Kingsford Smith Drive Upgrade
Mahdi Mohammad (n9428691)
Queensland University of Technology

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 3
1.0. INTRODUCTION 3
2.0. NEED FOR THE INITIATIVE 5
3.0. INITIATIVE’S LIFECYCLE 5
Initial Planning 6
Procurement 7
Design 9
Development 10
Delivery 11
Operation and Maintenance 11
Retirement 13
Civil Engineering Research 13
4.0. CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM 15
5.0. STEWARDSHIP OF THE INITIATIVE 16
6.0. VALUES REGARDING THE INITIATIVE 16
Economic 16
Social 17
Sustainability 17
Political 18
7.0. ONLINE DISCUSSION FORUM REVIEW 19
8.0. CONCLUSIONS AND INFORMED POSITION 20
Conclusions 20
Informed Position 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 21
REFERENCES 22

ABSTRACT

The Brisbane City Council is embarking on the project of completing the staged upgrade of Kingsford Smith Drive to decrease traffic congestion and advance safety on the busy road. The Kingsford Smith Drive is a major lane connecting Brisbane CBD to the Brisbane Airport, Port of Brisbane, North-shore Hamilton, and the Australia Trade Coast area. The road was called after the aeronaut Charles Kingsford Smith. It links the suburb of Pinkenba to the Brisbane central business district at the Breakfast Creek.

The Roadis categorized as a primary freight route. The demand for transportation of freight on Kingsford Smith Drive is anticipated to grow promptly. Construction of the phase one of the projects that widened a portion of Kingsford Smith Drive from four to six lanes was accomplished in mid-2011. However, the community preferred for the remainder of the project to involve broadening Kingsford Smith Drive to six lanes amid Theodore Street and Breakfast Creek Road, and creating out into the Brisbane River between Riverview Walkway and Breakfast Creek Road.This Planning was to continue throughout 2014.

According to statistics, Kingsford Smith Drive is one of the eventful roads in Brisbane. It carried an average of 61,773 automobiles per day between July 2014 and December 2014. This paper aims atformulating a position paper on this current major civil engineering initiative.

INTRODUCTION

On February 2015, the Brisbane City Council announced the availability of the reference design for the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade. The Kingsford is a major lane connecting Brisbane CBD to the Brisbane Airport, Port of Brisbane, North-shore Hamilton, and the Australia Trade Coast area (Irving, Powell, & Irving, 2014). The upgrade of the road is aimed at widening it from four to six lanes between Cooksey Street at Hamilton and Theodore Street at Eagle Farm. The project will also include development works between Breakfast Creek Road at Albion and Cooksey Street. To make sure the project is in line with the public demands; the Brisbane City Council took on board community opinion and made several modifications to the concept design that was released earlier in 2014 (Irving, Powell, & Irving, 2014).
The reference design released by the Brisbane City Council includes three through traffic lanes in each route and unceasing footpaths on both edges of the road with improved footpath thicknesses. It also entails a 1.8 meter on-road cycle paths between Racecourse Road and Theodore Street; a two-way cross-country cycle path on the river side of Kingsford Smith Drive amid Racecourse Road and Breakfast Creek, and a riverside pedestrian lane and lastly an amalgamation of bus stops to allow nearly all stops to be scooped out of through traffic lanes (Aba-Bulgu, 2007).

The project will include removal of the right turn into the Amy Street exiting from Kingsford Smith Drive at Breakfast Creek Road intersection. It will also ensure that the Hunt Street is left in only from Kingsford Smith Drive. A new on-street parking will be constructedat Yule Star Street. Traffic signals will endure at the Cooksey Street and Kingsford Smith Drive intersection.

Further the pedestrian crossing, which is at Crescent Road across Kingsford Smith Drive, will remain. The pedestrian bridge at Riverview Terrace across Kingsford Smith Drive will be removed, and a new park will be constructed opposite Racecourse Road, at Brett’s Wharf. Vehicle entry to Brett’s Wharf withdrew from the Racecourse Road intersection. Together with other activities, existing U-turn will be detached at Alison Street then new traffic signals will be installed atthe right turn into Alison Street (Morris, 2010).

