...believed that people progress in life through a series of stages. Kohlberg’s theory was put into six different stages and classified into three separate levels. Kohlberg’s theory is very accurate due to the fact that all though some kids may be in a more challenging group than the stage they are meant to be in, that gives us a measurement of how maturity can be major factor. Kohlberg’s stages are based on different levels; level one is pre-conventional, stage one is obedience and punishment orientation (how can one avoid punishment), Stage two is self-interest orientation (what’s in it for me), level two is conventional, stage three is interpersonal accord and conformity (social norms), stage four is authority and social order maintaining orientation (law and order morality), level three is post conventional- stage five is social contract orientation, and lastly stage six is universal ethical principles (principled conscience). Kohlberg’s stages are reasons we have morals, you basically go through six stages to become more knowledgeable about life. Stage one is most crucial in growing up. Obedience- kids should be frightened of getting punished, one can have religious morals where they don’t partake in some activities because they are scared “God will send them to hell.” Stage two is dealing with self-interest, in this stage you realize what is good and what is bad in your preference- finding what makes yourself happy. Stage three is personal conformity, in this stage you go through...
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...characteristics, describe the eight stages of Freud’s theory, and explain the characteristics of personality using these stages. I will also provide three real life scenarios utilizing Freud’s defense mechanisms. . Everything on this earth is comprised of different, biological make up, situations, environments, evolution and timing on earth. Each individual person’s personality is comprised and developed based on those same factors. We have read about three very important men that have given their own psychoanalytical theories on how personalities are developed and come to be. These men are Freud, Jung and Adler. This paper will explain to you my understanding and opinions and on their theories. Freud’s theory describes ID, Ego, and The Superego. In the Theory and Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy (7th deterministic, and evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life. I don’t want to take away from Freud’s work, but I have a hard time believing that everything before age six determines the people that we grow up to be or that everything is instinct. I agree that the Ego mediates between instincts and environment. I also agree that The Superego or the moral code; traditional values affect us as well. My problem with the ID and the his theory about what happens and determines before age six, is that I know many adults who come from very harsh and abusive beginnings, but they grow up to be law abiding and contributing people to society. On the flip side...
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...Eriksons’ Developmental Theory as Applied to Me Psychological development is crucial in the early stages of life. Children are shaped by the things they witness throughout their early years. Experiences life and developing relationships is “Erikson’s initial psychosocial stage of development” (Ginsburg). This stage occurs from when an infant is born until about one and a half years of age. Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development. Starting from the stage of trust vs. mistrust the next stage that occurs in an infant’s life is autonomy vs. shame; this creates a sense of will and is experienced from the early age of one and a half to age three. After experiencing this stage at age three the infant begins to develop in the stage of initiative vs. guilt developing a sense of purpos euntil the age of five. From the ages of five to twelve, young children experience the stage of industry vs. inferiority, developing competency in their skills. Upon developing into an adolescent at age twelve and up until age eighteen, young adults experience ego identity vs. role confusion, attempting to find where they belong. Leading into the next stage of intimacy vs. isolation, during which young adults experience love from the ages eighteen to forty. Once this sense of love is developed, the sense of care is experienced during the stage of generativity vs. stagnation from the ages of forty to sixty-five. To conclude Erikson’s theory, the final stage one experiences in life is ego integrity...
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...According to the view of Say(1834) whom French economist, that “entrepreneurs can be seen as adventurers, they are fourth factors of production to organize, manage and operate other three elements which are land, workforce and capital, but they has duty to bear the possible risk of bankruptcy.”(Kuratko&Hodgetts,2007). With the times developing, the concepts of entrepreneur are more focus on modern concepts. The view of Akhouri point that “entrepreneur as a character who combines innovativeness, readiness to take risk, sensing opportunities, identifying and mobilizing potential resources, concern for excellence, and who is persistent in achieving the goal.”(Mohanty, 2005) Hence, successful entrepreneurs should have the following characteristics: leadership, originality ability and self-confidence, the traits are independents, individuality and optimism, innovate, creative, flexible and leadership behaviour, they always task-oriented and future-oriented, and play role of risk bearer. From these characteristics, I can find some of the characteristics which I have or not, so in order to impact my ability, I will critic and analysis those characteristics by two parts which are three areas sufficiently developed and three areas require further development. 1. Three areas sufficiently developed (1)High-achievement motivation For my personal view that the "desire" driven entrepreneurs to face all challenging, and supporting me decide the ways of do things. Sometimes, people often evade...
