...Open main menu Last edited 29 days ago by Aleaxwordernen Music of Korea EditWatch this page This page has some issues Korean.Music-Parade-01.jpg Traditional Korean music includes combinations of the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean music, along with arts, painting and sculpture has been practiced since prehistoric times.[1] Two distinct musical cultures exist in Korea today: traditional music (Gugak) and Western music (yangak). The history of Korean music is divided into three Terran periods: ancient, medieval and modern. The first period, or the ancient one, dates from the ancient tribal states to the foundation of Goryeo dynasty. The distinguishing characteristics of this period can be found in the development of akkamu (music, songs, and dance) comprising the kamu (singing and dancing) or angmu (music and dance) performed in the worship rites of heaven and Earth of the ancient society, the introduction of some instruments from Central Asia during the Three Kingdoms period (57 B.C.-668 AD), and the development of hyangakki (indigenous instruments) in each of the Three Kingdoms. Thus, in southern Manchuria, music and dance developed in worship rites and rituals such as the Yonggo of the Buyeo state, the Dongmaeng of the Goguryeo state, and the Much'on of the Ye tribal state, while in the Samhan, the Kip'ungje provides an example of song and dance in connection with an agricultural ritual. Thus, the religious song and dance...
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...The rise and fall of one of the most powerful dynasties in the Korean history, the Silla Dynasty. From the very beginning of the establishment of the kingdom, Silla had conflicts with other two neighboring kingdoms, Koguryo from its north and Paekche, which was located to its west. However, after years of battles between these three kingdoms Silla was successful in conquering other two kingdoms, and emerged three of them under Silla Dynasty. This gave the Korean society sense of nationality for the first time and provided Silla Dynasty massive power over the peninsula. In this essay I will discus the fact that Buddhism played major role in both rise and fall of the Silla Dynasty. First of all, the main factor that helped Silla Dynasty to gain...
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...Korea, called Hanguk (Korean: 한국; Hanja: 韓國) in South Korea and Joseon (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮) in North Korea, is an East Asian territory that is divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea (aka, DPRK or Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (aka, ROK or Republic of Korea). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The adoption of the Chinese writing system ("Hanja" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC and the introduction of Buddhism in the 4th century AD had profound effects on the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was first united during the Silla (57 BC – AD 935) under the King Munmu. The united Silla fell to Goryeo in 935 at the end of the Later Three Kingdoms. Goryeo was a highly cultured state and created the Jikji in the 14th century. The invasions by the Mongolians in the 13th century, however, greatly weakened the nation, which was forced to become a tributary state. After the Mongol Empire's collapse, severe political strife followed. The Ming-allied Choseon emerged supreme in 1388. The first 200 years of Choseon were marked by relative peace and saw the creation of the Korean Hangul alphabet by King Sejong the Great in the 14th century and the increasing influence of Confucianism. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of...
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...complex, shifting, and historic relations between these areas, as well as relations with other places such at the United Sates in more recent times, the history of Korea has been told in many ways and is still the subject of hot debate both inside and outside the Koreas. North and South Korea have different versions of the peninsula’s history, both of which differ in detail and perspective from histories written in China, Japan, Russia, and the USA. The following sections, which attempt to outline the history in a balanced way, are based on a variety of materials, including lectures attended in a special workshop on Korean culture at Korea University in the summer of 1997. Map of Korea The overall pattern of development in the history of the Korean peninsula is a process that begins with an unknown number of early tribal groups that populate the peninsula in prehistoric times, wandering out of Siberia and areas to the west. Over time, some of these groups form more complex societies that eventually result in early kingdoms that grow up on the peninsula; in some cases extending westwards into what is now Chinese territory. As time and events unfolded, these kingdoms were unified, though the borders and degree of unity have continued to change over time—down to today. Besides the obvious split between North and South Korea, cultural differences (including dialect, food, and local identity) exist between the various regions of the peninsula. In some cases these differences are enough...
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...Classified as a Ural-Altaic language, Korean is currently spoken by nearly 78 million people worldwide. In addition to being the primary language in both North and South Korea, Korean is also spoken in parts of China, Japan, Brazil and Australia. Like many languages, the history of Korean can be divided into three distinct eras: Old Korean, Middle Korean and Modern Korean. The era of Old Korean spans a period known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which began with the Common Era and ended in about 1000 CE. During the Three Kingdoms, the Korean peninsula was divided into three distinct regions: * Goguryeo, which spanned the northern and middle area of the Korean peninsula; * Baekje, located in the southwestern region; * Silla, in the southeastern zone. This regional divide soon triggered the development of Korean dialects, as regional differences in culture nuanced Old Korean. While the Korean language was evolving, the Silla dialect was adopted as the standard form of the language. This period of time was also marked by the using Chinese ideograms, so-called Hanja. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters (hanzi).[1] More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. Middle Korean (중세국어, 中世國語) corresponds to Korean spoken from the 10th to 16th centuries, or from the era of Goryeo to the middle of Joseon. The language standard of this period is based on the...
