...WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? Quassim Cassam 1 What would a good answer to this question - call it (WK) - look like? What I’m going to call the standard analytic approach (SA) says that: A) The way to answer WK is to analyse the concept of knowledge. B) To analyse the concept of knowledge is to come up with non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for someone to know that something is the case. Is the standard analytic approach to WK the right approach? If not, what would be a better way of doing things? These are the questions I’m going to tackle here. I want to look at some criticisms of SA and consider the prospects for a different, non-standard analytic approach (NA) to WK. Here is one objection to SA: the concept of knowledge can’t be analysed, at least if analysis is understood in the way that (B) understands it.[i] (B) assumes a reductive conception of analysis, according to which analysing a concept is a matter of breaking it down into more basic concepts. Let’s say that a concept C1 is more basic than another concept C2 just if one can grasp C1 without grasping C2 but one can’t grasp C2 without grasping C1. Proponents of SA tend to assume that concepts like truth, belief, and justification are in this sense more basic than the concept knows and that that is why they can be used to specify non-circular necessary and sufficient conditions for knowing. If it turns out that such conditions can’t be given, and therefore that the concept of...
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...Miller, has succeeded in matching author Michael Lewis’ style by using a great sense of lighting, audio, characterisation, setting and editing to help capture the theme; underdogs can be winners in the right circumstances. Just like the book, the movie symbolized hope, unfairness and to never give up. List of 10 Passages: 1. ISU Novel Passage: " There was the bias toward what people saw with their own eyes, or thought they had seen... There was a lot you couldn't see when you watched a baseball game.” (Lewis 19) Elements of Fiction: Setting, Characterization and Conflict between what baseball managers see in baseball players. Film Adaptation: Billy and Paul (his name is Peter in the movie) are in the garage of the Cleveland Indians baseball team and they are both wearing a suit, and there are cars in the background. (Time: 0:20:39) Film Techniques: - Medium-Bright lighting to show enthusiasm - Over-the-shoulder shots - Inspirational music in the background to show inspiration of what Paul (Peter) is saying Analysis/Connection to Thesis: This passage and movie scene relates to the thesis because the thesis is about how underdogs are winner and this passage shows inspiration in Paul’s voice from the lighting and the background audio as he says that the players showing big numbers in their last game doesn’t necessarily mean that they will perform in their next and he also say’s how he thinks that picking up an underdog from college is the best thing to do. ...
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...message; disciples are confused about why Jesus is speaking in parables. Those who study this parable all agree that Christ is making clear that the gospel is for all to receive but few do entirely. However, there is disagreement on whether this parable is direct to the Disciples as a lesson of the kingdom of God or directly to everyone who has heard the gospel. The parable should be understood as a tool for self-examination by the Believer based on three essential reasons: what experts analysis says, what circumstances surrounded the telling of the story, and what Christ himself explained about the parable. The parable not for all believers but to train the Disciples...
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...Today's lesson objective is: students will be able to use evidence from a text to determine what the text says explicitly. Think about some of the learning skills we have used to determine central idea. Would any of these be useful when determining explicit textual information? We could probably make a list of details in the text and analyze the text to see how the author uses structure. Open your digital notebook and describe your strategy and the...
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...Transactional Analysis is a theory developed by Dr. Eric Berne in the 1950's. Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne wanted a theory which could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop what came to be called Transactional Analysis (TA). Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that: • people can change • we all have a right to be in the world and be accepted Initially criticised by some as a simplistic model, Transactional Analysis is now gathering worldwide attention. It originally suffered much from the popularised writings in the 1960's. Many did not appreciate the duration and complexity of the training. Today there is greater understanding of Transactional Analysis. More and more people are taking the four to five year part-time training courses to qualify, and increasingly universities are accrediting these courses for masters degrees. Those taking training include psychiatrists, organizational and management consultants, teachers, social workers, designers, engineers and the clergy. Today Transactional Analysis is used in psychotherapy, organisations, educational and religious settings. Books have been written for all ages, from children through...
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...New Analysis Affordable Healthcare Act Com/310 Abstract This paper will explore three published news reports on different opinions regarding the new Affordable Health Care reform Obamacare. The analysis will be from three different news channels all regarding the same issue. The report however varies in their opinions for how each new station feels towards the new Affordable Health Care. Fox news does not agree with anything in terms of Obamacare, the station is completely against it and have nothing positive to say in regards to the new plan. MSNBC News on the other hand thinks the new healthcare is great and is working fine. CNN News is in the middle, thinks the new plan could use work, but in the long run thinks it will work out just fine. This paper will examine each news stations to suggest the stations opinions on Obamacare. Fox News Analysis Obamacare Fox News has thought Obamacare has been an issue since day one, in recent news they covered a story, “President ignores Obamacare horror stories as human, financial cost pile up”. According to Bent Bozell III (2014 Fox News) the Obama administration and many in the Democratic Parties are trying to peddle the story that Obamacare is now working because the healthcare.gov website is functioning better. Fox News claims for each success there are countless failures. The cost of empty promises and outright lies is enormous bit in human and in financial terms. Fox News claims what these people are experiencing is exactly...