NEED FOR THE INITIATIVE

The Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade will condense traffic congestion and advance safety by widening Kingsford Smith Drive from four to six lanes starting Harvey Street to Breakfast Creek Road. On February 2007, it was broadcasted by the Government of Queensland that the road was to be given a major upgrade and that traffic rates were projected at 67,000 automobiles a day (Dowling, 2014).

Since then, the traffic volumes on the road have been growing. This increase led to a significant drop in the average speed on the road from 45 kilometers per hour in 2008 to 36 kilometers per hour in 2009.According to the Airport Link, this project is anticipated to reduce traffic volumes by twelve per cent (Dowling, 2014). The projects benefits will be: • The project will increase access to and from the chief developments. • It will improve amenities for cyclists • It will also expand facilities for foot-travelers, including provision of unceasing footpaths. • The project will advance public transport facilities. • It will improve security and safety for all road users. • The project will additionally increase road capacity. • It will minimize ecological effects. • Lastly, it will reduce property impacts.

INITIATIVE’S LIFECYCLE

This section will elaborate the project’s lifecycle. The project will go through: • Initial Planning • Procurement • Design • Development • Delivery • Operation and Maintenance • Retirement • Civil Engineering Research

3.1 Initial Planning

After the accomplishment of the first phase of the project, the Brisbane City Council is planning to accomplish the upgrade of Kingsford Smith Drive to ease traffic congestion and advance safety on the busy road. To ensure that the venture is prosperous, the Council unconfined a reference design for the improvement. Four contractors were selected to develop and construct the rest of the upgrade running from Theodore Street to Breakfast Creek Road. This stage of the upgrade is planned to involve widening Kingsford Smith Drive into the river between Riverview Terrace and Breakfast Creek Road. The project is estimated to cost $650 million (Tyson, 2013).
The City Council of Brisbane took on panel public opinion and altered the concept design that was unconfined in early 2014. Some of the changes include observing the intersection at Cooksey Street in its contemporary configuration, holding the public platform near Racecourse Road, and eliminating the proposed pedestrian flyovers (Dunkley, 2013).

The reference design made by the council will be used to form the foundation for the upgrade’s comprehensive design. Although it does not encompass all the detail essential for the construction of the project, it provides better certainty for the City Council of Brisbane about the configuration and key elements of the advancement. The plan includes:

[pic]

3.2 Procurement

According to the Brisbane City Council, the procurement process is expected to be free and fair. In the time being, it is concentrating on the procurement process for the design and construction contract for the upgrade. This tender is projected to be awarded late this year (2015). The council encourages novelty from potential contractors, which may be able to recognize better design answers or construction techniques that Council had not deliberated. However, any enhancements suggested by the design and the Council must approve construct contractor.
A list of four contractors was selected to design and build the remainder of the upgrade. The four bidders have already submitted their final proposals for the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade and assessment is ongoing. A design and construct contract is anticipated to be awarded in late 2015.

The actual construction of the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade is projected to start in early to mid-2016 and will take around three years to complete. The four contractors who have already submitted their bids have given the following information on their proposals:

The first bidder is the River LINQ Company Limited. This tenderer combines the international proficiency of Acciona combined with the unshakable local capability of Seymour White. They will use both experiences in design novelty and construction solutions on multifaceted road infrastructure projects in equally urban and marine settings (Dunkley G. , 2014).

The second bidder is the River way featuring BMD Constructions and Leighton Contractors Pty Limited. The two companies combine local design and construction knowledge in compound road groundwork projects, maritime works, and urban design. They have a verified record of accomplishment in working with Council and others to actually deliver key infrastructure projects (Aba-Bulgu, 2007).

The third tender is the River Reach Company Limited. It carries together both experienced international and local infrastructure companies. That is McConnell Dowell and Bouygues Travaux Publics. They have widespread international and robust local construction experience, as well as working within the Brisbane River precinct (Irving, Powell, & Irving, 2014).

The last tender was the Lend Lease Company. This is an incorporated property and infrastructure collection. Additionally, it is one of Australia’s principal construction contractors accountable for the successful delivery of some of the country’s largest road and bridge schemes.