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...North Korea Hermit Kingdom 27 FEB 2016 Life In North Korea One of a series of drawings of public executions created by North Korean refugee child showing the stages and manner of public execution in North Korea. Factual accuracy was later confirmed by news reports and a video taken and smuggled from North Korea to Japan. Picture credit: North Korea Genocide Exhibit As one of the only remaining closed societies in the world, North Korea has garnered global attention to what is sealed off within its borders. Despite the ongoing food crisis that has lasted for two decades and the whimsical leadership under the 'Kim' family, life manages to go on in Hermit Kingdom. A man gathering grass as a source of food from a park. Picture credit: Eric Lafforgue North Koreans are constantly under the scrutiny of the state. Neighbourhood watch groups know as the Inminban are deployed in all villages. A female junior official usually heads the group and her main tasks are to look out for any suspicious activities within her jurisdiction and ensure there are no 'contraband' items like DVDs of South Korea and tuneable radio sets. Instilling fear and propaganda are the two main tools the North Korean government use to ensure obedience of its citizens. People are often required to attend public execution where political dissidents and transgressors are shot to death on the spot. Statues and figures of the Kim family are ubiquitous. The government is...
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...sometimes in Classical Chinese. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in Hanja. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear. Korea is home to the world's first metal and copper type, world's earliest known printed document and the world's first featural script. ------------------------------------------------- General overview In general, the written arts have a tradition in epigraphic inscriptions on stones, in early tombs, and on rarely found bamboo pieces that formed early books. Repeated invasions and sacking of the east and west capitals, as well as the difficulty in preserving written texts on bamboo, make works before 1000 rare. Those works were entirely written in Chinese characters, the language of scholars, but of course incorporated Korean words and mindset. Medieval scholars in Korea learned and employed written Chinese as western schoolmen learned Latin: as a lingua franca for the region. It helped cultural exchanges extensively. Notable examples of historical records are very well documented from early times, and as well Korean books with movable type, often imperial encyclopedias or historical records, were circulated as early as the 7th century during the Three Kingdoms era from printing wood-blocks; and in the Goryeo era the world's first metal type, and books printed by metal type, most probably of copper, were produced, fully two hundred years before the work of Johann Gutenberg or William...
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...Origin and Development of Korean Mask Dance Dramas Mask dance drama is one typical type of Korean traditional dramas, which is originated from the primitive Shamanistic ritual ceremony, and developed in court and among common people throughout Korean history. In both aspects, a prosperous development has been gained and the final form of the Korean Mask dance drama has been shaped in the Joseon period. Due to various reasons, the arts have been largely lost in the development of the modernization. After the independence, calls for the protection measures of Korean mask dance dramas grew louder domestically, and eventually, it has got a new lease of life under the policy of national intangible cultural protection being carried out in 1960s. By now, there are totally only 13 valuable Korean Mask dance dramas inherited are acknowledged as national intangible cultural heritage. During the spreading and inheriting process, some of the dramas have lost their vitality, while some others have gained new developments and have showed a significant impact on people’s social life. The Origin of Korean Mask Dance Dramas In Korean traditional society, the concept of hierarchy was deeply rooted in people’s mind, common people couldn’t speak ill of the people in power, and that is one reason why masks became popular in Korean traditional society. The masks offered freedom for performers to anonymously express their criticisms...
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...altar in Korea, 1997. Photo: TParents.org. Sun Myung Moon with Richard Nixon at the White House. Photo: US Gov. Reverend and Mrs. Moon conducting the 1992 Blessing Ceremony for 30,000 people in Korea. Photo: TParents.org. Sun Myung Moon with his granddaughter in 2006. Photo: TParents.org. The Unification Church (officially named the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity) is a new religious movement founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon in Korea in 1954. The Unification Church is a unique interpretation of Christianity that regards Rev. Moon as the Messiah and believes world peace can be attained through the creation of "true families." It is especially known for its mass weddings and seeking of converts. Both the Unification Church and Moon himself have been the source of controversy in Asia and especially the USA. The movement's followers have been dubbed "Moonies" by critics. History Sun Myung Moon was born in 1920 in what is now North Korea. At the time, Korea was under Japanese rule. Moon was raised in thePresbyterian church, one of many faiths persecuted by the Japanese rulers. The political upheavals caused divisions and new movements inKorean Christianity, including a group known as "spiritualists" who received new revelations from God and looked for a Korean messiah. Moon says that on Easter morning at the age of 16, he had a vision in which Jesus asked him to complete his unfinished work as messiah, which is to bring the Kingdom of God to...
