...Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s is a disease that affects the nervous system. Parkinson’s is caused by the progressive impairment or deterioration of neurons in the brain known as the substantia nigra. The brain produces a chemical called dopamine. Dopamine works as a chemical messenger in the brain allowing communication between the substania nigra and the corpus striatum. The communication works by coordinating smooth and balancing muscle movement. When there is a lack of dopamine it results in abnormal nerve functioning causing a loss in ability to control body movements. It is not known how Parkinson’s occurs or how the neurons in the brain become impaired. There is evidence that Parkinson’s may be genetic or inherited. In a small number of families, specific genetic abnormalities leading to the illness have been identified. Yet the majority of people with Parkinson's disease do not have any of these identified genetic abnormalities. It is thought that early onset Parkinson’s disease may be genetic. The cause of Parkinson’s is still very unclear. There is also evidence that Parkinson’s may be caused by certain toxins in the air. Scientists have suggested that external or internal toxins may selectively destroy the dopaminergic neurons and can cause Parkinson's disease. Chemicals that may cause Parkinson’s are manganese, carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, and some other pesticides. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease can vary from person to person. Early signs may...
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...Ethics and ethical theories: a road map for teaching ethics in business schools Joan Fontrodona (IESE Business School, Spain), Manuel Guillén (University of Valencia, Spain), and Alfredo Rodríguez-Sedano (University of Navarre, Spain) Introduction A three-dimensional framework to explain ethical theories Ethical approaches of business firms Teaching ethics experiences using this framework Discussion of the teaching experiences Conclusions References 1 2 6 9 10 12 13 Introduction This paper tries to contribute, in some way, to the urgent need recently warned by Benedict XVI: “the university, for its part, must never lose sight of its particular calling to be a "universitas" in which the various disciplines, each in its own way, are seen as part of a greater unum. How urgent is the need to rediscover the unity of knowledge and to counter the tendency to fragmentation and lack of communicability that is all too often the case in our schools!”1 This seems to be a challenge for both, Catholic and non-Catholic universities. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework that helps to conceptualize ethics and to clarify the characteristics and limits of the different ethical theories. In other words, students without philosophical background will find here a synthetic “road map” of ethical approaches. This framework has been previously published in a book in Spain2. In this paper, authors will describe the model and discuss how it has been successfully tested...
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...the functional differences between a regulatory agency, such as a board of nursing (BRN), and a professional nursing organization (PNO) as it pertains to your professional nursing practice. The rubric prompt for a score of (4) is to provide a logical explanation, with substantial detail, of the functional differences between a regulatory agency, such as a BRN, and a PNO as it pertains to the candidate’s professional nursing practice. My advice is that this task prompt is looking for your understanding of the differences between regulatory agencies such as the Board of Nursing in your state, your State Nursing Practice Act (which is state law) and professional nursing organizations such as the American Nurses Association with their Code of Ethics (which is not law, but serves as a nursing standard upon which all American nurses may base their professional behavior and actions). Your state NPA or BRN and the Nursing Code of Ethics could be referred to in this section. If so, be sure to cite and reference them. Make sure you are discussing this prompt under its own heading in your paper. Nurse practice acts provide protection of the public and protection of the title of RN. This is accomplished through the development of specific regulations regarding education and examination of competence to practice. Each act contains guidelines for disciplinary action to protect both the public and professional nursing. The nurse...
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...Business Ethics Columbia Southern University Business ethics has become a key component in our economic relations and trade industry internationally. Ethics are defined as “how human beings should properly live their lives” (Hartman, DesJardins, & MacDonald, 2014, p. 11). Business ethics are the policies and practices that are applied in the professional or business environment, especially when dealing with controversial issues. The approach to business ethics is diverse and has many interpretations as you travel around the world, just as there are different theories to define these approaches. To begin, we will discuss three different theories to business ethics, and how they change and are applied to the business environment. Business ethics have developed for many different reasons in many different places, beginning with the Ten Commandments as a definition of how to live and treat one another, a concept that is still strongly believed in and practiced today. The bible and religion in general, have defined ethics for many individuals and are concepts that people practice in their work environment. Philosophers have had their own definitions and practices over time. Aristotle and Plato are well known for their discussions on justice, economic relations, trade, and commerce, making statements into rules about greed, treating each other as equals, or “having an equal amount before and after the transaction” (De George, 2005). The 1960’s brought a real test...