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...threat analysis. Course: INTL634 March 3, 2013 What biases, if any, might be common to U.S. intelligence agencies? Give two examples from history or modern day? There are a number of different types of bias mentioned in our text books. In their book, “Analyzing Intelligence” Bruce and Bennett discuss the denial and deception (D&D) bias traps than an analyst can fall into. They mention that there are three major categories: 1) Cultural and personal bias; 2) Organizational bias; & 3) Cognitive heuristics bias. Such biases can taint the analysts opinions based on their type of biases. (George & Bruce. 2008, 127-130) Cultural and personal bias may allow the perception of the intelligence to be tainted by personal beliefs and pre-conceptions that the analyst has developed over his lifetime. This type of bias also may be influenced by personal experiences, morals, customs, habits, and social environments. Organizational bias is “generally associated with the limitations and weaknesses of large bureaucratic organizations”. This type of bias is the result of actual or perceived goals, policies, and traditions of an organization. Bruce also says that the differences are even more extreme when “classified information” is involved. Cognitive heuristics bias is the inability to properly perceive or understand the world around them. This type of bias makes the analysts vulnerable to optical illusions, magician’s tricks, political and military deception just to name...
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...11/21/11 “News and Analysis” Summary Racism is a big factor in today’s sports. They say the only reason why it is a big factor is because the media was the reason why. ESPN and other sports outlets making it a bigger issue than it really is. We have racism in sports today is not because of sports in general, but we have racism in sports now because of the media covering them. In the article it tells us about how the media can say and tell us a lot of misleading things that may not even have to do with racism, and how that we should stop paying attention to each and everything the media are telling us, and start believing in what we think in our own perspective. Further along the article one stated on why most whites play hockey and most blacks play basketball. Are white more skilled at playing hockey? And are blacks more skilled at playing basketball? “Because the kids play the sports that dominate the area in which they grow up in. “I grew up in Milwaukee (which is a very segregated city) and can figure out why the above questions are asked”. Analysis For the analysis, as a sociologist perspective this article can be various concepts of sociology. This article can be seen as culture Stereotypes. Mainly because some may say that black African Americans is not just labeled as a football player, basketball player, or a baseball or many more because they say that black African Americans are just pure athletes. One reason why they might think black African Americans...
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...Critical analysis “Be more critical! More analysis needed! That’s what my tutors say about my essays. I’m not really sure what they mean.” “I thought I had written a really good assignment this time. I did so much reading and preparation for it, but my tutor’s feedback is ‘not enough argument.’ I’m not sure what to do now. I mean, I’m not an argumentative person - and I don’t really want to be.” One of the most important skills you will need to learn as a student, whatever your discipline is the ability to think critically and objectively about an issue and to present a well-constructed argument. Critical and analytical-thinking skills such as these will be essential to most aspects of your study, whether you are listening to lectures, contributing to seminars, or reading about your subject. Here, we will be focusing mainly on critical analysis for written work, as nothing gains or loses marks more for most student assignments than the quality of your written argument. Argument here doesn’t mean disagreement or unpleasantness. It simply means presenting a strong case to support a point of view. You don’t have to be an argumentative person to do this: on the contrary, good critical writing means using reasons and evidence to support your stand point. The first rule is: Identify the focus of the assignment Good critical analysis isn’t simply about writing. Before you start any assignment, you need to be clear about your focus. At university, this usually means thinking critically...
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...sells entertainment products—from movies, music to consumer electronics—as well as healthcare and personal products, home appliances, and clothing. Flipkart experiences massive growth quarter on quarter The rapid diversification has also brought rapid growth. This is illustrated by the company’s expanding network of warehouses and procurement operations. This kind of scale has added to the need for Flipkart to continually upgrade its business discovery software to better serve multiple business units with new applications. As a startup, Flipkart initially used open source technology to support the launch, but soon found that open source business intelligence (BI) tools had limited functionality. Shinde says: “Scalability was a problem. It was hard to drill down into our data to produce complex reports.” QlikView impresses Flipkart as replacement for open source BI In August 2011, the company invested in its first licensed business discovery software with QlikView Enterprise Edition, which has since been upgraded to QlikView 11. By then, Flipkart was experiencing an increasingly complex data flow from different business units—for example, inventory and supply chain. Shinde says: “We needed a smart system to...
