college are mostly the ones that smoke cigarettes habitually and by themselves (Patterson, F 2004). For many students, smoking is synonymous to college life. Most college students are bound to enjoy partying and found freedom when they reach the legal drinking age. Many develop the habit of smoking when they are drinking. Students may believe that smoking calms them during high-stress situations like class workload, earning money while at school and social difficulties (Ireland, Jae. 2010). Social statuses were a factor in why students smoke. Areas where people have low income were more likely to smoke because of the marketing and availability of tobacco products. A study taken in Karachi, Pakistan showed that students from low-income areas with fewer resources are more likely to become smokers. Tobacco products were easily accessible in these areas (Rozi et.al 2007)...
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...Human behavior is learned, plus all behaviors can be unlearned and new behaviors learned in its place. Behaviorist believe that the only things that are worth studying are things that we can see and observe. The research-based model for social and cognitive approaches specifies how an individual’s implicit theories direct them towards particular and specific goals and how these goals set up the different patterns. This shows an example of how each feature (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) of the adaptive and maladaptive patterns can be seen to follow directly from different goals. I am twenty two years old, over the last seven years of my life I have developed a nasty habit of smoking cigarettes. I have realized the fact that I am a true smoker when I started working at the age of sixteen, this only helped me develop my habit even worse when I started stressing about work at such an early age. I usually don’t like to point fingers and play the blame game over my own habits but I did have important role models in my life that influenced me on smoking cigarettes. These role models just so happen to be my two older brothers and both of my parents. It is really not their fault for my habit because every individual in life makes their own decisions. Not only my immediate family smokes but also my grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. I would have to say this habit of smoking cigarettes has been a huge habit for my whole family tree, or at least since the...
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...opportunities that are offered. However, if I would have known how badly my asthma would be effected by cigarette smoke here, it wouldn’t have been my first Oshier 2 choice and I’m sure many people feel the same way. “The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that for every person who dies from a smoking-related disease, 20 more people suffer with at least 1 serious illness from smoking.” As a college, the health of students is supposed to be promoted not ignored. This problem will not be fixed overnight but we could begin with one campus transforming at a time. If campuses began to implement designated smoking areas for the faculty, students, and visitors, we would be heading in the right direction. This system in theory should decrease the amount of people smoking on the...
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...for medical purposes. However, many people believe marijuana is a gateway drug and can lead you to other harmful drugs. That is not the case because people have control over what they put into their bodies. Medical marijuana is legal in some states but it should also be legal in Virginia. Medical marijuana should be made legal in Virginia because it can help those with medical conditions, medical marijuana is a classified drug that has not caused a single death, and it can help those who are on chemotherapy. Medical marijuana can be used...
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...contact with secondhand smoke on airplanes she contracted lung cancer. Gail Routh sued the tobacco industry for lung cancer and bronchitis that was linked to the expose to secondhand smoke (Hudson, 2004).” In 1964, the United States Surgeon General declared that smoking was bad for one's health and was related to lung cancer. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places to prevent contracting lung cancer from first or second hand smoke, enable those with lung conditions to be able to hold jobs in places that they would not be able to because of the smoke in the air, and help businesses keep their employees safer while generating more revenue, which in turn would save thousands of lives each year. Tobacco use kills nearly 470,000 Americans each year and is among one of the leading causes of preventable death. Smoking is also legal at the age eighteen in the United States; however, many non-smokers say that it should be restricted in public places such as restaurants, bars, and even workplaces. Firsthand and secondhand or “passive” smoke is detrimental to the health of the public and can cause serious health problems. According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, “secondhand smoke is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States.” “For every eight...
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...NORML-National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws By Abigail Galicia PID: A09469570 POLI 100E Final Paper Prof. Galderisi 12/13/2012 Abigail Galicia POLI 100E Galderisi 12/13/12 Final Paper NORML-National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws “It’s NORML to Smoke Pot.” How is NORML organized, and how does it pursue its policy interests? I. Introduction. The issue of the legalization of marijuana has been a hotly-debated and increasingly bitter confrontation among Americans. On the one side lie those who oppose everything about the drug and believe it to be a threat to society’s health and well-being, while the other side is composed of “the millions of smokers, many of them well educated, successful people who resent being defined as criminals for using what they regard as a mild but enjoyable drug (Anderson 3).” Both sides—for and against the legalization of marijuana—have presented proper research and evidence on either the virtually harmless or life threatening effects of marijuana along with either the economically beneficial or detrimental effects drug policy reform will have on the US. Either way, this debate has gained political momentum in the past decades and can no longer be seen as one-sided. Fueling this debate and whole-heartedly representing the pro-marijuana lobby organization, is the interest group NORML. NORML stands for the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws and has been the top main advocate in leading the...
