...Part A Aim:-To investigate temperature difference when body size of animal vary Hypothesis:-Having greater surface area to volume ratio increases heat gain and loss Independent variable:- Body shape Dependent Variable:-Temperature Controlled Variable:-Amount of plasticine 200g each Equipment:-Plasticine, thermometer Controlled Variable:-Amount of plasticine 200g each. Time spend in the freezer Uncontrolled variable:-initial Environmental temperature Procedure One piece of plasticine was made into animal which was long and skinny.While the other piece was made into a large and bulky animal.A thermometer was stuck into each animal and both were placed into a refrigerator for 30 minutes. Results Large and bulky animal | Long and skinny animal | Temperature at start=26 degreesTemperature after 30mins=19 degrees. | Temperature at start=26 degreesTemperature after 30mins=16 degrees. | Analysis The thin and skinny animal had the largest temperature drop. The thin bodies have a larger surface area to volume ratio. Bodies gain and lose heat out of the surface of their body more surface area means greater gains and losses. The large and bulky animal had temperature drop less than the skinny animal. Bodies retain heat within their bodies more volume means more heat retention. When the surface area is large compared to the volume (small/thin things), heat is gained and lost quickly because there is lots of surface area to gain and lose heat and relatively little volume...
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...When it comes to matters of thermodynamics, which is the study of energy and it’s transformations, there are two laws that apply to everything in the universe. These laws, known as the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics, describe the flow of energy throughout an ecosystem, and also how the process of transferring energy provides the means to sustain life within it. The rainforest is a very complex ecosystem that contains many different species of animals, insects, plants, and trees. The 1st law states that an organism can not create the energy it needs to survive on it’s own and therefore must capture it from it’s surrounding environment, i.e., photosynthesis. During this process, solar energy from the sun absorbs into the plant and vegetation population, converting the chemical energy into sugar. Insects and animals in turn eat the plants, and then use that very same sugar as an energy source to power their movement. This is called biological work. The energy remaining is given off as heat and released back into the environment from which it originated. This ensures that the amount of energy present in the environment is always the same, as it is borrowed and returned, but never lost. The 2nd law simply states that the amount of energy that can be used to do biological work within the universe may decrease over time, however because it is both borrowed and returned, the total amount of energy present will not decrease, and therefore will always be the same. The rainforest...
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...B.Sc. degree in environmental studies the thermal environment Dr. Marcus M. Keane, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork. the thermal environment • Metabolism and comfort • Bodily mechanisms of heat transfer and thermostatic control • Metabolic rates • Clothing • Environmental influences on comfort • Fanger's comfort equation • Measuring Instruments • The choice of inside design conditions 1. metabolism and comfort [pic] Metabolism is the mechanism whereby the body converts food into different forms of energy by digesting food in the presence of oxygen. This energy takes the following forms: 1. Work 2. Thermal Energy 3. Waste products Work The amount of bodily energy converted into work is not very great - 0% for a body at rest, 20% when walking up a one in four gradient at 10km/h. Thermal Energy Most of the energy produced by the bodily metabolism is dissipated as heat to the environment. The mechanism for this is seen in the next overhead. Waste Products The remainder of the energy produced is dissipated in waste products. thermal energy Thermal energy is released through an interaction of chemical changes occurring within the body and muscular contractions. [pic] The purpose of the body's thermo-regulatory system is to keep the temperature of...
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...Running head: HEAT 1 Heat Adrienne Branch Professor Olivia Uitto Science 110- Introduction to Physical Science April 27, 2012 HEAT 2 How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The philosophers Democritus and Lucretius stated that matter is composed of particles. They also believed that these particles were in constant motion and in the state of solid, liquid, or gas (Gibbs, 2010). They called this theory the Kinetic Theory of Matter after the word kinema, which is Greek (Gibbs, 2010). In the study of heat we learn that whenever heat is added to a substance, molecules and atoms vibrate faster. Due to the quickly vibrating atoms, the area between the atoms get larger (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). The state of the matter of the particular substance is determined by the motion and space between the particles. The more an object expands, the more space it takes up (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). During this process, the mass of the particular object will not change. Solids, liquids, and gas all expand when heat is added. When an object cools, molecules vibrate at a slower pace. The atoms start moving closer together again and the matter begins to contract. During this process as well, the mass will remain the same (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). Several good examples of the Kinetic Theory of Matter relating to heat is with sidewalks and railroad tracks which are solids. They expand...
