...B.Sc. degree in environmental studies the thermal environment Dr. Marcus M. Keane, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork. the thermal environment • Metabolism and comfort • Bodily mechanisms of heat transfer and thermostatic control • Metabolic rates • Clothing • Environmental influences on comfort • Fanger's comfort equation • Measuring Instruments • The choice of inside design conditions 1. metabolism and comfort [pic] Metabolism is the mechanism whereby the body converts food into different forms of energy by digesting food in the presence of oxygen. This energy takes the following forms: 1. Work 2. Thermal Energy 3. Waste products Work The amount of bodily energy converted into work is not very great - 0% for a body at rest, 20% when walking up a one in four gradient at 10km/h. Thermal Energy Most of the energy produced by the bodily metabolism is dissipated as heat to the environment. The mechanism for this is seen in the next overhead. Waste Products The remainder of the energy produced is dissipated in waste products. thermal energy Thermal energy is released through an interaction of chemical changes occurring within the body and muscular contractions. [pic] The purpose of the body's thermo-regulatory system is to keep the temperature of...
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...substances in a system reach thermal equilibrium, and thermal equilibrium is another thing that the engine would not be able to function without either. Once the coal is heated up by the fire/source of heat in the engine so that it reaches thermal equilibrium with the heat source, the resulting energy is then converted into work, which is what the steam engine needs to function. 2. Why does heat energy only flow from hot areas or materials to colder areas? This is because of thermodynamics; substances want to be at thermal equilibrium. Obviously, this means that they are both at the same temperature and will not change any more. If a hot substance and a cold substance are beside each other, the hotter substance will transfer its heat to the colder substance so that they become equal to each other in temperature. 3. What does the author mean by thermal equilibrium? They have given the definition of thermal equilibrium to be what is achieved when the substances in a system have reached the same exact temperature and do not change any further. They also get a bit more specific in saying that it also means that “the system is not only in thermal, but also in mechanical, chemical as well as radioactive equilibrium.” 4. What happens when a thermometer reaches a person’s body temperature? At this point, the mercury within the thermometer ceases any changes in temperature. This occurs because the mercury and the person’s body have achieved thermal equilibrium. 5. What is the...
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...thermodynamic system. a. Nuclear power b. Electronic heat sink c. Rocket launch Define thermal energy. * Kinetic energy in transit from one object to another due to temperature difference Define temperature. * The average kinetic energy of particles in an object * Define absolute zero. All kinetic energy is removed - 0K Define thermal equilibrium. Touching objects within a system reach the same temperature Define the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal energy can change form and location, but it cannot be created or destroyed. List two ways thermal energy can be increased in a system. d. Adding thermal energy e. Performing work on the system Define the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Thermal energy flows from hot to cold. Define entropy. The measure of how evenly distributed heat is within a system Define convection. The transfer of thermal energy by movement of fluid (liquid or gas) List two examples of convection. f. Weather g. Boiler systems Define conduction. The transfer of thermal energy within an object or between objects from molecule to molecule List two examples of conduction. h. Metal spoon i. Heat through a wall * Conduction Equations: Define the following variables. Q = Energy transferred m = Mass of material absorbing or releasing energy c = Specific heat capacity of a material (J/kg°C) P = Rate of energy transfer ...
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...CHAPTER 5 CFD ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER AND SIMULATION This chapter deals with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the hydrodynamics and thermal behavior of the turbulent flow through a 2 pass Double pipe heat exchanger using ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 software. 5.1 Geometry and Modeling 5.1.1 Specifications of Geometry and Boundary conditions The analysis is performed on a double pipe heat exchanger with the inner diameter of inner pipe is 0.019 m & outer diameter of inner pipe is 0.025 m, similarly for annulus pipe, the inner diameter of outer pipe is 0.05 m & outer diameter of outer pipe is 0.056 m and the total length of heat exchanger is 2.36 m (2-pass). The mass flow rate of hot water, mh (kg/s), is constant over annulus...