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...competition from lower-priced gas-powered small cars, reports Edmunds’ AutoObserver.com, the premier online resource for automotive industry analysis. May sales of hybrid and electric-drive vehicles were off 35.8 percent from a year earlier, lead by dramatic declines in sales of Toyota and Honda models. Overall, Toyota and Lexus hybrids dropped 45.1 percent for the month. Honda, the second-largest producer of hybrids, saw its sales in the segment fall 29 percent in May. "For those selling hybrids, it is incredibly bad luck that the Japanese earthquake and associated production disruptions occurred as gas prices were reaching their highest levels in three years," said Edmunds.com Chief Economist Lacey Plache. "While Japanese automakers may well gain back their lost share on other vehicles, hybrids will face an even steeper climb back to previous levels, given the greater and growing competition from fuel-efficient, non-hybrid vehicles." Leading the slump was the decline in Toyota Prius sales, which traditionally account for about half of the hybrid market. A total of 6,924 Priuses were sold in May, down 51 percent from the same month last year. Low supply and higher prices have made the popular hybrid less palatable to consumers. A pricing analysis by Edmunds.com found that the effective cost of a new Prius was $2,500 more in May than just three months ago. While fuel economy is the obvious appeal for hybrids, the challenge from gasoline-powered small cars is getting stiffer...
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......... 1 Internal analysis ................................................................................................................................... 1 External analysis .................................................................................................................................. 2 Competitor analysis ............................................................................................................................. 3 Consumer analysis ............................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Perspective ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction Motivation: Anthon Berg (henceforward referred to as AB) is Toms Gruppen A/S’ (henceforward referred to as Toms) primary export product and is seen in various tax-free shops in different airports, which is why AB already is an international well-known brand. Sales of chocolate confectionary in the UK market are expected to increase by 13% over the 2012-2017 forecast period. In this relation it would...
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...other things going on at the same time. So rather than thrashing about aimlessly, this mini-guide is intended to give you a skeleton of an approach that may be useful in analyzing these cases. The first step in any case analysis is to actively read the case. That means going through it carefully and making notes in the margins, highlighting, or whatever other methods you typically use to understand what is really going on in the case. Treat the case like a mystery novel – try to unravel the complex web of information (and sometimes disinformation) that is presented. Typically the cases will be tied to the chapter of the text we are currently reading, but that is not always the case. If appropriate, think about the principles we are discussing for that chapter and see if they apply to that particular case or not. The instructor (me) is not always good about fitting the cases and the chapters together, and these are general purpose cases not necessarily oriented to a Product Management course, so there may not be the perfect overlap that would happen in a perfect world, or somewhere like Harvard. All cases are self-contained – all the information you need about the industry, the company, or the project are in the case itself – there is no need to go to any outside sources or do extensive web searches to get more information. In fact, going outside the case information will generally just cost you valuable time and aggravate the instructor (me)...
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...and twist a person’s characteristics while they are on their quest of “fitting in”. This process of changing a person’s personality is very similar to what happened to many of the characters in the Book the Things They Carried. Context This book takes place during the Vietnam War and follows the lives of american men who are trying to survive the horrible conditions of Vietnam. Thesis In The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien , the author uses the character development of Mary Anne and Rat Kiley as well as his own to show how being in environment like Vietnam can twist your sense of right and wrong and your mental stability because of the things you are exposed to. Body Paragraph One Topic Sentence In the Book...
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...1) What does the term “risk” mean in the context of capital budgeting; to what extent can risk be quantified; and, when risk is quantified, is the quantification based primarily on statistical analysis of historical data or on subjective, judgmental estimates? The term “risk”, in the context of capital budgeting, means the uncertainty about the future profitability of the plan. We should understand if the taking on the project will rise both firm and stockholders’ risk. About the quantification, we should mainly use statistical analysis, but also historical data can be used and risk analysis in capital budgeting is usually focused on subjective judgments. 2) What are the three types of risk that are relevant in capital budgeting? How is each of these risk types measured, and how do they relate to one another? How is each type of risk used in the capital budgeting process? Three main kind of risk are present in capital budgeting: - Stand-alone risk - Corporate risk - Market risk. The first one (Stand-Alone Risk) concerns the project’s risk if it is the only asset in the firm and no shareholders are there. It passes over both firm and shareholders’ diversification and it is computed by Sigma or CV of NPV, IRR or MIRR. The second risk (that is Corporate Risk) concerns the project’s effect on corporate earnings stability. It also considers other activities of the firm (better knows as diversification within firm) and it depends on project’s sigma and the correlation (ρ) with...
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