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...As an aside, Mpemba was mocked by his teacher for claiming hot water freezes faster than cold water because it seemed to contradict thermodynamics. Moral of the story? Don't be so fast to dismiss the observations of a non-scientist just because they don't agree with what you think you know. In fact, that lesson probably applies to most academic disciplines and, perhaps, all of human knowledge. Skepticism of people's claims is important. The Mpemba effect occurs when two bodies of water, identical in every way, except that one is at a higher temperature than the other, are exposed to identical subzero surroundings, and the initially hotter water freezes first. The effect appears theoretically impossible at first sight. Nevertheless, it has been observed in numerous experiments, and we will see that it is in fact possible. Readers who are quite certain that the effect is forbidden by the laws of thermodynamics should pause for a moment to do two things. First, to try to explain, as precisely as possible, why it is impossible. And second, to decide how to respond to a non-scientist who insists that they have observed the Mpemba effect in a home experiment. Whether or not the effect is real, careful consideration of these tasks will bring up a wealth of important issues about the scientific method, that can be understood and discussed by students without any knowledge of advanced physics... To see how the effect might occur, it is useful to carefully think about why the...
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...The Study of Heat, Kinetic Energy Theory of Matter, and Temperature Name University Physical Science Professor 17 July 2011 Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the similarities and differences between heat, temperature, and the kinetic energy theory of matter. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the study of heat relates to the kinetic energy theory of matter. It will also discuss what the study of heat is. I will then explain what temperature is. I will follow this by then explaining what the relationship between both heat and temperature are. Next, I will give the difference in both heat and temperature. I will then give examples of the various properties of a substance that will determine its heat capacity. Lastly, I will give the various sources of heat. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The study of heat is explained through science. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has. The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The result of heat in these three states of matter has different effects on each. For instance, if you gave the same amount of heat off for all three...
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...Data The table below contains the data that was calculated using a time step of 10 seconds for the first 80 seconds. The data was marched forward in time for a total of 3500 seconds. Using the complete table, a graph was produced showing the temperature for each node as a function of time for the first 3500 seconds of exposure. Located on the graph below the table, I have indicated the location of the node with the highest and lowest temperature in the beam. The graph represents the temperature versus time for each of the 20 nodes. The Fourier equation used for this data at a time step of 10 seconds is: Fo = , where and l^2 = 0.0016m^2 Therefore Fo = 0.0031. The Biot equation used for this data at a time step of 10 seconds is: B = hl/k , where h = 10W/m^2K , l = .04m and k = 0.5 W/mK Therefore B = 0.8 Table 1. Temperature for each node as a function of time. T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | T10 | T11 | T12 | T13 | T14 | T15 | T16 | T17 | T18 | T19 | T20 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.00 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.00 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 21.90 | 20.00 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 21.900 | 21.791 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 21.900 | 22.68 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 21.90 | 22.687 | 20.000 | 21.900 | 22.687 | 21.900 | 29.174 | 23.77 | 20.00 | 20.000 | 20.006 | 23.779 | 23.560 | 20.014 | 20.000 | 20.006 | 23.779 | 25.32 | 20.017 | 20.006 | 23.77 | 25.321 | 20.023...
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...Intro to Physical Science Assignment # 2 Johnnie Currie JR. November 8, 2011 Strayer University 1. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? Theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions the gas consists of very small particles, all no zero mass. The number of molecules is large such that statistical treatment can be applied. These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with the walls of the container. 2. What is heat? Heat is energy that is transferred from one body, region or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. 3. What is temperature? Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses those common notions of hot and cold. Object of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperature are referred to as warm or hot. 4. What is the relationship between heat and temperature? The relationship between heat and temperature is heat is a form of energy that exists on its own that is manifested of the total energy moving from one substance to another. Temperature is a material property it is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of molecules vibrating in a substance. 5. How are they different? The difference is heat is a thermal energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference, and temperature is a relative...
