...structured learning adopting the England National Curriculum and International Baccalaureate so as to address the different and dynamic needs of each pupil. Teachers are catalysts for learning. In promoting learning there is no single blueprint for effectiveness, though there are very many characteristics of effective learning. Cohen L, et al, 2004 p.167. Primary Reception Research has shown that: Chris Watkins et al 2007 p.4: Children learn best... When they take responsibility of their own learning When they are actively engaged in their learning When learning is interactive (as opposed to passive or seat-work) When they see themselves as successful learners Using the Inquiry approach in teaching in which one of its values underpins that; knowledge is actively constructed by the learner, in relation to previous knowledge, and not passively received from the environment (teacher, books and so on). For example in the current unit of Inquiry (Me and My Family) during a Math class observation, materials such as number puzzles using the...
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...INTRODUCTION: ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY OF MOTIVATION The achievement goal theory is an essential theoretical approach towards understanding the relation between motivation and achievements of students. The approach of motivating students and the goals set for them to achieve are the two most important parameters of this theory. By achievement goals, the idea is to signify the objectives with which students undertake learning activities and the relation of these activities with the engagement behaviour (Ames, 1992). Achievement goals determine how students engage, learn, and perform in achievement based learning activities. There are two categories of achievement goals described in literature: mastery goals and performance goals (Xiang and Lee, 2002). While mastery goals are directed at creating a competitive environment through improvements in learning experience and skill level of students; performance goals, on the other hand, are meant to classify superiority based on the performance of students in a given achievement-based activity. In addition, while mastery goals explain the motivation with which students adapt to achievements, for example hard work and effort-based success; performance goals, on the other hand, are related to activities for which students are less motivated for adaptation, for example avoiding difficult activities and relating performance outcomes with personal abilities. MOTIVATIONAL APPROACH: MASTERY GOALS VS. PERFORMANCE GOALS Some teachers are...
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...iiste.org Development of Accounting Theory Based on Islamic Teachings: A Glance over Principle of Al-Adl and Al-Ihsan Shaukat Amer1* Sofri Bin Yahya2 1- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Kamra Road, Attock, Pakistan. 2- Dean, Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *E-mail of the corresponding author: shaukat_amer@comsats.edu.pk Abstract The beauty of accounting based on Islamic principles is that it not only deals with the valuation but also deals with an inbuilt accountability mechanism. Generally the accounting should be able to perform roles like keeping safe custody of interests, certifying true and fair view of business, enabling accountability and providing reliable information for successful decision making to all the stakeholders. In this context there are three main issues with respect to present system of setting accounting standards. These are undue pressures of certain groups in setting these standards, no role of owners in setting these standards, and flexibility/discretion in applying these standards which may lead to subjectivity. These may results in incorrect valuation of business transactions, increasing management discretion which in return will increase corporate governance issues including incorrect financial reporting, earning management and limiting decision making ability of the stakeholders. In order to overcome to this situation there is an urgent need to revamp the accounting theory in such a way that when it is put...
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...Theories of teaching and learning and how they impact on the classroom environment Education plays a significant role in supporting and influencing the healthy development of children. However, teaching is more than just knowing what to teach. Professional teachers must also understand how to teach their students. Therefore, in order to create an effective classroom environment which caters for the diversity of students and their various developmental levels and abilities, teachers are urged to apply a variety of teaching and learning theories. (Marsh, 2008 Ch12, p163). Piaget and Vygotsky presented theories on cognitive and social development which suggested that children often construct their own learning. Bronfenbrenner and Pavlov presented theories relating to behaviour and psychosocial development. Professional teaching requires consideration and understanding of both cognitive and behavioural theories in order to create successful learning opportunities. Piaget and Vygotsky shared the view that children actively construct their own learning outcomes. (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010, Ch2, p49). However, they each differed in their concept of how constructivism occurs. Piaget believed that social interaction and experience with the physical environment creates situations for individuals to experience disequilibrium of existing understanding, (cognitive and sociocognitive conflict). Lack of equilibrium encourages the learner to assimilate and/or accommodate existing mental...
