...represented by hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia coinciding with renal failure and neurological dysfunction (Onundarson, Heal, Rowe, Apr. 1992). The exact reasoning for hemolytic anemia is vague but it may be a consequence of the motorized disintegration of erythrocytes as they pour through partially occluded micro vessels (Onundarson, Heal, Rowe, 1992). TTP is known to cause red blood cells to break apart faster than the body can replace them, conducting hemolytic anemia which is a rare form of anemia. In TTP, small blood vessels begin to clot throughout the body. “These clots can obstruct the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body’s...
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...1. How to care for the child with a chronic condition or special needs. Give child choices, some sort of control/independence. Treat them like a normal kid. Mainstreaming: In school in a regular classroom. Do not separate these kids and make them feel different. Don’t focus on things they cannot do but rather focus on what they could do. . Use a more positive approach. Don’t focus on their chronological age because two six year olds will be different. Overall integration into society without stigmas. 2. Phases of reactions that parents go through related to a child with a chronic illness or disability 5 stages 1) Shock 2) Denial 3) Anger 4) Guilt 5) Acceptance. These 5 steps can happen over and over again. i.e., it’s prom night or communion and their child is not like all the other children and the parent may go through these steps again. 3. What is chronic sorrow? A parent dealing with a child with a chronic condition goes through the adjustment process and grief experience it does not happen in one experience. It may happen over and over again when different situations come up. Recurrent adjustment. 4. How to foster an environment of normalcy. Letting them go to a regular school, mainstreaming them, giving them control, treating them overall like a kid, not focusing on chronological age, do not compare to other kids in their age group. 5. Iron deficiency anemia Why does a child get it? We do not see it in the beginning with babies because they have iron stores...
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...Review Article 539 Dengue Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion—Changa Kurukularatne et al When Less is More: Can We Abandon Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion in Dengue Fever? Changa Kurukularatne,1,2MD, Frederico Dimatatac,1,2MD, Diana LT Teo,3MBBS, MSc, FRCPath, David C Lye,1,2,4 MBBS, FRACP, FAMS, Yee Sin Leo,1,2,5 M.Med (Int Med), FRCP, FAMS Abstract Dengue fever (DF) has several hematological manifestations including thrombocytopenia and increased bleeding risk. Prophylactic platelet transfusion—in the absence of major bleeding—is utilized in DF with thrombocytopenia with the intention of preventing hemorrhagic complications. However, prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF is neither standardized nor supported by clinical evidence. We conclude that risks, costs and poor resource utilization associated with prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF far outweigh any potential hematological benefit, and as such, should not constitute routine clinical practice. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2011;40:539-45 Key words: Thrombocytopenia, Preventitive, Arbovirus, Bleeding, Hemorrhage Introduction Dengue fever (DF) is the most common mosquito-borne human viral illness worldwide, and has rapidly spread to reach hyper-endemic proportions in the urban tropics over the last quarter of a century.1 With an estimated 2.5 billion people at risk and a global annual incidence of 50 million cases, DF has been identified as an example of a potential international public health emergency.2...
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... 2 Thrombocytopenia is a blood disorder of the platelets, or low blood platelets within the body. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are colorless blood cells that play an important role in the blood clotting. Platelets stop the blood by clumping and forming plugs in the blood vessel holes. For example, if you have a cut or an open wound that is not to deep platelets are the ones responsible to for making sure that you don’t bleed out. If there is a need for a blood transfusion, the patient will receive blood with red blood cells. Red blood cells are very important within the body because it delivers oxygen to the organs and tissues throughout the body. Plasma also plays a major role within the body. Plasma is responsible for receiving the necessary materials from organs like the liver and the small intestines. Without plasma it will be very hard for the body to survive. Nutrients such as antibodies, antitoxins, fibrin and clotting agent that works with platelets to heal the wounds. Thrombocytopenia usually occurs when as a result of another disorder within the body. Disorders such as leukemia and certain immune system disorders can cause thrombocytopenia. Sometimes it could be due to a medication side effect such as chemotherapy. In many extreme cases it is noted that if the platelets are too low there is a risk of internal bleeding which could possibly lead to death (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Thrombocytopenia can improve once the underlying cause...
