...SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 239 SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 13 13.1 Introduction From Class IX, you are familiar with some of the solids like cuboid, cone, cylinder, and sphere (see Fig. 13.1). You have also learnt how to find their surface areas and volumes. Fig. 13.1 In our day-to-day life, we come across a number of solids made up of combinations of two or more of the basic solids as shown above. You must have seen a truck with a container fitted on its back (see Fig. 13.2), carrying oil or water from one place to another. Is it in the shape of any of the four basic solids mentioned above? You may guess that it is made of a cylinder with two hemispheres as its ends. Fig. 13.2 File Name : C:\Computer Station\Class - X (Maths)/Final/Chap-13/Chap-13 (28th Nov. 2006) 240 MATHEMATICS Again, you may have seen an object like the one in Fig. 13.3. Can you name it? A test tube, right! You would have used one in your science laboratory. This tube is also a combination of a cylinder and a hemisphere. Similarly, while travelling, you may have seen some big and beautiful buildings or monuments made up of a combination of solids mentioned above. If for some reason you wanted to find the surface areas, or volumes, or capacities of such objects, how would you do it? We cannot classify these under any of the solids you have already studied. Fig. 13.3 In this chapter, you will see how to find surface areas and volumes of such objects. ...
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...Course (BM61014) to Dr. Prithwis Mukherjee at VGSOM, IIT Kharagpur Submitted by : Mayank Mohan 10BM60048 Page | 0 CONTENTS TOPIC Page No ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPLIT CYCLE ENGINE OTHER SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY: TOUR ENGINE GRAPHENE : THE MATERIAL FOR THE FUTURE AUTOMOBILES FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA HURDLES TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES 1 2 3 8 9 10 13 15 16 Page | 1 ABSTRACT Split Cycle Engine and Graphene : the future of Automobiles The Split-Cycle Engine functions by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. Graphene is a 2-dimensional network of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a honeycomb array comprised of six-membered rings. This paper describes that how combining these two may lead to a sustainable future by tackling problems like low mileage and low efficiency of automobile engines leading to low consumption of fossil fuels . Page | 2 Introduction to Split Cycle Technology The Split-Cycle Engine was originally conceived by Mr. Carmelo J. Scuderi. Computer studies on the Split-Cycle Engine were performed by the Southwest Research Institute of San Antonio, Texas, the results of which are summarized in Summary...
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...In this article, compiled by R.F. Huang, H.S. Yang, and C. N. Yeh, the experiment involved the in-cylinder flow structures and turbulence intensities in the symmetry and offset planes of a motored four-valve, four-stroke engine during the intake and compression strokes.3 This is carried out by using a particle image velocimeter. The in-cylinder flow is a decisive factor for combustion in the engine, which in turn provides significant effects on the engine performance. Generating a significant vertical flow motion (swirl-like motion) inside the engine cylinder during the intake process is one of the more promising ways to achieve fast burning rate. This is because a well defined single vortical structure is more stable than other large scale in-cylinder flows and, therefore, may break up later in the cycle giving higher turbulence during combustion.3 This experiment studied two pistons of different crown shapes (flat-crown and slightly concave-crown pistons), as shown in Figure 2. The origin, establishment, and evolution of the tumbling vortical flow structures during the intake and compression strokes are clearly depicted.3 Quantitative strengths of the rotating vortical flow motions are presented by a dimensionless parameter, the tumble ratio, which can represent the mean angular velocity of the vortices in the target plane. The turbulence intensity of the in-cylinder flow was calculated by using the measured time-varying velocity data.3 The results show that the flat-crown...
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...engine's wheels (Brain howstuffworks.com). In a steam train, the boiler which is fueled by wood, oil, or coal, constantly boils water in an enclosed compartment, creating high-pressure vapor. The cross-head is linked to a drive rod that attaches to one of drive wheels of the locomotive. The three wheels are linked using coupling rods thus they turn in harmony First stroke and exhaust Steam commencing from the boiler goes into the steam chestand is admitted to the front ending of the cylinder by way of a valve slide. The high pressure steam presses the piston to the back, forcing the locomotive wheels around single half turn.At the end of the piston stroke, the valve moves, permitting the left over steam pressure to getaway through the exhaust port beneath valve slide. The pressure gets away in a rapid burst which furnishes the engine with its distinctive “choochoo” noise. Second stroke and exhaust At the same time, the valve slide starts admitting high pressure steam to the rear end of the cylinder. This pushes the piston forward, hauling the engine...