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...Learning theories has been a subject of great interest in psychology ,this makes it fundamental to teaching and learning.The essay will assess contributions of educational psychology with reference to learning theories in teaching and learning .Key terms will be discussed in the next paragraph .The conclusion shall synthesize learning theories and the contribution of educational psychology and their educational implications . https://en.m.wikipedia.org / learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning .That is learning theories helps to predict and explain relationship between learning conditions and the learning outcomes. Zindi,Peresuh and Mpofu,(1997) says “educational psychology is knowledge gained from psychology and applied to activities of the classroom.” Santrock (2011) deals with human behavior and its application in education .According to the above two definitions educational psychology refers to the provision to the teachers with theories which help them to be flexible and adaptable to different situations which can happen in the teaching and learning at primary and secondary level. Educational psychology contributes a lot in the teaching and learning. It helps the teacher in selecting materials suitable for learners and suitable teaching methodologies. When the teacher is well versed with theories, he or she find how to explain, describe and control behavior. In the classroom, when the teacher...
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...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 682-684, September 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.5.682-684 Interlanguage Pragmatics Theory and Its Implications for Foreign Language Qian Huang Foreign Language Teaching Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China Email:qqh@dzu.edu.cn Abstract—The major purpose of college English teaching is to cultivate and develop student’s pragmatic competence. Interlanguage pragmatics is a new interdisciplinary branch of study based on the theories of pragmatics and second language acquisition which has direct guide significance for foreign language teaching. This paper firstly introduces the theoretical models of the two theories and then focuses on the implications for foreign language teaching. Index Terms— interlanguage pragmatics, pragmatics theory, SLA theory, implications I. INTRODUCTION In 1969, the psychological linguists Selinker in his paper "Language Transfer" pointed out that when people in different countries and regions have communicate in second Language, language often appears with some native Language and relevant, and with this two kinds of pragmatic styles of Interlanguage totally different, this is "the Interlanguage" (Interlanguage). In Selinker view, the former study of interlanguage study was just the grammar system study. Therefore, the study of interlanguage was only limited from speech phonemes, lexical, syntactic to semantic etc...
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...Teaching Methods of Translation toward English Major Students Xiyue Bai 201020383 Foreign Language Department Northwest University Abstract Based on modern educational theories and the foundation of the combination of task-based teaching approach and cooperative learning, this paper focuses on converse thinking mode and open teaching method in teaching translation course. The reversed thinking mode would help to avoid the phenomenon of theory disengages practice and it stresses practicalness. The application of open teaching method will also be discussed in the case of teaching fundamental translation course. Open translation teaching method is student-centered, leading by teacher, which emphasizes that students find, search and solve issues by themselves and helps students with their translation skills and creativity. Key Words: Translation, Reversed thinking, Open mode, Teaching I. Current Chinese Translation Course Teaching Status As is well-known in China that there are no translation courses for lower grade English major students in Chinese colleges until they enter into junior year or senior year. For some colleges with only two credit hours in one week. It’s unlikely for the teachers to finish the course completely in such a short time if they need to introduce basic concepts of translation, home and abroad translation histories and theories, to make the students be familiar with...
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...Abstract This paper introduces the educational theory most useful within my setting for work, which is an elementary school special education class, the aims, goals and objectives and how this theory supports my teaching. The theory most useful to my teaching is Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences. Howard Gardner has postulated multiple intelligences. He contends that there are different mental operations associated with intelligence, and there are many different types of intelligence. Too often our society overem¬phasizes verbal ability. Gardner outlines eight types of intelligence: (1) verbal/ linguistic, (2) logical/mathematic, (3) visual/spatial, (4) bodily/kinesthetic, (5) mu¬sical/rhythmic, (6) interpersonal, (7) intrapersonal, and (8) naturalistic (as sited in Ornstein and Hunkins, 2009, p. 129). AIM The aim of instituting multiple intelligence teaching is to encourage critical thinking skills. The importance in such an educational theory is upon learning rather than teaching. The students’ attentions and learning styles dictate the path of the curriculum being taught. This model acclimates to students, rather than expecting students to adjust to it. As with my particular classroom practices, I believe that coaching and learning through the multiple intelligences helps solve many collective school problems and elevates the learning experience for students and teachers alike. Students begin to appreciate how they are intelligent. Learning is...