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...Concept of Basic Trust: What is basic trust? To me basic trust would be the trust you put around the world. When you come to talk about building basic trust when it comes to a young age, well you have to depend on your parents to do the right things for you to build basic trust. As people sit trying to find the meaning behind basic trust, they are usually are stuck with awe. It can mean multiple things. Understanding basic trust might be difficult at times, especially when people really do not look back to see what exactly they started there basic trust with. Basic trust will only deepen over the years. It never will reach a limit; because they’re always will be a higher person above us. We are introduced to Erik Erikson, who was born on 1902 and passed away on 1994. Through Erikson’s 92 years of life he was quiet the scholar. He would write essays that were collected by his wife Joan and later published in chapters in a book entitled, Childhood and Society (1950). One of his most famous concepts from the essay was “The Eight Stages of Man”. Which illustrate eight ascending steps on a moving staircase that starts at infancy and goes up to older adulthood. Where the author Jon Snodgrass interacts with their readers is that, Snodgrass gives his own formula to understand “The Eight Stages of Man”. Snodgrass’s formula was LSDT = A & S + PT + CP, which stands for “Life Span Development Theory”, A&S stands for “Age and Stages”, PT is “Psychological Task”, and CP is “Critical...
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...possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, thephallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. Stages of Development Stage | Age Range | Erogenous zone | Consequences of psychologic fixation | Oral | Birth–1 year | Mouth | Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally Passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4] Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulativepersonality. | Anal | 1–3 years | Bowel and bladderelimination | Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac | Phallic | 3–6 years | Genitalia | Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. | Latency | 6–puberty | Dormant sexual feelings | Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage. | Genital | Puberty–death | Sexual interests mature | Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships | Erikson's Psychosocial Development Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, is a psychoanalytic theory...
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...Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development Trust vs. Mistrust Trust versus mistrust is Erikson’s first stage in his theory psychosocial development. It is also believed to be the most important. In this stage, infants learn whether or not they can trust the people around them, especially those they’re closest to. It occurs during the first year of life when the infant is completely dependent on its mother/caregiver. Because the infant is utterly helpless during this time, the personality is affected by the degree of love, care and dependability of the parent. If the parent attends to the child’s needs accordingly, is present and responsive, it is rational to believe that he or she will grow up feeling safe and secure in the world. If, however, the caregiver is emotionally or physically unavailable, irresponsible or lackadaisical, he or she could grow up fearful of the world, viewing it as erratic and inconsistent. I obviously do not remember this period of my life, but I am aware that I was properly and fully attended to. I was the first child of my mother’s second set (8 year difference) and the first planned pregnancy she encountered. I was my father’s first daughter and a really beautiful gift to my family because of that. My mother adored me and stayed at home while my father worked for the full first year of my existence. My view matches Erikson’s theory of the outcome of positive care, seeing how I am trusting, hopeful and comfortable in the world around me. Autonomy...
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...on the following three articles: · Immanuel Wallerstein, „The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System“, Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 (1974), pp. 387-415. · Jagdish Bhagwati, „Free Trade: Old and New Challenges‟ The Economic Journal, 104(423) (1994), pp. 231-46. · Alice Amsden, „The State and Taiwan‘s Economic Development,‟ in George Crane & Abla Amawi (eds.) The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 193-207. 2 1. Introduction This paper is a critical discussion of the central aspect: „The World Economy and the Logic of Economic (Under-) Development“ in the Global Political Economy. The foundation of this paper is based on three pieces: Wallerstein (1974), Bhagwati (1994) and Amsden (1997) which all provide different views about the world economy in terms of political and theoretical approaches. The introduction will be followed by a short summary concerning the protectionism that is evident throughout and the resulting ethical issues. The critical discussion will compare and evaluate the assumptions and concepts of each article which will then be concluded with the addition of my point of view. 2. Summary Immanuel Wallerstein‘s: „The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System“, from a Marxist point of view, describes a single world system which is split into three stages and any state in the world will fall into one of these stages. The ‘core’ stage includes developed...
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...Development Kohlberg’s stages of moral development uses three scenarios, also known as the Heinz dilemma to asses how an individual will react to certain problem or a specific course of action. In level one the pre-conventional morality, there is two stages. Stage one is punishment-obedience orientation. This is the concern for self with this stage. Stage two is instrumental relativist orientation. This is the concern of “what is in it for me?” The second level is conventional morality. Stage three is called the good boy-nice girl orientation. This is the concern of what other people will think or how they are perceived in society. Stage four is the law and order orientation. This is what is right is obeying the laws of society. Level three of Kohlberg’s theory is post-conventional morality. Stage five of level three is social contract orientation. The concern is social utility or public interest, the right action is one that protects the rights of the individual. Stage six is universal ethical principle orientation. The concern is for moral principles; these principles are not concrete moral rules but are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity. Pre-conventional Morality The book evaluates level one-the Preconventional stage-into two parts, part one is in regards to obedience and punishment orientation, part two is in regards to instrumental purpose and exchange. Obedience and Punishment Orientation means that a person views rules as imposed and...