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...pistons. Two kinds of these motors are. 1. by cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type or opposed, or 2. By the method of cooling—liquid or air-cooled. The main advantage of a radial engine is the favorable power-to-weight ratio. V-type engines usually have more horsepower than in-line engines. The horizontally-opposed engine is the most popular engine on smaller aircraft. Opposed engines always have a even number of cylinders. Most are air cooled and have a high power-to-weight ratio due to a light crankcase. The main parts of a reciprocating engine include the cylinders, crankcase, and accessory housing. The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders. The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase. The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing. Operating Principles Federal Aviation Administration. (2013, July 1) found the basic principle for reciprocating engines involves the conversion of chemical energy, in the form of fuel, into mechanical energy. This occurs within the cylinders of the engine through a process known as the four-stroke operating cycle. These strokes are called intake, compression, power, and exhaust. 1. The intake stroke begins as the piston starts its downward travel. When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder. 2. The compression stroke begins when the intake...
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...How To Change Your 2005 Honda Pilot Oil WRTG 393 Christopher Bloss June 10th, 2015 INTRODUCTION Changing your oil is just like changing the cat litter box – dump out the old crap, inspect for any issues, and fill up with new, fresh goods. The only difference is – if you make a mistake during the change process, you can cause permanent damage to your motor. This manual details the process of changing the oil in a 2005 Honda Pilot. This manual was written for the average DIY-er who has a basic understanding of engine maintenance. This manual is broken down into several thorough steps to help explain the process from understanding the purpose of an oil change, the need for changing the oil, and steps for at home oil changes. Motor Oil Purpose: There are 5 main purposes of motor oil: protection, lubrication, cooling, cleaning, and restoration of performance (Arnold, n.d., para 1). According to Arnold (n.d.), “Motor oil creates a slippery coating of lubrication so that the moving parts can move more fluidly. Without the oil's lubrication, the friction in the moving parts of the motor is greatly compromised and the compression is decreased, resulting in the inability to reach optimal levels of speed and performance.” Oil lubrication creates protection for the moving engine parts without this lubrication; the metal engine parts begin to degrade. As oil travels through the engine, the debris is collected and cleans the metal parts within the motor (Arnold, n.d., para...
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...WWW.TPAPERS.BLOGSPOT.COM SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE www.tpapers.blogspot.com For more papers www.tpapers.blogspot.com Help your fellow students… Explore more…. Mail your papers to totpapers@gmail.com SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE Abstract: The Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. The gas passage includes a set of uniquely timed valves, which maintain a precharged pressure through all four strokes of the cycle. Shortly after the piston in the power cylinder reaches its top dead center position, the gas is quickly transferred to the power cylinder and fired (or combusted) to produce the power stroke. Split-cycle internal combustion engine claims have the potential to double fuel efficiency for same size engine, while reducing the manufacturing price by up to 50% which includes a built in dedicated compressor. Rather than using batteries and electric motors/generators to harness braking energy, the engine uses the air compressor. A split cycle engine includes a novel compressor apparatus driven by the combustion engine, a closed-cycle refrigeration system in cooperation with the compressor apparatus, and a pneumatic motor driven by compressed air from the compressor apparatus. Refrigerant in the compressor absorbs thermal...