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...The Elaboration Theory of Instruction Tony L. Blair January 30, 2011 University of Texas as El Paso Nursing 5347 Effective Teaching Strategies Dr. Beeman This assignment brought forth questions as to what type of teaching philosophy most represented the way I wanted to teach. Pondering over these questions led me to look back and remember how I best learned a subject and what type of instruction was given that kept my interest and made me want to continue learning that subject. Then I realized that I learned best in a pro active teaching/learning environment where a subject or concept was introduced and then having it broken down into layers going from the concept of simple to complex until I gained an understanding of what was presented. This type of teaching motivated me to want to learn more on the subject and this style of teaching is what I want to bring to my students. I want to motivate students to be pro active in their learning, empowering them to apply learned experiences into practice and gain a greater understanding of nursing as an ever evolving and scholarly profession. Charles Reigeluth’s Elaboration Theory (1999), an instructional design, represents the teaching philosophy I want to employ. By its definition, it is a design theory that contends that concepts, principles or tasks to be learned should be organized and taught from simple to complex order, while maintaining the overall meanings and principles of the context presented...
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...Language Teaching Methodology Theodore S. Rodgers, Professor Emeritus, University of Hawaii Background Language teaching came into its own as a profession in the last century. Central to this phenomenon was the emergence of the concept of "methods" of language teaching. The method concept in language teaching—the notion of a systematic set of teaching practices based on a particular theory of language and language learning—is a powerful one, and the quest for better methods was a preoccupation of teachers and applied linguists throughout the 20th century. Howatt's (1984) overview documents the history of changes of practice in language teaching throughout history, bringing the chronology up through the Direct Method in the 20th century. One of the most lasting legacies of the Direct Method has been the notion of "method" itself. Language Teaching Methodology Defined Methodology in language teaching has been characterized in a variety of ways. A more or less classical formulation suggests that methodology is that which links theory and practice. Theory statements would include theories of what language is and how language is learned or, more specifically, theories of second language acquisition (SLA). Such theories are linked to various design features of language instruction. These design features might include stated objectives, syllabus specifications, types of activities, roles of teachers, learners, materials, and so forth. Design features in turn are linked...
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...controversy and debate about teaching of evolution. School boards have been forced to address concerns about good science education as well as conflicting claims about constitutional limitations but a new approach to teaching about evolution has been developed to meet the test of good science and satisfy the courts’ standards of constitutionality. In this case, several people concerns about strong challenges that gets through the society about anti-evolution that it can affect the religious or anti-religious beliefs of a dominant group. The United State Supreme Court precedents that the Constitution permits both the teaching of evolution as well as the teaching of scientific criticisms of prevailing scientific theories. The court focused on Arkansas statute that prohibiting the teaching of human evolution in public schools and universities, no teacher was permitted "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches.” (Fortas, par 2) This explains the statute was an adaptation of the law at the center of the “Scopes monkey trial” in Tennessee. The Tennessee Supreme Court allowed the state to continue to prohibit the teaching of evolution. The case involved the teaching of biology in Little high school, the administrators adopted a new textbook for the 1965-1966 school year which contained a chapter discussing Charles Darwin and evolutionary theory, and prescribed the subject...