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...INTRODUCTION In ethics, consequentialism is explain that an action should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. Consequentialism theory is also known teleological moral theories. Which teleological word is from Greek ” Telos”,means “end” and ” logos” means “science”. This theory of morality derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. This general approach can be applied at different levels to different normative properties of different kinds of things, but the most prominent example is consequentialism about the moral rightness of acts, which holds that whether an act is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act or of something related to that act, such as the motive behind the act or a general rule requiring acts of the same kind. ( www. plato.stanford.edu) Consequentialist, have two major theories that is ethical egoism and utilitarianism. Both these theories agree that human beings ought to behave in ways that will bring about good consequences. They differ, however, in that they disagree on who should benefit from these consequences. The ethical egoist essentially says that human beings ought to act in the interest of all concerned. ( Jacques P. Thiroux , Keith W. Krasemann) The rough idea behind ethical egoism is that the right thing to do is to look out for own self-interest. That’s mean we are morally required only to make ourselves as happy as possible and have...
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...Ethical Theories Virtues, ethics, and morals are what define people as good or bad, their actions as right or wrong. American society holds one’s virtues in high regard and often evaluates one based on virtue and moral conduct. Virtue by definition is, “the quality or practice of moral excellence or righteousness” (Collins English Dictionary, 2010). Thomas Mallory offered the most ethical character in fiction, Lancelot. It is his virtue that “Is an essential aspect of his success in arms” (McCarthy, 1988, p. 22). Virtue ethics and ethical relativism, studied by learned philosophers, help define the basis of right and wrong. Major Elements According to Aristotle, morality is a specific attribute of a person with regard to his or her own inner harmony. Aristotle explained moral attributes in the terms of one’s lucid ability of the inner self to manage its appetite for portion. He asserted that moral attributes are erudite and should be practiced to become habit (Athanassoulis, 2010, para 2). According to the textbook, “virtue is a state of character, that of being a good person” (Freeman, 2000, p. 88). Moral theories concern right and wrong behaviors; but virtue ethics change the kind of questions asked about ethics. Major elements in the theory of virtue ethics are the subjective behavior, qualities and habits that can lead the individual to make choices. This theory helps the individual to ask about right and wrong and how genuine fulfillment may be reached (Freeman...
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...Ethical theories and unethical Companies that destroy environment. “Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents”(Brennan and Lo, 2015). Morality is “the degree to which something is right and good: the moral goodness or badness of something” (Merriam-Webster, 2015). This report will focus on ethical issues that companies create and the five main theories to serve as a guide for ethics. How this theories affect business and how it affects people. In this report I will give brief explanation of the theories and will focus on virtue ethics. The four main theories are Utilitarianism, Kantianism, Ethical egoism, Social contract theory and virtue ethics. Utilitarianism is universal theory of utility, where utility is the priority of an act. People have to act in the way that creates more utility or in other words an act should bring more happiness for greater number of people, rather than pain, if the act brings more pain than happiness it is considered to be morally unacceptable. Kantianism is a theory named after German famous philosopher Immanuel Kant. He believed that people are rational beings and they will follow and do rational things. Kantianism is based on duty and commitment more than any other thing, where if the performed act followed duty it was morally acceptable. Ethical egoism is the theory based on satisfying self-interest...
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...Wisconsin Nurses Assocation “works to protect, promote, and enhance the practice of professional nursing.” (“WISCONSINNURSES.ORG,” n.d.) The WNA encourages members to follow the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses, provides assistance with professional development, and represents nurses at the state and national level. As a member of the WNA I know my voice is heard in Madison and Washington D.C. due to the actions of political action committees. I have the Code of Ethics to guide my practice. And I have access to numerous resources such as workshops, webinars and conferences to assist in developing my professional career as an RN in the state of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Board of Nursing is a regulatory agency that is part of the Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services. “The Board of Nursing is involved in education, Legislation, licensing, and discipline of Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), Registered Nurses (RNs), Nurse Midwives and Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers (APNP).” (“dsps.wi.gov/Boards –Councils/Board-Pages/Board-of-Nursing-Main-Page/,”n.d.) Chapter 441 of the Wisconsin State Statues provides an overview of the regulatory responsibilities of the Wisconsin Board of Nursing. The Nurse Licensure Compact is one part of Chapter 441 which directly affects my professional nursing practice. As a RN who wants to eventually do travel nursing the compact provides me...