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...apter 1 The Problem and Its Setting Introduction Thrombocytopenia or abnormally low platelet counts in the body are typically caused by genetic disorder or fatal diseases. This condition may result from thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications caused by heparin as well as from various diseases states such as chronic liver disease and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In most rural areas a health care institution is often inaccessible and most patients cannot afford high cost medication. Henceforth, herbal medicines are often used as an alternative treatment. Inadequacy of providing supportive treatment to correct the decrease of platelet is fatal to patients. Thus, several decoctions of herbal plants are purportedly used to improve platelet count. Recently, the mortality rate in heparin – induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has been reported as high as 20% (Greinacher & Lubanow, 2003). Retrospective data shows that up to 8% of heparinized patients will develop the antibody associated with HIT and that approximately 1–5% of patients on heparin will progress to develop HIT with thrombocytopenia suffering from venous and/or arterial thrombosis in at least one-third of cases (Warkentin et al., 1998). Heparin – induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially devastating immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin. Despite thrombocytopenia, bleeding is rare; rather, HIT is strongly associated with thromboembolic...
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...Subjective data Identification: K.G. is a pregnant 23 year-old Caucasian female. Chief complaint: Ms. G. enters the clinic today for a routine obstetric exam. History of present illness: Ms. G. is 34 weeks pregnant and is a G1 P0. Last menstrual period was 10/23/13. Past Medical History: The patient has a history of gestational thrombocytopenia. Past Surgical History: Ms. G. had a benign cyst removed from her anterior neck in 2013. Family History: Ms. G. states that her mother and father both alive and her father has a history of asthma. Ms. G. states that her mother has rheumatoid arthritis. Ms. G. is an only child. Social History: Ms. G. is single. Ms. G. does not smoke or drink alcohol. Ms. G. does not use or has never used illicit drugs. Ms. G. works full-time in the banking industry. Ms. G. does not participate in any form of exercise on a regular basis. Current medications: Ms. G. states that she does take prescription medications. The patient takes prenatal vitamins. Allergies: Ms. G. states she has no medication allergies. Review of Systems General: Ms. G. has gained 30 Lbs. with this pregnancy. Ms. G denies any fever or chills. Ms. G. does have normal pregnancy fatigue. Skin: The patient denies any rashes or lesions. The patient denies any changes in moles or skin growths. Head, eyes, ears, nose and throat: The patient denies any sore throat, cough, congestion. The patient does not wear contact lenses or glasses. The patient denies any...
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...Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Setting Introduction Thrombocytopenia or abnormally low platelet counts in the body are typically caused by genetic disorder or fatal diseases. This condition may result from thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications caused by heparin as well as from various diseases states such as chronic liver disease and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In most rural areas a health care institution is often inaccessible and most patients cannot afford high cost medication. Henceforth, herbal medicines are often used as an alternative treatment. Inadequacy of providing supportive treatment to correct the decrease of platelet is fatal to patients. Thus, several decoctions of herbal plants are purportedly used to improve platelet count. Recently, the mortality rate in heparin – induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has been reported as high as 20% (Greinacher & Lubanow, 2003). Retrospective data shows that up to 8% of heparinized patients will develop the antibody associated with HIT and that approximately 1–5% of patients on heparin will progress to develop HIT with thrombocytopenia suffering from venous and/or arterial thrombosis in at least one-third of cases (Warkentin et al., 1998). Heparin – induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially devastating immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin. Despite thrombocytopenia, bleeding is rare; rather, HIT is strongly associated with...