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...“How does the study of heat relate to the Kinetic of matter?” Heat is transferred into motion. This is done by kinetic matter. It moves at a rapid motion, making the heat that’s being transferred combine with the motion of atom and molecules. Therefore, matter takes on changes when heat is constantly being applied. For this reason, the process is called the kinetic theory. Heat takes on 3 stages and they are solid, liquids and gases. Solids forms there shape by arrangements of molecules. For example, ice has a shape but, changes when melting. Solids form around a fixed close position fitting making it stronger and Causing solids to maintain its shape. Liquids are closer together but, will change its form because space is provided. Gases are higher and 10 times the distance between that of solids and liquids. Therefore, allowing the particles to move freely and use the space available to them. “What is heat?” Heat can be describing that something that move between object when 2 objects of different temperature are brought together or energy transfer that move between object of different temperature (energy transfer). For example, when you rub your hand together, then you will feel the heat (warm) in center of your hand. There are two kind of energy. It’s call “External energy” and “Internal energy”. External energy is define as the total potential and kinetic energy of an everyday-sized object. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy...
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...#15 Aircraft Hydraulic Systems Managers should always make sure these systems are always properly serviced and bleed after any maintenance is done to prevent air in the system. Air in these systems may not seem like a big deal, but air is compressible and when entering components, they are weak. The force of air onto a spoiler surface pushes down due to air in a spoiler actuator. Pilots should watch for sudden system pressure and quantity drops, which could be the result in several things such as air that finished its way through the system or a broken component. Air in the lines vibrates and can cause the line to rupture. To prevent this low-pressure system bleed is preferred, exercising all subsystems to push the air out slowly and safely for both personnel and the aircraft. Another key fault to watch for is system demand loads. Both pilots and maintenance alike will power up the hydraulic systems and try to operate every flight control system at once over loading the work load of the pumps causing them to either shell out, crack or the spline shaft of the pump strips out (which is what is supposed to happen to prevent loss of the system). There are all kinds of emergency procedures for these hydraulic systems, some are electrically controlled, some are pneumatically controlled, and some systems have a redundancy system (two systems operating the same component). Electric one is just a switch opening up reserved pressure in an accumulator to operating a sub system...
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...The Changes of Heat in Calorimetry Summary The purpose of this experiment is to learn how heat flows into and through an unknown substance while using a calorimeter to measure the temperature. In this set of experiments we will focus our attention upon one particular area of thermodynamics, calorimetry, a technique used to measure heat flow into and out of matter. This is really simple procedure. The unknown metal is placed into a container called a calorimeter that separates it from everything else. As changes occur, we can follow the movement of heat from one portion of the matter to another by the temperature changes. The container we use as a calorimeter should insulate the metal, it should prevent matter from entering or exiting once our measurement has begun, and it should allow for easy measurement of temperature changes. A reasonable calorimeter can be constructed from a pair Styrofoam cups with lid on top to limit heat transfers into and out of the cups. Introduction The amount of heat, Q, required to raise the temperature of a solid body at constant pressure depends on the change in temperature, ∆T, of the body, its mass, m, and a characteristic of the material forming the body called its specific heat, C. This relationship is expressed by the equation Q = mC∆T and the dimensions of C are thus heat per unit mass per unit temperature change. The values of C do depend on temperature with those of the unknown metal. Specific heat can be considered to be the amount...
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...The University of Calgary Faculty of Engineering ENME 485 Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Laboratory Experiment 1: Refrigeration and Mechanical Heat Pump Experiment Objectives: i) To demonstrate the principles of a refrigeration cycle (Chapter 10 of Cengel and Boles). ii) To demonstrate the principles of a heat pump (Chapter 10 of Cengel and Boles). Introduction: It has been estimated that at least 85% of the refrigeration processes in use today are powered by vapor compression systems. The applications embrace many varied disciplines including catering, public health, architecture, food storage, transport and food processing. An improved understanding of refrigerating techniques is demanded of engineers, particularly in the fields of building services and environmental control. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the basic principles of refrigeration, i.e. how heat can be transferred from a cooler object to a hotter object. The mechanical heat pump unit, shown in Fig. 1 (a), consists of a standard compressor-condenser unit, a watt meter, and controls and instrumentation including flow meters, thermocouples and pressure gauges. Figure 1 (a): Picture of Mechanical Heat Pump The Mechanical Heat Pump was designed solely for educational purposes and yields data in a quantitative and qualitative form in a manner easily understood by the student regardless of their level of interest in the subject. The equipment is compact, bench...