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...Teaching is the transmission of knowledge and experience from our teacher to students and how to judge a good teaching is indefinable and arguable, because it is involve much judging element and it could be bias. However, I always defined a good teaching depending on how interesting the teacher is and what skills or experience the teacher delivering, which seems very superficial. Biggs (1999) states that there are three theories affecting each other to forming a good teaching or saying an interactive system. According to Biggs (1999), the first theory demonstrating that teachers focus on students’ difference, which is the responsibility for the teacher is to delivering the information to students, normally by the lecture. This model requires students need to be carefully listen to the lecture and making their own notes, do the reading after class to reinforcing the knowledge. However, for that student who does not have motivation and interest to study, they will basically lose the meaning of learning. This style of teaching is lack of concerning what actually a student does while teachers are teaching. Personally, I think these style of teaching is low efficient and rarely get student to thinking the problem. The second theory is about what teacher does, this time is blame on teacher. Teacher can have a good teaching class with adequate preparation and using different media tool to teaching. For my experience studying at university, I can tell that it is important for teacher...
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...Tasmania Annual Teaching Matters Conference Sharing practice 10th Teaching Matters Annual Conference 22nd-23rd November, Hobart, Tasmania Suggested format for citing papers: Author, I. (2011). Title of paper. In J. Skalicky, A. Adam, D. Abbott, & G. Kregor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Teaching Matters Annual Conference. Sharing practice [online], Hobart: Centre for the Advancement of Learning and Teaching, University of Tasmania. © CALT 2011. The works included in these conference papers are the property of their authors and are used by permission. Readers should apply the same principles of fair use to the works in this electronic journal that they would to a published, printed journal. These works may be read online, downloaded for personal use, or the URL of a document (from this server) included in another electronic document. The text itself may not be published commercially (in print or electronic form), edited, or otherwise altered without the permission of the author. As with printed materials, care should be taken when excerpting or referencing text to ensure that the views, opinions and arguments of the author accurately reflect those contained in the original work. Applying the Bioecological Theory of Human Development to learning: Enhancing student engagement in online learning. Dr Lindsay Smith University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia L.M.Smith@utas.edu.au Abstract: This paper explores the application of the bioecological theory of human development...
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...lecture method of teaching? In: Educational Methods and Theories, Learning Theories, General Educational Development (GED) [Edit categories] Answer: It is the practice of having the teacher, or lecturer, at the front of the classroom talking to students. This is seen as one-way communication, since the lecturer is the only one speaking. An effective use of this is a short talk to provide students with the background information they need to do the work. What are the steps in lecture method? In: Uncategorized [Edit categories] Answer: student analysis lesson planning formulation of the lesson guide prepration for presenting the lecture presentation of the lecture testing follow-up What is lecture method? In: Learning Theories [Edit categories] Answer: The lecture method is a teaching method, in fact the teaching method most often found in universities today. It bases itself upon the transmissive teaching model, in brief terms that knowledge is an object that can be transferred from the teacher to the learner. Practically it implies a lecturer holding a lecture for a group of people. A strength is that it is possible to educate large number of people at once, thereby lowering costs. A limitation is that it yields less deep knowledge compared to other teaching methods such as case-based learning. (Chaplin 2009, White et al. 2009, Grunwald & Hartman 2010). Advantages of lecture method in teaching? Answer: The lecture method of teaching has among others...
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...TRANSITIONS IN TEACHING STRATEGIES OF HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY TEACHERS: A GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH Mark Joseph C. Diaz Jerah Mae G. Gilos Kenneth P. Guilan Nerissa E. Sorolla Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study Chapter One has five parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Significance of the Study (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Scope and Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, justifies the need for the investigation, describes the origin of the study, discusses the importance of selecting the problem, and the reason for conducting it. Part Two, Statement of the Problem, presents the purpose and enumerates the problems answered in the study. Part Three, Significance of the Study, states and tells the importance and benefits that may be derived from the findings. Part Four, Definition of Terms, clarifies the meaning of the terms used in this investigation. Part Five, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, sets the limit and scope of the investigation. Background of the Study Throughout the history, societies have sought to educate people to produce goods and services, to respond effectively and creatively to their world and to satisfy their curiosity and aesthetic impulses. Education involves theory and empirical sets of knowledge and learning as well. Teaching is the process of helping their learners economically and efficiently. It is...
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