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...Quaestiones Disputate #3) Whether it is ethical to keep a person alive if their quality of life is not good and will not improve. In such a case, what is the responsibility of the medical profession? The following argument will be made toward the negative, suggesting that it is intrinsically unethical to keep a person alive under certain circumstances The first issue to address is the sub-components of the Quaestione in order to better set the argument in motion as a proof. The Quaestione can be divided up into the following components [whether it is ethical to keep a person alive] , [if their quality of life is not good] , [and will not improve]. , [In such a case, what is the responsibility] , [of the medical profession[->0]]. The first component is, in a general sense, unarguable. Standing alone, the statement of keeping someone alive bears a right to which every human is morally obliged to uphold. They key here is standing alone....Of course society’s code of conduct says that we must preserve life, but this can only be true to a sense until the next issue is incorporated - what if their life is not good? What exactly is not good? If we take it from an Aristotelean point of view, we can see that Aristotle claimed that happiness or good living - being happy, healthy, prosperous, and flourishing - is the goal of human life[->1] and the basis of all ethical behavior[->2]. This eudaimonia that he begins to describe is an end, in a sense that that goal...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Euphorbia hirta, belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae which is a large family of dicotyledons, with about 300 genera and over 5,000 species. Here in the Philippines, the Euphorbia hirta, is commonly referred to as Tawa-tawa or Gatas-gatas in some provinces. It is also known as Asthma weed or Snake weed in the United States. The plants of 3 different species share Phoretic variations, these plants are: (1) Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), (2) Gatas-gatas (Euphorbia hirta) and (3) Botoncillo (Gomphena globosa). Tawa-tawa is usually very abundant in tropical regions such as the Philippines. A simple weed scattered in sunny lawns, waste places and open grasslands. It is pantropic in distribution. The plant is an annual, hairy herb, usually branched from the base, spreading up to 40 cm long. The stem is slender and often reddish and purplish in color, covered with yellowish bristly hairs especially in younger parts. The leaves are oppositely arranged, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 cm long, toothed at the edge, and blotched with purple in the middle. In the axils appear numerous involucres, purplish or greenish, dense, axillary, short stalk clusters or crowded cymes, about 1 mm long. The capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5 cm. The small green flowers constitute the inflourescence characteristics of the euphorbias. The stem and the leaves produce white or milky juice when cut (Lind and Tallantire...
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...CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS,AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Presentation : A herbal plant , Tawa-tawa had a report that it can cure dengue fever. According to the article from Dr. Willie T. Ong entitled “Treatment for Dengue” which was published on The Philippine STAR, there is no specific drug to kill the dengue virus. However, doctors can employ various supportive measures to strengthen the body so that it can recover from the disease. Here's how we do it : 1. Patients are encouraged to drink lots of water to keep the body's water at an optimum level. If needed, doctors give dextrose fluid to prevent dehydration. 2. Monitoring of blood count. Doctors check the hematocrit and platelet count regularly to see if there is a need to transfuse blood components. 3. Consider giving medicines to prevent ulcer, since bleeding is a possibility. 4. Encourage the patient to eat regularly, specifically soft, easily digestible foods. Patients are advised to avoid eating dark colored foods, because we need to monitor the stool's color. (Black stools means blood for doctors.) 5. Tawa Tawa plant might help. In the Philippines, many patients are using Tawa Tawa plants to treat dengue. The Department of Health is still studying the effectiveness of this plant, and has raised concern over the possibility of toxicity with over dosage. However, doctors would usually allow patients to drink it if you ask their permission first. Here's how to prepare Tawa Tawa: (1) Take...
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...Dengue-Aid is a potent herbal supplement in capsules which is taken from pure extracts from the Euphorbia hirta Linn herbs which is commonly known as “Tawa-Tawa” by the local residents in the Philippines. It had been associated mainly in helping dengue fever victims recover quickly from the viral infection. Tawa-Tawa (Euphorbia hirta Linn) or Asthma Weed is a bushy,slender-stemmed plant that grows up to a height of two inches and has several tiny flowers bunched together with opposite rhombus leaves, which have a toothed margin. This plant had been used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory tract problems, laryngeal spasm, ulcerated cornea and conjunctivitis. It is believed by many that it can augment blood platelet count in the body which is normally low among all dengue fever patients, hence, many native boil its leaves and drink it as a tea. Read more Tawa-Tawa (Euphorbia hirta Linn) Herbal Plant Tawa-Tawa had been widely known to be used as a decoction for dengue fever victims due to its profound properties on increasing the body’s blood platelet count which is normally low once an individual is under this serious viral infection. A few research study shows that Tawa-Tawa shows that it is effective in increasing the body’s blood platelet count upon regular intake as post-test reveals significant increase in the platelet count compared to the pretest results conducted on the experimental group. What Makes Dengue-Aid the Best? * Unlike other herbal capsules which...