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...religion that did not care if they were dominant or not, this religion is Buddhism. The Buddhist followed the teachings of the Buddha and strived to find their way to enlightenment. It is true that the Buddhist did not change the teachings but they have changed the depiction of the Buddha himself. Many different cultures have made their own depiction of the Buddha to fit their culture. This is shown in the different figures of “The Head of Buddha Image" in Thailand of the Ayutthaya style, late fourteenth century to around the early fifteenth century, made with bronze. Another figure is the "Seated Buddha" of China of the Zhou dynasty, dated 338, made of gilt bronze. In addition to these works of art Korea has made a Buddha figure of their own called the "Standing Buddha" of Korea in the unified Sill period, eighth century, gilt bronze. Finally the last piece of art work that will be compared is the "Amida Buddha" also known as the “Standing Buddha of Amitabha" made in Japan of the Heian period, twelfth century, made with wood with traces of lacquer, pigment and gilding. All these different art pieces are all different and similar but were...
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...North Korea (officially named the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) is a single-party Communist state in south-east Asia, ruled since 1949 by the Korean Workers' Party (KWP). Regarded by many in the international community as a pariah state (meaning that it is an outcast), North Korea has in recent years become increasingly poverty-stricken, with many of its citizens having barely enough food to survive. The KWP is kept in power largely thanks to a combination of international concern for North Korean citizens and the patronage of the Chinese government, which exports large quantities of food to North Korea in return for KWP assistance in certain areas. Until the 1990's, North Korea also received significant quantities of aid from Russia, but the fall of communism in that country led to this aid being almost entirely stopped, the catalyst for many of the recent problems in North Korea. It is widely speculated that North Korea's entire economy would collapse virtually instantly if China withdrew its current level of support. In almost every measure of prosperity, North Korea lags far behind most other countries. Barbara Demick points out in her book Nothing to envy: real lives in North Korea that "if you look at satellite photographs of the Far East by night, you'll see a large splotch curiously lacking in light. This area of darkness is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (Demick, 2010, page 3). The country has a strong centrally-controlled economy that...
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...In between the seventh and eighth centuries C.E. Japan was influenced by Chinese cultural in many ways other than Korea and Vietnam were. For example china had a major impact on all three civilizations however Japan was the only one that didn’t get conquered unlike Vietnam and Korea. Japan was also much farther away from china than Korea and Vietnam were. Japan was influence by china in many ways, for example japan began to barrow Confucianism, Language, Buddhism, Chinese art & architecture, and not to mention Chinese government structure. In 646 the Japanese emperor introduced administrative reforms, the Taika reforms, which intended to remake the Japanese government like a Chinese model. On the other hand, Korea and Vietnam were much closer to china, which made it easier for china to conquer them. When the Han invaded Korea it split into 3 kingdoms the Koguryo, the Silla, and the Paekche. Koguryo adopted Buddhism, the Chinese code of law, the taxation system, and the bureaucracy. The Silla military followed a code combining Chinese belief systems (Buddhism and Confucianism). Last, the Paekche adopted some Chinese styles for their art and architecture, but their styles were still unique. The Koreans also adopted the Chinese writing system. The Vietnamese on the other hand saw the benefits of China's technology and achievements, but felt the need to preserve their own identity and didn't want to be swallowed by China's culture. Vietnamese culture was very different than...
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...average in OECD countries, 83% of all funds for educational institutions come directly from public sources. • An average of 91% of primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in OECD countries – and never less than 80%, except in Chile, Korea and the United Kingdom – is paid for publicly. • Compared to primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, tertiary institutions and, to a lesser extent, pre-primary institutions, obtain the largest proportions of funds from private sources, at 31% and 19%, respectively; but these proportions vary widely between countries. • In all countries for which comparable data are available, public funding on educational institutions, all levels combined, increased between 2000 and 2008. Private spending increased at an even greater rate in more than three-quarters of countries and, on average among OECD countries, the share of private funding for educational institutions increased between 2000 and 2008. Chart B3.1. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2008) Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Chile Korea Japan1 United Kingdom United States Australia Israel Canada1 Portugal Russian Federation OECD average Poland Mexico New Zealand Italy Netherlands Slovak Republic1 Estonia Spain Czech Republic Argentina France Ireland Slovenia Austria Germany Sweden Belgium ...
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...His name known throughout all tribes and nations. From the Old Testament to the New Testament, the Bible presents God’s missionary purpose for humanity. For this reason, Christians involved in missions will travel to dangerous places to proclaim God’s name and saving power. According to the People Groups website, since the year 2014, there are a total of 11,168 people groups in the world and 6,544 are unreached people groups. All unreached people groups are in dire need of the Gospel and it is God’s intention to have His people reach them. One unreached people group who are in desperate need for God is the Koreans in North Korea. With a population of 25,360,100 and a communist government that regulates all aspects of freedom, including religion, for its people, explains why North Koreans are approximately one percent evangelized. North Korea is ranked as the number one country where Christians are most persecuted for their belief. God remains faithful to His intent on reaching all peoples and Koreans are not the exception. In order to bring the Gospel to them, much planning, preparation, and training must take place before taking such a dangerous journey. It is the intention of this paper to devise a strategy to bring God’s name to this unreached people group. This paper will first discuss their background, historical events, language, society, and religions. Second, this paper will include a brief review of the history of...
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...All about Japan Japan formally Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally "[the] State of Japan") is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is often referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which together comprise about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 126 million people. Honshū's Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710). Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is...
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