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...MECHANISMS: The following are major component in a four-stroke diesel engine. 1. Cylinder 2. Cylinder head 3. Piston 4. Piston rings 5. Connecting rod 6. Crank shaft 7. Piston pin 8. Inlet valve 9. Inlet manifold 10. Exhaust valve 11. Exhaust manifold 12. Cam and cam-follower 13. Fly wheel 14. Cam shaft 15. Push rod 16. Valve spring 17. Rocker arm 18. Fuel Nozzle 19. Fuel pump 20. Cam shaft drive mechanism 21. Crank case 22. Governor 23. Water Jacket TERMS COMMONLY USED: TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC): The top most position of the piston towards the cylinder head and the topside of the cylinder of the vertical engine are called top dead center position. BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC): The lowest most position of the piston towards the crank end side of the cylinder of a vertical engine is called bottom dead center position. WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: The working cycle of the engine is completed in four strokes and diesel oil is used as fuel. Therefore it is known as four-stroke diesel engine. The following are the four working stroke of the engine. SUCTION STROKE: The piston is at the top most position and is ready to move downwards. Inlet valve is opened and exhaust valve is closed. As the piston moves downwards Air enters the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the vacuum created. This continues closes. The downward movement...
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...TITLE PAGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT BY OKOLIE IZUNNA JUDE FPI/HND/MEC/010/001 BEN DAVID IDOKO FPI/HND/MEC/010/002 OKECHUKWU NNAMDI FPI/HND/MEC/010/004 ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ FPI/HND/MEC/010/009 AGONOR WILLIAMS FPI/HND/MEC/010/019 BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC IDAH, KOGI STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2011/2012 SESSION CERTIFICATION We the undersigned hereby certify that this project was carried out by the under listed students. OKOLO IZUNNA JUDE FPI/HND/MEC/010/001 ____________________________ BEN DAVID IDOKO FPI/HND/MEC/010/002 ____________________________ OKECHUKWU NNAMDI FPI/HND/MEC/010/004 ____________________________ ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ FPI/HND/MEC/010/009 ____________________________ AGONOR WILLIAMS FPI/HND/MEC/010/019 ____________________________ Mechanical Engineering Department under the supervision of Mr. Bingfa Bongfa. I certify that the work is adequate in scope and quality for the partial fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechanical Engineering. ___________________________ _______________________ ENGR. O. Y. USMAN MR. BINGFA BONGFA Head of Department Supervisor APPROVAL PAGE This project work titled design and construction of hydraulic scissors lift has...
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...INTRODUCTION Background Driving Simulators are used for entertainment as well as in training of driver's education courses taught in educational institutions and private businesses. They are also used for research purposes in the area of human factors and medical research, to monitor driver behavior, performance, and attention and in the car industry to design and evaluate new vehicles or new advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Training Driving simulators are being increasingly used for training drivers all over the world. Research has shown that driving simulators are proven to be excellent practical and effective educational tools to impart safe driving training techniques for all drivers. Uses • • • • • • • User training Training in critical driving conditions Training for impaired users Analysis of the driver behaviours Analysis of driver responses Analysis of the user performances Evaluating user performances in different conditions (handling of controls) Entertainment Apart from training drivers, driving simulators are also used for entertainment purposes like giving video games a more realistic feel. Steering wheels and seats can be purchased and synchronised with game consoles to be used when playing racing games. 1 Research Driving simulators are used at research facilities for many purposes. Some vehicle manufacturers operate driving simulators. Many universities also operate simulators for research. In addition to studying driver training issues...
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...KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AUTOMOBILES USING ELECTRONIC VALVE CONTROL PRESENTED BY S.MADHUVANTH (3rd MCE) (vanth7@gmail.com) (9940899266) & S.ASWIN KUMAR (3rd MCE) (aswin_634@gmail.com) (9894635982) ABSTRACT: Since cars have become an integral part of human life, there is a need for increasing the overall efficiency of the cars. Thus it includes increasing the fuel efficiency, performance, pickup, etc. In this paper we are introducing the electronic control of closing and opening of the valves in the engine. In the conventional car engines, opening and closing of the valves are controlled using a overhead cam shaft. We are replacing it by electronically controlled actuators. INTRODUCTION: An electronic valve control (EVC) system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each valve with actuators for independent valve timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each valve. Changing from a mechanical camshaft driven valve into independently controlled actuator valves provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. Conventional internal combustion engines includes a camshaft and associated linkages to open and close intake and exhaust valves during operation. Since the valve timing is determined during design and manufacturing and remains constant throughout the engine life, there is no room for...