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...“Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid”. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. Plate tectonics is the theory that suggests that the Lithosphere is separated up into approximately twelve plates that can be moved around via convection currents, changing the land and sea formations across the globe. Since interest began during the early 20th century a variety of propositions have been put forward to suggest the existence of plate tectonics. The most prominent of these theories is the existence of seismic waves and volcanic activity, especially the location and distribution of these. Along with these theories is the discovery of fossils and their locations across the globe, as well as the shape of the existing continents and the “jigsaw” theory. During the 17th century Francis Bacon noted that the West coast of Africa and Europe coincidentally looked as though they would fit with the East coast of the Americas. However, Bacon had little evidence for this theory, meaning it was swiftly forgotten. During the 1920’s, Alfred Wegner, proposed that the formation of the continents today has occurred via continental drift. However, Wegner goes on to suggest that 300 million years ago there was a single landmass, commonly known as Pangaea, as shown in Figure 1.1. Pangaea was one supercontinent that existed during the late Palaeozoic and carrying on into the early Mesozoic eras. It consisted of...
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...• Many believe that tobacco companies were inducing those who were underage to experiment with the drug. They also claim that tobacco organizations make their marketing campaigns vivid and eye-catching in order to appeal to younger crowds and encouraged them to try their products. In conclusion, this would help create future chain smokers....
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...Students of St.Therese of The Child Jesus Kidz Academy Researchers: Bacalangco, John Lorenz P. Dinampo, Ian Howell Steven S. Geronimo, Genesis D. Kistadio, Leigh Marrione P. Javate, Jonathan Clyde G. Madrid, Vincent Alaine A. Submitted to: Ms. Cidro,Josephen P. English Teacher 2015 Chapter I Introduction Acording to Robert West Health Behaviour Research CentreDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London that addiction involves powerful motivation to engage in an activity repeatedly to an extent that is harmful often accompanied by impaired capacity for self-control. To effectively combat addiction to cigarettes requires an understanding that there are several mechanisms underlying it. The Prime Theory of motivation aims to provide a model that can encapsulate these mechanisms. It recognises that evolution has led to multiple levels of motivation from basic impulses and inhibitions, through ‘motives’ (feelings of want and need), to ‘evaluations’ (beliefs about what is good or bad), and plans (intentions regarding future actions). Self-control involves self-consciously generating motives from evaluations or plans; it requires and depletes mental energy. Nicotine from cigarettes generates the motivation to smoke and undermines self-control by interacting with all of the level of motivation. It: creates stimulus-impulse associations resulting in cue-driven urges; impairs inhibitory control; gives enjoyment resulting in ‘wanting’ to smoke;...
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...taxes — especially for New Yorkers. In a 2010 budget move officials say will generate $440 million in revenue, the state legislature passed a bill that gave New York the highest cigarette tax in the country. On July 1, 2011 every pack sold in the state cost an extra $1.60, raising the total state tax to $4.35, pushing the average cost of a pack up to $9.20. For New York City residents, the cost of a pack will now come out to close to $11 — a $2 rise from just over a year ago. The $440 million in revenue will benefit health care programs, AIDS drugs subsidies, tobacco cessation programs and $71.6 million will go to the state cancer research center in Buffalo. Supporters also applaud the health benefits, saying it will reduce the number of smokers by tens of thousands of people. Tobacco consumption is the leading cause of preventable death in many countries. Supposing current smoking tendencies continue, as many as 650 million people that are currently alive will die from a smoking-related disease. Within several decades, at least 10 million people will die annually from a smoking-related disease, making smoking the largest cause of death throughout the world. Fortunately, there is an effective and widely familiar tool to fight tobacco...
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...UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research Joyce M. Aguillon Precious B. Romano SmokeCheck: A Study on the Effects of NCR Male High School Students’ Exposure to and Recall of Anti-Smoking Advertisements to Their Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Smoking Thesis Adviser: Professor Randy Jay C. Solis College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines Diliman Date of Submission April 2012 Permission is given for the following people to have access to this thesis: Available to the general public Available only after consultation with author/thesis adviser Available only to those bound by confidentiality agreement Student’s signature: Student’s signature: Signature of thesis adviser: Yes No No UNIVERSITY PERMISSION I hereby grant the University of the Philippines non-exclusive worldwide, royalty-free license to reproduce, publish and publicly distribute copies of this thesis or dissertation in whatever form subject to the provisions of applicable laws, the provisions of the UP IPR policy and any contractual obligations, as well as more specific permission marking on the Title Page. Specifically I grant the following rights to the University: a) to upload a copy of the work in these database of the college/school/institute/department and in any other databases available on the public internet; b) to publish the work in the college/school/institute/department journal, both in print and ...
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