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...ventilation and discuss the relationship between ventilation to a building and heat losses from the building in thermal comfort terms. Remember to make reference within your answer to high heat gains within the internal building from computers and other office equipment. (c) Explain how the internal partitions/ internal layout of the offices would affect people’s perceptions of acoustic comfort in the office. Answers must include references as to how the property developer will ensure that the warehouse conversion to offices will be fit for purpose with...
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...Physical Science Assignment # 2 Johnnie Currie JR. November 8, 2011 Strayer University 1. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? Theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions the gas consists of very small particles, all no zero mass. The number of molecules is large such that statistical treatment can be applied. These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with the walls of the container. 2. What is heat? Heat is energy that is transferred from one body, region or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. 3. What is temperature? Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses those common notions of hot and cold. Object of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperature are referred to as warm or hot. 4. What is the relationship between heat and temperature? The relationship between heat and temperature is heat is a form of energy that exists on its own that is manifested of the total energy moving from one substance to another. Temperature is a material property it is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of molecules vibrating in a substance. 5. How are they different? The difference is heat is a thermal energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference, and temperature is a relative measure of...
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...Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of minerals. The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. Geothermal is the only form of renewable energy that is independent of the sun. The amount of heat flowing through the earth’s surface is small relative to the massive solar heating of the earth. Earth’s heat flow is concentrated in certain areas enough to produce steam for electricity generation. Techniques for harvesting are similar to techniques for extracting oil and gas. The temperature at the center of the earth is roughly 7000˚C. The two reasons why the earth is hot is when the earth was formed, the interior was heated rapidly due to the gravitational forces being converted into heat and radioactive isotopes within the earth liberate heat as they continue to decay. Our ability to drill into the earth is restricted to the upper few kilometers of the earth’s crust. We must look for a location where the earth’s interior heat is brought within our reach. This is most common at plate boundaries. Direct heating systems are designed to supply hot water only with no electricity generation...
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...------------------------------------------------- Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature decreases oxygen supply, and affects ecosystem composition.Urban runoff–stormwater discharged to surface waters from roads and parking lots–can also be a source of elevated water temperatures. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt change in water temperature known as "thermal shock." ------------------------------------------------- Ecological effects Warm water Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen of water. This can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and other aquatic organisms. Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed.[4]:179 An increased metabolic rate may result in fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As a result, food chains of the old...
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...Running head: Study Of Heat Heat and Temperature Marcus A. Bullock SCI 110 Intro to Physical Science The Study Of Heat and Temperature Heat is a function of the velocity of all the molecules of a substance. Kinetic theory and heat transfer are both in motion, in Kinetic theory all states of matter are in vigorous motion and heat transfer is associated with the motion of atoms or molecules. The kinetic theory of matter says that all matter is made of particles that are in constant motion. Matter is made of constantly moving particles, which tells us how the matter in solids, liquids, and gases behaves. The reason heat relates to the kinetic theory is because, gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure to rise. Heat study is explained through the movement of warmer and cooler objects, the changing of temperature. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Scientist state that heat is defined as “something” that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance it has. Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Temperature is the measure of the average heat or thermal energy of particles in a substance. The relationship between heat and temperature is described...
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...in temperature while heating? H2o had the greatest increase in temperature(9.3 difference). How did the cooling of the gases compare to the warming? Because the gas that trapped the most heat held the most heat and...
