Theory

“Adlerian Psychology focuses on people's efforts to compensate for their self-perceived inferiority to others. These feelings of inferiority may derive from one's position in the family constellation, particularly if early experiences of humiliation occurred; a specific physical condition or defect existed; or a general lack of social feeling for others was present (Adler, n.d.)”. These feelings in society guide the professional behavior that makes up the theory of criminal justice is a crucial part of criminal justice system, and the ethics that make up moral principles of right and wrong, administration that distributes burden and stresses common good in our legal system. We are, faced with ethical issues every day and must deal with components that make up our involved system in a professional manner.
The administration of criminal justice, especially the policing of society and individual rights requires professional behavior in certain situations and may often for those on the outside looking in to find it difficult to handle. The criminal justice system has obligations of making moral judgments of what is right or wrong and must be done professionally and with the use of critical thinking. Because law enforcement its successes and failures are often judged by society vise right and wrong the system is under great scrutiny even from those that manage the system, and understand the stresses involved. The relationship between theories, and how they are defined like the principles of utilitarianism, and the manner in which agencies are defined through professional behavior and ethics of professional behavior is part of the analysis. What are some of the principles of justice theories?
Explain how the principles of these theories differ from traditional utilitarianism?

Principles in the theory of justice, often find their way into the consequences of unethical acts because the conflict may ultimately end in a separation of the collective and the individual. Conflicts in criminal justice are commonplace, theory being part of the system can be extreme and the fear that everyone is benefitted with examples like the “Harm principle” where law should not take action unless there is a possibility that actions cause harm to others or Natural-Rights where justice is measured by the protection afforded the most susceptible. Criminal justice theory is influenced in society, and professional behavior that in some theories like utilitarianism or utility of actions increasing human happiness that would benefit the greatest numbers. When criminal justice administration is unethical and lacks professional behavior like the belief of “Restorative Justice” and that in some way everything can be as good as new if the system functions as expected.
Theory and professional behavior are related because they both need each other. Without the theories there would not be professional behavior and the beliefs of theory that bring about justice, fairness and a process of ideas. Law enforcement plays a big part in criminal justice administration and there are many ideas about how administrators’ must have good ethics and use professional behavior at all times. Society looks at police officers as the ones who protect and serve. Ethics are important in law enforcement and usually good ethics bringing on professional behavior from law enforcement as well as other administrations in criminal justice. “Depending on the type of theory and its application like the theory of economic justice where the hope is that social condition where the system harms society weakening our beliefs in them and while members of the criminal justice system make extremely critical decisions every day and their choices have a profound effect on our lives (Souryal, 2007)”.

How do modern criminal justice agencies, and other define justice? entities involved in the criminal justice system? An important role with regard to theories and professional behavior, in-order for the criminal justice administration to use professional behavior they need to think about the definition of modern criminal justice, and the theory behind what is proper and acceptable giving us cause to stop and think. Law enforcement, courts, and corrections rely on the evaluations made for theoretical learning to make good decisions. Law enforcement must use critical thinking to determine if a law has been broken, how to respond, and when to make an arrest. When law enforcement thinks critically the result is an improved plan of ethics and professional behavior. The modern idea of justice as defined by the agencies that are responsible for its application remains fundamentally much like the original ideas of protection and serving the public interest, upholding the law, and maintaining order. “The organization of criminal justice include the defendant, prosecutor, defense counsel, judge, arresting officer, court clerk, and to varying degrees, other persons such as witnesses, additional policemen, clerks, parole officers, court psychiatrists and social workers, and the defendants' families and friends. A system of the administration of justice, whether it is adversarial or inquisitorial, entails the key elements of organization: institutionalized interaction of a large number of actors whose roles are highly defined, who are required to follow highly defined rules and who share a responsibility in a common goal that of processing arrests in the administration of justice” (Llewellyn, 1960).
When law enforcement does not first think critically they respond to quickly without first thinking about ethics and acting in a professional manner and may arrest the wrong person and let the real criminal go. The courts also rely on critical theory to oversee legal proceedings and determine a final decision on a case; prosecution and defense attorneys as well rely on critical theory in preparing and arguing for or against the accused party. Without theories of behavior the courts may have a difficult time determining the administration that takes in a lot of information and must first think critically before making a decision. Modern theory must come first in order for the court system to act ethically and in a professional manner.
Corrections and parole officers rely behavior or theory of action with the ability to evaluate the progress of individuals, sponsor reductions in sentences and maintain order within prison facilities. Corrections and parole officers are faced with dangerous situations many times and need to think critically with understanding of the theory about the how’s and whys of actions in order to deal with the situation ethically and professionally, the days of being a cell keeper key in hand and removed from the administration of human conditions are long gone. Criminal justice administration individuals all have their own theory and expectation of the outcome of possibilities where the interaction of people is concerned. Although sometimes everyone has different ethics they must set aside their beliefs and make the right decision regardless of their feelings in the situation. Professional behavior is important in criminal justice administration and in order for this to happen critical thinking and understanding of the theories that make up our processes is needed.

How does this differ from security? “More than ever before in human history we live in a world of mutual vulnerability (Head 1991).” “ Security like Law enforcement is faced with ethical dilemmas everyday and it is important that they handle these situations by first thinking critically so that they can do their job ethically and professionally. “Human security brings together the human elements of security, rights and development As such, it is an inter-disciplinary concept that displays typical concepts of dealing with the human element ” (United Nations, 2004). I feel that security like law enforcement needs theory because they deal with so many different situations and how they react to these situations need to be done ethically and with professional behavior. Security needs to be able to readily recognize dilemma, identify various options to address the particular issue involved, “make a rational and ethically sound choice of which option to choose, take prompt action based upon that choice, and accept responsibility for the outcome” (Holsti, 1972). The first area of security would be them using their authority ethically and professionally much like their law enforcement counterparts. Training security to control their authority will help them uphold a good reputation for themselves as well as the agency and give the community faith in the performance of their duties.

Conclusion “The dynamics of the system involves both the actions and the interactions” (Holsti 1972). In order for the theory of our criminal justice administration to function properly with a clear understanding of theory and professional behavior is needed for security and law enforcement officers. “Due to the power and prestige and because of the nature of problems they must deal with, the members of the criminal justice system often face serious conflicts and need a guiding light, which is precisely what a study in theory offers” (Adler, 2013). In order for the process to understand its role it must first understand those it servers.