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...name | Ethics in Administration | Course code | ADS452 | Credit hours | 4 | Resource person / contact no. / email | Nadrawina Isnin (082-678200 (O)nadrawin@sarawak.uitm.edu.my | Course outcomes | CO1 - Explain the concept of ethics, role, importance and various theories and thought of ethics in administration; | | CO2 - Identify the implications arising out of the ethical issues; and | | CO3 - Apply the concept, skills and methods used for evaluating ethical issues in case analysis and recommend strategies for improvement. | WEEK | HOUR | TOPICS | Teaching & Learning Activities | References | 1 | 2 | Overview of the course * Scheme of work * Assessment * Mid semester examination * Final examination | * Ice breaking * Entrance Survey * Blended Learning Requirement * Coursework requirement * Lecture & discussion (F2F) | Main text - Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | 1 | 4 | Topic 1: Introduction to Ethics * The Concept of Ethics * Ethics & Morality * Sources of Morality * Ethics & Reason * The Importance of Study Ethics | * Lecture & tutorial(F2F) | Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | 2 | 4 | Topic 2: Ethical Theories * Consequentialism & Non-Consequentialism * Ethical Egoism * Utilitarianism | * Lecture & tutorial(F2F) | Thiroux, Jacques P (2008) Ethics: Theory and Practice. 9thed...
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...Running head: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional Ethics Paper Patrick Kelley University of Phoenix Health Law and Ethics NUR 478 Susan Lawson, RN, MS, CLNC July 18, 2010 Professional Ethics Paper The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationships between legal and ethical issues, identify personal values and professional ethics, examine ethical theories and principles, and apply these to current practice examples. Nurses face an ever-growing complexity within their practice as professionals. Understanding the relationship between legal and ethical issues and how to apply that understanding to every day practice is paramount for today’s professional nurse. This paper will further explore these ethical theories and principles while discussing how personal values affect an individual’s nursing practice. The Relationship Between Legal and Ethical Issues Nurses, as with any job, face challenges in order to accomplish the tasks of their role. This is one of the reasons that it is important to have a description that serves as guidance as to how the role is to be accomplished. Without such guidelines, it is likely that there will be a breach of established rules along the way to performing duties and accomplishing the job duties. In situations where one person exercises authority over another, there are important guidelines that define relationship between the two parties. Legal and ethical principles...
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...Applying the Ethics of Care to Your Nursing Practice “I feel the capacity to care is the thing which gives life its deepest significance.” Pablo Casals (2000) nurse’s caring consciousness and moral commitment to make an intentional connection with the patient. The third element, caring occasion/caring moment, is the space and time where the patient and nurse come together in a manner for caring to occur. U se of the theory of care ethics is discussed to help nurses determine if they are applying this theory effectively in their practice. After a basic definition of caring, including Watson’s caring theory, the evolution of the theory of ethics of care will be delineated briefly. A case will be used to illustrate Tronto’s (1993) four phases of caring and her four elements of care. Theory of the Ethics of Care Edwards (2009) described the evolution of the theory of ethics of care over the last 15 years in three versions. First, Gilligan (1982) began the discussion with a focus on the context of the situation versus impartial deliberation of the ethical issue. Impartial reflection is an element of justice-based moral deliberation and does not take into consideration the level of caring or closeness in the relationship. Gilligan was the first to move moral theorizing from a position where selves were seen as independent to a position where selves are interconnected and interdependent. Strangers would not receive the same level of caring as those for whom we experience a...