3.3 Design

The reference design provides a conviction in which the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade can be built. It also circles the minimum standard that the chosen design and construct contractor is to accomplish for the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade.
The design will can be summarized in the following table:
|Design Element |Actor/s Responsible |Design System |Design Instruments |Design Tools |
|Landscape architecture |Urban planners | Architectural designs |Increasing footpaths on |landscaping software |
| | | |both edges of the road | |
| | | |with enhanced footpath | |
| | | |widths | |
|station building |Building architects |3d software system |Three complete traffic |Architectural software |
|architecture | | |lanes in each direction. | |
|road design |Regional planners |4-d dimension system |Off road isolated |Road design software |
| | | |pedestrian and cycle track| |
| | | |along the waterside | |
| | | |between Cameron Rocks | |
| | | |Reserve and Riverview | |
| | | |Terrace. | |
|intersection design |Landscape designers |Intersection system software |1.8-meter on-road cycle |Land mapping software |
| | | |paths between Theodore Way| |
| | | |and Racecourse Road | |
|tunnel and bridge |Building architects |Tunnel and bridge system |Neighborhood plans are |System design software |
|design | |software design |generated by the council | |
| | | |with an articulated input | |
| | | |from the residents. | |
|Intelligent Transport |Regional planners |IT-system |Intelligent transport |Systems design software |
|Systems design | | |design tool | |
|Structural design |Structural engineers |Structural design system |Structural design tool |Structural design software |
|Geotechnical design |Geotechnical designers |Geotechnical design system |Geotechnical tool |Geotechnical design software |
|Hydraulic design |Hydraulic designers |Hydraulic design system |Multi-lane system of |Hydraulic design software |
| | | |traffic flow | |
|Network design |Network designers |Network system design |Online mapping tool for |Network software |
| | | |the general view of the | |
| | | |design | |
|Multi river channel |Multipurpose river designers |Tunnel design |Tunnel design tool |Tunnels software design system|
|design | | | | |
|Tributary design |Tributary designers |Tributary design |Tributary design tool |Tributary design software tool|
|By pass design |By pass designers |By pass design |Bypass design tool |Software system for by pass |
| | | | |design |
|Curvature design |Curvature designers |Curvature design |Curvature design tool |Online system for curvature |
| | | | |design |
|Inlets and urban design|Urban designers |Urban design |Tool for inlet and urban |Online system software for |
| | | |design |urban design |

Additionally, according to the design, Kingsford Smith Drive will be broadened into the river amid Brett’s Wharf and Cameron Rocks Reserve by roughly ten to five meters, using an amalgamation of retaining wall and structure. The distance differs along the span of the upgrade depending on indented bus inlets and urban design contemplations.

Development

The development of the upgrade will include the following: • Vehicle entry to Brett’s Wharf should be removed from the Racecourse Road intersection. • Traffic signals to endure at the Kingsford Smith Drive intersection and Cooksey Street. • The removal of the pedestrian crossing at Riverview Terrace across Kingsford Smith Drive should be effected. • The pedestrian overpass at Crescent Road across Kingsford Smith Drive should persist. • The Hunt Street will be left in only from Kingsford Smith Drive. • The existing U-turn to should be removedfrom Alison Street and new traffic signals fitted for the right turn into Alison Street. • The elimination of the right seizure into Amy Street from Kingsford Smith Drive located at the Breakfast Creek Road junction. • Harbor Road should be leftout, leftin and right-in only. • Future signalized intersection should be delivered as a portion of Hamilton North Shore planning. • Curtin Avenue West should be closed at Remora Road. • Construction of a new on-street parking at Yule Star Street. • College Street should be left in and left out only • Brett’s Wharf City Cat terminal, opposite Racecourse Road should be relocated. • A new park should be constructed at Brett’s Wharf, which is opposite Racecourse Road.

3.4 Delivery

The project is expected to be delivered in phases. The design and construct procurement process was supposed to be delivered by early 2015. According to the Brisbane City Council, this step is complete, and the next step is in progress (Morris, 2010).