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...There are three theories I will describe and compare about personality development. We assess personality through two types of test but with every test comes benefits and issues. The four perspectives of personality attempt to describe different patterns in personality. The psychoanalytical perspective of personality was created by Sigmund Freud. The perspective emphasizes the importance of early childhood familiarity and the unconscious mind. There is some theorist who disagree with some of the aspects of Sigmund Freud theories, but agree with the importance of the unconscious mind. The rest of the theorist have different opinions when it come to the psychoanalytical perspective but share a common understanding that makes up this theory. The trait perspective of personality has a few major theorist that came up with this perspective. The perspective is centered on classifying, describing and assessing the specific traits that makeup human personality. The theorist believes that by understanding these traits they could understand the differences between people. They came up with the dimensions of personality and the personal traits that can measure the difference in personality. These things are the main reason that this perspective is today. The humanistic perspective of personality has two major theorist Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic perspective focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. The perspective takes a positive view on human...
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...Freud. In creating psychoanalytic theory, Freud himself developed various therapeutic methods to establish his central thought process. His analysis of dreams, outlined in his famous work, The Interpretation of Dreams, provided a framework that was used for clinical analysis and diagnosis. He redefined sexuality in his work, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and formulated the concept of the Oedipus complex. Although Freud’s work dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he is still relevant and his theories equivocally influential. In this essay, I will outline Freud’s key ideas with regards to dreams and sexuality as seen in his famous works, The Interpretation of Dreams, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality as well as provide a critical background on both themes along with a assessment of his central concepts based on personal experiences and observations. Freud’s overall framework on dreams is very elaborate. According to Freud, dreams are all forms of “wish fulfillment” at the psychological level, which is that dreams are attempts by the unconscious mind to resolve a problem or conflict that could be rooted in earlier stages of an individual’s life or...
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...information in the world. Concepts also enhance our memory and guide our behavior. Lahley, Benjamin B. / Psychology an Introduction/ 9th Ed. 2. How is language learned and how does it relate to thinking? Language is learned so early that it is difficult to explain how it is managed. Some psycholinguists have proposed that language is learned by special genetically programmed procedures that are unique to language learning. Others contend that the general analytic capacity of the human brain is such that even complex language rules can be worked out without any innate knowledge or special language acquisition procedures. Regardless of which view is correct, experience with one’s native language must be critically important. Narrative skill differences are connected to the way that mothers converse with their children. If they use an elaborative style, engaging in lengthy discussions about children’s past experiences, providing lots of details, asking questions and encouraging children to provide details as well, their children’s narratives tend to be more adequate and informative. An interesting twist is that mothers who engage their children in this kind of high-quality narrative practice also have children who remember past events in their own lives better. In my opinion all this is true, I have 2 nieces one who is three years old and one who is two years old. My...
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...Values Individuals are not born with an ability to understand moral values and apply moral standards. As people mature, their physical, emotional, and cognitive abilities develop and so does their ability to deal with moral issues. Aristotle, an early Greek thinker who proposed one of the most influential theories of ethical thinking in the West, argued that our moral abilities which he called virtues or morally good habits, develop solely through constant practice and repetition, in the same way, he argued, humans acquire their moral abilities and when they are taught and habituated by their families and communities to think, feel and behave in morally appropriate ways. Such vitally important human values as courage, generosity, self-control, temperance, self-control, sociability, modesty, fairness or justice, are all virtues that he discussed and that he believed were acquired through this kind of habituation. And although in order to develop such values one must spare a lot of his time and effort, once they are acquired virtuous behavior comes easily and naturally. Recently, a considerable number of thinkers have returned to Aristotle's views, claiming that we should place greater emphasis on the development of the moral values. Those who have advanced this claim hold that contemporary philosophy stresses too much action what people should and should not do - and that much more attention must be paid to people's character - what a human being should be. Some of them even...
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...Introduction Everything in life has a cause and effect; there are a limitless number of causes and effects that going into makes a person who they are how they decide to live their life. This fact is what makes ethics a fascinating thing to study because it goes to the core of we chose to live the way that we do and what is the causes that resulted in the effect of why we make the choices we make every day. I am going to look over what causes have affected me to make the choices I do, what style of philosophical approach this puts me in, and compare myself to someone else on the basis of ethical thinking. Philosophical Approaches The three philosophical approaches focused on in chapter two of the Trevino and Nelson text virtue ethics, consequentialism, deontological. If I were to rank these three philosophical approaches my order would be deontological, virtue ethics, and consequentialism. I would place the approaches in this order because first deontological focuses on doing the right thing and following my own set moral principles which I feel is the best way to make decision and most follows the way I view ethics. Next is virtue ethics, I chose this approach second because though it does not focus specifically on the action it still is based on being a “good” person and striving to do the right things when making decision even though the choices may end up with negative consequences. I would place consequentialism last because I feel that focusing more on the consequences...
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...When thinking about your identity most people would not identify with their race. This is because your race is not who you are it is a way of classifying people based on their genetics. Some people identify with their generalized groupings. However, understanding who you are as a person helps you to know your identity. For some people this can take a life time and for others life, people, events and circumstances helps them build themselves and their identity. Therefore, our identity is the way we see ourselves. Our strengths, character and your personality traits are some ways to identify yourself. For that reason, using the Black Identity Development Model to help construct identity, gained insights about individual cultural, racial, or...
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