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...issuing and renewing of all medical licenses for nurse practitioners, registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and certified nursing assistants. The Board represents all the licensed nurses in the state. The Board also interprets the Nurse Practice Act and evaluates and approves nursing education programs, as well as investigates complaints and takes disciplinary action for wrong doings of nurses (Oregon State Board of Nursing, n.d.). I feel that the Nurse Practice Act written by the OSBN, is a very important body of laws. “These rules have the effect of law and help define safe and competent practice.” (Oregon.gov, n.d.) It entails guidelines to govern my practice: it covers the laws that direct how I would conduct my self in a delegation situation, how I renew my license, how I would report illegal activity and to whom, how I should ensure my legal safety when accepting assignments and floating to another floor. It also contains many other laws to guide my practice. (Oregon.gov n.d.) On the other hand, the American Nurses Association (ANA) consists of 15 Board of Directors elected by the ANA members, all must be registered nurses (ANA n.d.c). The ANA Board reviews the Code of Ethics for Nurses, the scope and the standards of practice as well as overseeing all monetary issues of...
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...Name University Course Tutor Date Business Ethics Business Ethics Ethics can be defined as moral guidelines which govern good behavior. Therefore, business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It is increasingly being applied in businesses to guide their operations. It captures different aspects norms and values that govern the behavior of a business. For instance, it has codes of practices that are increasingly becoming popular. These cover different areas such as corporate social responsibility, environmental policy and actions, rules for personal and corporate integrity, dealings with customers and the supply chain. Business ethics guide how businesses and people should behave in the world of business or commerce. Ethical Theories There are several ethical theories that explain how people and business entities should behave in the society so that their behavior may be considered to be morally good. Some of these theories are briefly explained below in relation to business behavior. Utilitarianism This theory holds that an act can be judged as morally good or bad, right or wrong when it produces amount of pleasure or lack of pain for the greatest number of people (Sadler 9). Business ethics operates under greatest happiness principle. This implies that businesses and their managers need to maximize positive outcomes for the largest number of people...
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...The Philosophy of Marketing Theory: Historical and Future Directions – Mark Tadajewski 1 1.2 “Paradigms Lost”: On Theory and Method in Research in Marketing – Rohit Deshpande 4 1.3 Empirical Business Ethics Research and Paradigm Analysis – V. Brand 6 2 Summary on key learning notes 9 Bibliography 12 The Philosophy of Science The discussion of marketing as a science and the different paradigms related to it were unfamiliar to me before I read these articles included in the assignment. I had earlier gotten familiar with the discussion of economic sociology and the discussion and the debate between economics as a science (especially the neo-classic economic approach) and the subject it researches, i.e. the economic markets where these economic practices take place. It is thus also logical to become familiar with the evolution of marketing practices, as this to many degrees resembles and also equates to the evolution of economic sciences and other sciences alike. The articles are assessed in the order that I read them, since it is hopefully also possible for the reader to follow a logical construct in the development and adoption of the insight that the articles provide on marketing research. Even though this does not pose a logical progression of the articles time-wise, I still feel that it is natural to address these articles in this mentioned fashion. The first one of the articles discussed is “The Philosophy of Marketing Theory” by M. Tadajewski, the second...
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...professional nursing practice. Boards of Nursing (BONs) are state governmental agencies run by appointed individuals that regulate nursing practice. BONs are responsible for accepting/accrediting nursing programs, outlining the standards for safe nursing care and issuing licenses to practice nursing (National Counsel of State Boards for Nursing, 2015). In my daily practice as an RN the BON regulates my practice by monitoring for compliance and completion of all requirements for licensure within NY state laws; including successfully passing NCLEX and enforcing the nurse practice act accordingly. However a professional nursing organization such as the American Nurses Association (ANA) are generally a group of registered nurses that advocate for the members within the organization and the nursing profession. The ANA promotes the rights of nurses in the workplace while seeking to influence policies to realistically advance the high standards of nursing practice within the nursing profession.(Matthews, 2012) In order to attain a projected goal, in some cases, the ANA also will lobby the congress and regulatory agencies on healthcare issues affecting nurses and the public. In my daily practice as an RN the Professional Nursing Organization regulates my practice by offering seminars, networking events, evidence based journals and certifications relevant to my specialty to keep me proficient in my practice area. B. Nursing Code Examples The nursing code of ethics has strongly influenced...
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