The second phase is supposed to be in the Late 2015 and early-mid 2016. It encompasses a detailed design and start of construction. Although a model is available, the final detailed design is yet to be through. Also, the construction has not yet begun (Toomey, 2015).

The project is anticipated to be through in 2019. This means it should be through in three to four years. The contractor who will be allocated the task should be able to deliver quality services within the allotted period. The Councilis is therefore, looking forward to reading the upgrade project in time (Dowling, Brisbane Airport International Terminal presentation goes online, 2012).

3.5 Operation and Maintenance

The activities of the upgrade will see the road expanded from four to six lanes amid Cooksey Street at Hamilton and Theodore Street at Eagle Farm. It will also embrace upgrading works between Breakfast Creek Road at Albion and Cooksey Street. Also, the project will replace the city's older cesspool line that carries 70% of the city's sewage. That sewer line lies under Kingsford Smith Drive. Work to upgrade is in progress (Dunkley A. , 2013).

The projects operations will include the construction of three through traffic lanes in both direction and continuous footpaths on both edges of the road with enhanced footpath widths. The next operation will be the construction of 1.8-meter on-road cycle paths between Theodore Street and Racecourse Street. A two-way off-road cycle lane on the shore of Kingsford Smith Drive between Racecourse Road and Breakfast Creek, and a waterside pedestrian path will be erected. Alliance of bus stops will allow almost all stops are indented out of through traffic lanes (Irving, Powell, & Irving, 2014).

The removal of the right turn from Kingsford Smith Drive into Amy Street at the Breakfast Creek Road intersection and new on-street parking at Yule Star Street will be executed. Hunt Road will be left in only from Kingsford Smith Drive while traffic signals will remain at the Cooksey Street and Kingsford Smith Drive intersection. The pedestrian passage at Crescent Road across Kingsford Smith Drive will remain unchanged. However, the pedestrian voyage at Riverview Terrace across Kingsford Smith Drive will be detached (Irving, Powell, & Irving, 2014).

Also, a new park will be constructed at Brett’s Wharf, adjourning Racecourse Road. This will ensure that vehicle entry to Brett’s Wharf is detached from the Racecourse Road intersection. Again, the Brett’s Wharf City Cat terminal, opposite Racecourse Road will be relocated, and Harbor Road will be left in, left out and right in only. Future signalized joint will be conveyed as part of Hamilton North Shore planning (Aba-Bulgu, 2007).

The Curtin Avenue West will be closed at Remora Road, and College Street will be left in and left out only. On the other hand, the current U-turn will be removed at Alison Road and new traffic indicators fitted for the right turn into Alison Street (Morris, 2010).

Other major operations will include construction of three lanes in each course on Kingsford Smith Drive, with the street widened around 15 meters out onto the river opposite Crescent Road. Concave bus bays will also be erected on each flank of the road. Three tracks will be built in each direction on Kingsford Smith Drive, with the road expanded roughly 10 meters out onto the river (Tyson, 2013).

3.6 Retirement

A design and construct contract is anticipated to be awarded in late 2015. However, the actual construction of the Kingsford Smith Drive upgrade is projected to start in early to mid-2016.The project is anticipated to last for 3 years.This means that if it begins in 2016 as expected, it is supposed to end in mid-2019. After completion, the council will inspect the project thoroughly to ensure that it is in line with the initial plan. Cases of poor performance will not be tolerated. In case of poor performance, the contractor will have to redo the work without any extra pay. The council will inspect the project in phases to ensure that variations from the initial plan are identified and corrected in advance.

3.7 Civil Engineering Research

After the completion of the project, a civil engineering research will be conducted. The research will be aimed at ensuring protocol was observed at each stage. It will follow the following order:

At the Feasibility phase, • Studies of infrastructure need • Social impact assessment • Layout studies • It will look into the generation and development of ideas • Feasibility studies • Environmental impact assessment • Cost estimation • Construction and procurement scheduling • Assessment of design data

In the Design phase, • Study of oceanographically conditions • Operational risk assessment • Mechanical and electrical installations • It will look for the establishment of design basis • Geotechnical assessments • Durability design • Design data studies • Civil and structural design

In the Tender phase, • Value engineering • Preparation of contract for construction • Management of tender procedures • Development of raw design