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... Background of the Study Nowadays, many people especially children under the age of 15 are suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever with about 2.5 billion (2/5 of the world population) are at risk and 50 million are infected worldwide annually, and a mortality rate ranging from 1 percent to 2.5 percent, for those who receive treatment. For those without treatment, the death rate could be 20 percent or higher. This viral illness is cause by a bite from a female Aedes Aegypti which lives in places that store water such as in the tires, bottles and cans. Dengue lowers the number of platelets in the blood and it may lead to bleeding or death since it cannot supply clotting due to thrombocytopenia (lower than normal number of platelets in the blood). In the Philippines, dengue is now one of the leading causes of the increase of mortality rate. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the country with more than 60,000 cases hospitalized and nearly 500 others died as of the year 2010 and it is said that it was the highest percentage ever recorded in the history of this problem in the country. It is thought to increase until the present time especially that today, weather is changing and El Niño phenomenon is occurring very often. Hence, the researchers came up of an idea on how to increase the number of platelets using papaya leaf extract because based on the researchers’ finding, the papaya as well as its leaf contains...
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...Euphorbia Hirta or "tawa-tawa" Tawa Tawa or Gatas Gatas (Euphorbia Hirt) The Mindoro Post, within its article entitled "Dengue Fever Cure using Tawa tawa" (released The month of January 2010, utilized July 2010), creates, "many individuals understand and also have attested in order to the truth that these people and many more happen to be healed associated with dengue using a simple grass. This particular grass is known as Gatas Gatas within the land associated with Leyte. However in Butuan and Cagayan de Oro these people call this “Tawa Tawa” · At the same time, a wesite upon Filipino therapeutic grass offers the organic category associated with Tawa Tawa grass as well as explains which, "its blossoms tend to be several, each about 5 to 8 cm across. Sepals as well as petals tend to be obovate-oblong, yellowish-green, as well as protected along with big, reddish-brown smears” The effectiveness of Tawa Tawa Plant · One of the studies proving Tawa Tawa's efficacy is an investigatory project entitled "The Effectivity of Euphorbia hirta L. (Tawa-tawa), Prepared in Teabag Form, on Increasing Platelet Levels in Mus musculus (White Mice)." The said science project won the Student Research Presentation sponsored by the College of Agriculture atXavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan in thePhilippines. · The said project, as the title suggests, probes on increasing blood platelet levels using Tawa Tawa plant. For the...
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...Proteomics-based Identification of Haptoglobin as a Favourable Serum Biomarker for Predicting Long-term Response to Splenectomy in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia shows us how effective this intricate biomarker is in determining whether a patient with ITP should get a splenectomy or not. The creators of the research thought if they used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technology coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight mass spectrometer analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in ITP patients with different responses to splenectomy, that they would be able to predict whether or not the patient would have a good or bad response to splenectomy. 58 patients (20 males, 38 females), who were 16-70 years old and who went through laproscopic splenectomy for chronic ITP were used as test subjects for this study. The researchers labeled each haptoglobin...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The papaya, papaw, or pawpaw is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya, the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae. It is native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America. It was first cultivated in Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilizations. Papaya leaves contains coumarin, papain and iron which are the three main essentials that increase blood platelets. Dengue viruses, mosquito-borne members of the Flaviviridae family, are the causative agents of dengue fever. Dengue is the most important emerging viral disease of humans that in recent decades has become a major international public health concern. There is a widespread of dengue cases in every corner of our country. Many people can’t afford to go to hospitals just to get medical assistance especially indigent families. Therefore because of the expensive disbursement in prestigious hospitals such as medicines needed to cure dengue, affected people die without being aided. Most people know about papayas but not many know about the amazing health benefits of Papaya Leaves. Papaya Leaves contain powerful healing compounds that are very important for great health and vitality... and for curing cancer and dengue fever. With the rising number of people catching dengue fever, the demand for papaya leaf juice has soared. The extract of raw papaya leaf...
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