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...Thermal Expansion happens a lot in everyday life. When something is heated and expands this is Thermal Expansion. The way Thermal Expansion works, is when it is heated the atoms expand, and then when it is cooled it shrinks. Several examples of Thermal Expansi Thermal Expansion happens a lot in everyday life. When something is heated and expands this is Thermal Expansion. The way Thermal Expansion works, is when it is heated the atoms expand, and then when it is cooled it shrinks. Several examples of Thermal Expansion would be some of the following: · When mercury in a thermometer rises it is because of thermal expansion. · Thermal Expansion caused sometimes when you see cracks in concrete that have spread it. · Take a thermostat, there are two pieces of metal in a thermostat, when it gets heated up the pieces of metal spread apart and shuts the furnace off, and when it cools back down the two pieces of metal touch each other and that triggers the furnace to come back on. · Power lines can be an example of Thermal Expansion. In the summer when it is hot you will notice that the power lines hang down lower because they expand from the heat, so then in the winter you will notice they will tighten back up. · A metal roof is a good example of Thermal Expansion. When the sun hits a metal roof it will expand then when it cools down you can hear it popping and cracking because then it contracted. Those are just a few examples of Thermal Expansion, you can see this is very common...
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...Which Substance Absorbs The Most Heat? Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine which materials absorbed more heat in the given amount of time. The hypothesis was that if aluminum, lead, zinc, water, and ethanol were heated, then ethanol will absorb the most heat because it’s boiling point is lower (70°C) than the rest of the materials. This investigation was valuable because it creates further understanding in the way thermal energy works for different substances. Procedure A hot plate was heated at 85°C. A beaker filled halfway with water is placed on the hot plate, and then was heated up to about 70°C. 5 g of the substance was then inserted into a test tube and then was put in the heated water bath with a thermometer...
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...film of polymer placed between two conductive electrodes. An absorptive metal electrode coats the sensing surface to protect it from contamination and exposure to condensation. The substrate used is usually glass or ceramic. The thin film polymer either absorbs or releases water vapour as the relative humidity of the air increases or decreases. These sensors provide high accurancy, excellent long-term stability negligible hysteresis. They are resistant to most chemicals and are not permanently damaged by liquids. iii) One instrument that is used to record air velocity is a thermal anemometer; also referred to as a ‘hot-wire’. This tool is based on the fact that the resistance of wire changes with temperature, therefore the technique depends on the convective heat loss to the surrounding fluid from an electrically heated sensing element or probe. If only the fluid velocity varies, then the heat loss can be interpreted as a measure of that variable. 2. (i) An appropriate tool to control the temperature in a box potato store containing seed potatoes...
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...Material Titanium, Ti Height (h) 3 mm Diameter 6 mm Young Modulus (E) 116 GPa Poisson Ratio (V) 0.34 BC’s CSYS- Encastred on the bottom of the scaffold and 15% displacement in U3 direction. MESH CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS Mesh Type Element Max. Stress Mesh 1 60 2.07E+10 Mesh 2 792 2.43E+10 Mesh 3 3840 2.86E+10 Mesh 4 13254 Mesh 5 28560 3.16E+10 3.47E+10 Results As we can see in the mesh sensitivity study, with more elements we get better results but we increase the computational time so we don’t need too much elements for this analysis According to Fourier´s Law, the heat flux is from highest to lowest temperature; therefore, our analysis is correct. Oven Thermal Analysis Normal Stress vs Normal Strain Thermal Analysis For better results I used the Partition toolset to divide parts or independent part instances into smaller regions. With this we: Gained more control over mesh generation. Obtained regions to which you can assign different element types. Using partition toolset WALL SECTION PROPERTIES Cement...
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...normal running. Besides, during processing, we should clean corn flour making machine and the working site sundries in time to avoid potential safety hazard. During corn flour making machine operation, there are various sections. Different maize products need to be processed by different processing sections of corn flour making machine. And many maize products need heating treatment in processing, and then we can adopt drying machine. Now let’s analyze corn flour making machine heating methods. 1. Corn flour making machine heating methods adopt high efficiency directed radiation to heat material in the form of electromagnetic infrared wave. The electromagnetic wave which generates from the heat source is repeatedly absorbed, reflected and stimulated by the intermediate absorber and the reflector, then it forms into heat photon beam. The heat photon beam can generate thermal energy in the heated material molecule high speed vibration and rotation. It has realized multilayer synchronization heating from material inner layer to outer...
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