In the Construction phase, • Site supervision • Quality, environmental and safety management • Programs and budget control • Interface coordination • Contract and claims management • Construction risk management • Construction management

In the Operation and maintenance phase, • Repair and strengthening design • Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment needs • Quality management • O&M management system • Institutional development and training • Inspection of structures and installations

CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM

The Civil Engineering System to be used is summarized in the pictorial below: [pic]
Some nice schematic for example

STEWARDSHIP OF THE INITIATIVE

The project is under the stewardship of Brisbane City Council, which is proceeding with completing the staged upgrade of Kingsford Smith Drive to ease traffic congestion and improve safety on this busy road. Under their stewardship, Brisbane City Council has considered community feedback and made several changes to the concept design released in early 2014.Owing to this, they have been able to come up with the reference design that will be used to form the foundation for the upgrade’s comprehensive design in late 2015/early 2016. Although it does not enclose all the detail needed for construction of the project, the reference design offers greater certainty for Council about the configuration and key elements of the upgrading (Dunkley A. , 2013).

VALUES REGARDING THE INITIATIVE

6.1 Economic

The benefit accumulating to road users from this project can be measured by the savings occasioning from the new amenities in terms of time, fuel intake, tyre wear, repairs and by the better travelling comfort and abridged accident risk.To the degree to which such paybacks can be economically computed, an economic balance sheet can be haggard up and, by comparing the benefits with the costs, a cost/benefit ratio can be worked out to decide whether the scheme is economically reasonable (Tyson, 2013).

The transport enhancements will decrease transportation costs and increase access to markets. It will also nurture economic integration, arouse competition; generate accumulation economies and some other wider economic benefits. This is why transport improvements are frequently suggested as a strategy for economic growth, integration, and local economic growth. However, the economy having well-built transport networks, there is little enough evidence on the magnitude of the gains that result from add-ons to the existing system. Although the road improvement is subject to appraisal, it has not been subject to any assessment to work out whether these profits can be materialized (Dunkley A. , 2013).

6.2 Social

The project will affect the public positively. It will advance safety for all road users including pedestrians, cyclist, and automobile drivers. This is because designated lanes will be set apart for each group. This will minimize road accidents.

The initiative will also increase road capacity. With six lanes, the road will ease congestion on the road. It will accommodate more vehicles without traffic jams. This will guarantee that there is a smooth flow of vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists (Morris, 2010).
Additionally, the project will improve public transport facilities and improve access to and from major developments. The completion of the project will bring about a significant improvement in the sector of the carriage. Access to major events will also be enhanced.
The project will improve facilities for pedestrians, including the provision of continuous footpaths and improve facilities for cyclists. It will also minimize property impacts as well as reduce environmental impacts.

6.3 Sustainability

The upgrade of the King Smith Road will increase the education level of the residents. The connection of the towns to the road network upshots in selling up more Schools- primary and middle level and upsurges the educational standard of the residents of the urban community. The students will find it easier to go to their place of education. Additionally, proper and efficient teaching staffs are also attracted to these schools and thus the literacy level is amplified, and educational standards are enhanced.

Health Care standards will be strengthened. Development of the King Smith road to connect the towns with the highway and nearby towns will provide facilities to create more health centers and dispensaries where the staff can function more efficiently and attend to number of persons by swelling their area of operation. This healthier health standard increases the production and generates abettor appreciation of family planning programs. With the proper link of roads, more efficient and qualified medics are also lured to work in the rural areas.

Lastly but not the least, the way will improve facilities for pedestrians, including the provision of unceasing footpaths. It will also improve amenities for cyclists.

6.4 Political

The road will create employment. The construction and conservation of roads are itself employment-focused. It will generate employment within its segment. The road transport will open new avenues within the zone by setting up more and new manufacturing units, and other infrastructural amenities like electrification, and another utility service.

The convenience of the road links will provide an opportunity to the tycoons for setting up industrial units. It will reduce the cost of transportation of raw materials from the external and marketing of finished products. It will lessen the cost of production, and a tycoon can draw better return on the investment (Tyson, 2013).