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...Done By: Yaseen Date: 10/01/2015 Subject: Hydraulics I.D. no.: Introduction In this assignment I am going to discuss the construction and clarify the operation of a rod and a cable worked manual flying control system and for every system, expresses the motivation behind their real components. I will likewise clarify the operation of a hydraulically controlled aircraft rudder system and state the motivation behind each of the real components inside the system. I will likewise specify the operation of a hydraulically controlled aircraft trailing edge fold system and state the motivation behind each of the components inside the system. Index Cover Page | Page 1 | Introduction | Page 2 | Index | Page 3 | Task 1: Explain in detail the construction and operation manually operated flight control systems. And for each of this system explain the function of each of the components involved. | Page 4-6 | Task 2: Describe in detail the operation and state the function of the components involved in a hydraulically operated rudder system. | Page 6-10 | Task 3: Describe in detail the operation and state the function of the components involved in a hydraulically operated flap system. | Page 11-14 | Conclusion | Page 15 | Reference | Page 16 | Task 1:Explain in detail the construction and operation manually operated flight control systems. And for each of this system explain the function of each of the components involved. (Rod System: Construction: (It is...
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...Kenxxxx x xxxx xx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Incident at Boeing simulator operations by Kenxxxx x xxxx xx This report is to bring forth the incident at Boeing Simulator Operations on May 18th, 2008. It is a work related accident and in reviewing the key points that I hope to bring out with this report, it will show that it should not have happened and could have been prevented; as a result of this accident my future has been altered and very uncertain with permanent injuries and a forced changed way of life. First I’ll explain the events leading up to the accident, how the accident happened, the aftermath of the accident, and then how it should have been prevented, as well as, pointing out major flaws in the operation and procedures happening at Boeing Simulator Operations. I was just hired on to Boeing As a Simulator Device Technician Level III on April 25th, 2008 after being away from Simulators for about 2½ years and writing Technical manuals on simulator operation and maintenance for 5½ years before that; See Figure 1 for picture of a Simulator. We were on the second week of doing overtime on the weekends to do hydraulic oil flushing on 2 different simulators that are considered extremely old and the flushing was years overdue; when finishing up on the second simulator (the 757, oldest), all of the hydraulic pumps had been turned ‘ON’ to circulate the oil through the system and after a little while, a pretty bad leak was noticed on one of the Control...
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...GEOSYSTEMS Geotechnical Instrumentation — Design, Manufacture, Installation, Data Acquisition, on-Line Monitoring Hydraulic Load Cell Model 4500-RT-HYDLO FEATURES • Rugged construction • Compact size • Easy to install and read • Direct load measure- ment with pressure gauge drift— suitable for long-term measurements quired able transducer. This optional feature suits situations where access to the cell is difficult. The HYDLO can accommodate small inclinations in loading. Larger misalignments should be compensated with the use of spherical seats. • Negli gible • No maintenance re- Description The Roctest model HYDLO consists of a sealed cell composed of two plates welded together around the periphery, and filled with de-aired oil. The cell is directly connected to a pressure gauge. The load applied to the cell induces an oil pressure variation, which is sensed by the gauge. The compact size of the HYDLO eases installation and allows for quick and simple readings. Two configurations of HYDLO are available. To monitor a tensile load, a hollow centre cell enables the passage of an anchor through the cell. To monitor a compressive load, a solid centre cell is used. With both of these configurations, remote pressure reading is available by connecting the cell with flexible tubing to a remote vibrating wire, electrical 420 mA, or hydraulic pressure • Remote reading avail• Not affected by eccentric loading APPLICATIONS The HYDLO Hydraulic Load Cell is designed...
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... Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There are certain governing principles in a hydraulic system 1. All liquids are non-compressible and can be used to transmit power. 2. Any load to be lifted offers resistance to flow of liquid. This resistance to flow is pressure. 3. If the capacity of the pump is more, then it pumps out more liquid. If it pumps out more liquid, then it makes the hydraulic actuators (hydraulic cylinder) (or)...
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