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...CHAPTER 4 SI UNIT PROBLEMS SOLUTION MANUAL SONNTAG • BORGNAKKE • VAN WYLEN FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CONTENT SUBSECTION Correspondence table Concept problems Force displacement work Boundary work: simple one-step process Polytropic process Boundary work: multistep process Other types of work and general concepts Rates of work Heat transfer rates Review problems English unit concept problems English unit problems PROB NO. 1-19 20-30 31-46 47-58 59-70 71-81 82-94 95-105 106-116 117-122 123-143 Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CHAPTER 4 6 ed. CORRESPONDANCE TABLE The new problem set relative to the problems in the fifth edition. New 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 5th 1 2mod new New New 3 4 new New new New New 18 27 new new 5 new New 13 new new New New New 22 45 mod 8 12 14 New New New New 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 5th new 19 20 33 mod 37 36 15 30 6 New 32 7 9 34 10 New New 26 39 New 40 New New New New 58 59 60 61 New New New New New 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 5th new new new 43 new New new new New 47 HT 48 HT 49 HT 50 HT mod 51 HT mod 52 HT 53 HT 54 HT 55 HT 56 HT 57 HT 31 mod 11 16 17 23 21 mod 28 29 24 44 35 th Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen The English unit problem set...
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...Experiment Aim: To find the specific heat capacity of three different metal using the method of mixtures. Specific Heat Capacity – It is the amount of heat (thermal) energy required to cause a rise in temperature by 1°C in a solid of 1kg. Apparatus: 1. Metal cubes (3) 2. Beaker 3. Water bath 4. Thermometer (L.C. 1°C) 5. String 6. Digital Balance Risk Assessment: 1. Wear a lab coat to prevent any substance from falling you and potentially harming you. 2. Be careful when transferring metal from water bath to beaker as the water may fall and could burn you. If this scenario arises then put affected part under running cold water. Method: 1. Gather all required apparatus 2. Suspend the metal using the string into the water bath 3. Use the digital balance to measure the mass of the empty beaker 4. Pour water into the beaker 5. Measure the mass of the beaker containing water and find the difference between the two which will be the mass of the water and record the values 6. Measure the initial temperature of the water 7. Measure the initial temperature of the metal 8. Transfer the hot metal into the beaker 9. Monitor the change in temperature of the mixture and record the initial increase of the water when it stabilizes 10. Remove the metal from the beaker and find its mass 11. Using the formula E=MC (change in temperature) to find the total energy transferred in water 12. Since...
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...Toronto Collegiate Institute SPH 3U1 Practical Examination Specific Heat Capacity of TCI Tap Water Date: 14th July 2014 Title: Specific Heat Capacity of water Purpose: To find the specific heat capacity of TCI tap water Hypothesis: I hypothesize that the specific heat capacity of water will be 4200 J/kg°C because water is known to have a high heat capacity Apparatus: * Top Pan Balance * Kettle * Alcohol Thermometer * Pencil * Paper * Water Procedure: 1. Record the mass of the empty kettle 2. Fill kettle with water 3. Record the mass of kettle with water 4. Calculate mass of water 5. Turn on kettle and place thermometer in kettle 6. Record the temperature on the thermometer every 30 seconds until the temperature reaches 100°C Readings: PKettle = 1200W mKettle = .946kg mKettle and Water = 2.402kg mwater = 1.456kg Theory: EH=mc∆T The relationship between heat energy, the mass of the substance, the specific heat capacity of the substance and temperature can be expressed in the equation above. The heat energy in joules required to heat a given substance to a certain temperature is equal to the mass of the substance heated multiplied by the value of the specific heat capacity of the substance multiplied by the difference between the initial temperature and the temperature of the substance after heating In this lab, the energy used to heat the water is calculated from the power of the kettle. The mass of the water...
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