The production of finished goodsis amplified, and the same can be accessible at a comparatively low-priced rate to the consumer. Good road linking also helps industries in getting other aspects of production like labor and capital at a cheaper rate and in time. Besides upsurge in the industrial production, more growth opportunity is provided to the local population as well as to the public (Dunkley G. , 2014).

ONLINE DISCUSSION FORUM REVIEW

The affiliates of the project team collected information on the public opinion concerning the project. This was done through interviews, questionnaires, and online discussion forums. The feedback obtained can be summarized in the table below:

|Public Opinion |The action that was taken |
|Appeal to retain or replace the public pontoon at Riverview |A new general craft will be constructed as part of the upgrade. |
|Terrace. | |
|Demand for urban design features and adequate landscaping. |Shaded areas and graphic treatments will be provided to complement the |
| |existing local situation without unduly compromising safety and opinions |
| |of the city and river. |
|Request for the endowment of safe and adequate facilities for |A labeled two-way off-road cycle path will be provided amid Breakfast |
|both cyclists and foot-travellers. |Creek and Racecourse Road. |
| |1.8-metre-wide on-road cycle tracks will be deliveredbetween Racecourse |
| |Road and Theodore Street. |
| |Unceasing footpaths will also be on both edges of Kingsford Smith Drive. |
|Demand for improvements to be made to ease traffic congestion |The subsequent options were investigated. |
|at the Racecourse Road intersection. |Prohibition of the left turns out of Racecourse Road. |
| |A protracted left lane on Racecourse Road. |
| |A pedestrian flyover across Kingsford Smith Drive. |
| |A devoted left-turn lane out of Racecourse Road. |
| |Findings determined these choices not improve traffic flow and |
| |consequently will not be progressed. |
| |Nonetheless, the broadening of Kingsford Smith Drive and the elimination |
| |of the Bretts Wharf leg of the intersection will enable enhancements to be|
| |made to traffic signal timing. |
|Mixed reaction from the public about proposed pedestrian |All pedestrian crossings to stay at ground level. |
|flyovers. |Subways were not considered appropriate due to safety and drainage issues.|
|Anxieties rose about proposed changes to the Kingsford Smith |All movements now to be upheld at Cooksey Street, allowing the right turn |
|Drive/Cooksey Street node. |to continue. |

CONCLUSIONS AND INFORMED POSITION

Conclusions

The project will have several benefits to the residents. These benefits will include: • Expansion of facilities for foot-travelers, • Improvement of amenities for cyclists • Developmentof security and safety for all road users • Minimization of ecological effects and property impacts. • Increase of road capacity • Advancement of public transport facilities • The rise of access to and from the chief developments.

With these benefits, the project is worthy investing, as the City Council will reap from its success.

Informed Position

Below is the reported positions table:
|Consideration |Positive Attributes |Negative Attributes |Comments |
|Need for Initiative |Economic growth | |Faster growth of the transport sector|
|Initial Planning |Timely completion | |Allows for apprenticeship |
|Design |Eradication of errors | |Limits human errors due to software |
| | | |appraisals |
|Procurement |Faster implementation | |Eliminates redundancies |
|Development |Professional consideration | |Faster development |
|Delivery |Faster processes | |Faster delivery processes |
|Operation |Computerized |Costly to implement all the software |Takes less time between subsequent |
| | |designs |operations |
|Maintenance |Less costly | |Low cost of maintenance |
|Retirement |??? |??? |??? |
|Civil Engineering System |professional | |No novice entrepreneurship |
|Initiative Stewardship |???? |????? |????? |
|Economic Values |Less costs of production | | |
|Social Values |Enables societal involvement | | |
|Sustainability Values |More suitable | | |
|Political Values |?? |??? |??? |

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the Almighty Allah for his stable provision, love and defense in all moment of hopelessness, fear and discouragement. His special gratitude goes to his lecturer who tirelessly through his effort, experience, expertise and initiative guided him through the whole process.

The author would also like to prolong his gratitude to his Parents for their financial, moral, and spiritual support during his entire academic life. Additionally, he would like to appreciate all the course mates, colleagues, and friends and in a special way, his family for their moral and material support for the completion of this project.

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