...Appeals Judge, Thurgood Marshall to join the Supreme Court. In August of the same year he was confirmed. This made him the first Black American to ever take occupation in the highest American courts. Thurgood was one of the most effective civil rights activist in history, and he was a firm believer in the constitution. He strongly believed the constitution was the source to get Black Americans the equality they were striving for. He was dedicated to being a voice for his people, and he knew what was politically correct when coming from both sides of a good argument. Some say it wasn’t in the best interest of the country to let a black man on the supreme court at the time, but President Johnson’s response was simply, “I believe it’s the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man, and the right place.”1 Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland. His father, William Marshall, the grandson of a slave, worked as a steward at an exclusive club. His mother, Norma, was a kindergarten teacher.2 One of William Marshall's favorite pastimes was to listen to cases at the local courthouse before returning home to rehash the lawyers' arguments with his sons. Thurgood Marshall later recalled, "Now you want to know how I got involved in law? I don't know. The nearest I can get is that my dad, my brother, and I had the most violent arguments you ever heard about anything. I guess we argued five out of seven nights at the dinner table."3 Marshall attended Baltimore's...
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...The African American Civil Rights Movement was a monumental human rights campaign that sought to secure black Americans’ rights as citizens and end racial segregation and discrimination. There is debate among scholars over the time frame of the movement; the popular belief is the “Montgomery to Memphis” period of Martin Luther King Jr., but some historians have traced the movement past the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court case, and into the Great Depression Era (Fairclough 387). The movement was generally successful in achieving its goals of legal recognition, as evident in the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but racism and inequality remains persistent in today’s society....
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...Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still inhabited a strictly unequal world of segregation and other various forms of oppression, which included race-inspired violence towards them. “Jim Crow” laws at the local and state levels stop them from entering classrooms and bathrooms, theaters and train cars, and juries.The civil rights movement centered in the southern states of america. That was where the African American population was the most concentrated and where racial inequality in education, economic opportunity, and the political and legal processes was most prominent. Beginning in the late 19th century, state and local governments passed segregation laws, known as Jim Crow laws; they...
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...“DON'T BUY WHERE YOU CAN'T WORK” MOVEMENT Senior Division Historical Research Paper "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" was a movement also known as the "Buy Where You Can Work" It emerged in many major northern cities of the United States during the years of the Great Depression. It was put together in order to protest black unemployment rates that were often double or even triple the national average rates. In the year 1929, the Whip, a Chicago newspaper, under Editor Joseph Bibb, sponsored a campaign to boycott Chicago stores that refused to hire black individuals. The program was supported by the Reverend J. C. Austin of the Pilgrim Baptist Church. It resulted in the hiring of more than two thousand blacks, mostly as department stores clerks. The New Negro Alliance was formed in 1933 by three young men, writer and activist John Aubrey Davis, lawyer Belford V. Lawson, Jr., and college graduate M. Franklin Thorne. They were all outraged that white-run businesses in the middle of black neighborhoods refused to hire black workers. The Alliance instituted then-radical “Don't Buy Where You Can't Work” campaigns, organizing boycotts and pickets of white-owned businesses, or threatening to do so. In the 1930s, the campaigns sprang up in Northern urban areas and protested discriminatory hiring practices. Protesters would judge white-owned establishments that refused to hire blacks. Their main goal was to increase awareness about the community's collective economic power and...
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...The right to due process by law is afforded to every American as of the pivotal ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment on July 9, 1868. This amendment guaranteed every American equal and impartial treatment within the justice system. However, within the flawed institution that is the United States justice system, race is undeniably a pivotal factor in the outcome of the legal process. From the disproportionate rates of police stops to the severity of prosecutions and even the likelihood of facing the death penalty, race has evident and extensive influence. The deep-rooted prejudices held against minorities within the American justice system stand in direct opposition to the fundamental respect for human rights that is vital in the maintenance of democracy. Prejudice...
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...every way. Jim Crow Laws were abolished and racism was finally overcome. The March on Washington, Civil rights movement, and great leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. were prominent in ending this secondary to nothing crisis. Bravery and overflowing pride outlined the 60’s for all African-Americans. Proud individuals fought and struggled to make America the land of the free. People were hopeful, they knew America could jump over their obstacles to be the world's greatest nation. First, televised debates, then rock and roll music and computer technology and America was finally starting to...
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...American author, Deborah Wiles once said, “This is how it works. Everything is connected. Every choice matters. Every person is vital, and valuable, and worthy of respect.” It is for this reason that the Supreme Court decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 does not deserve to be considered the start of the Civil Rights Movement. The event that truly set off this famous movement was the decision in the Mendez v. Westminster case in 1947, because this case acted as a precedent for all other court cases regarding equal rights in education and provided hope for change. In the early and mid-twentieth century, America was operating based off of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that “separate but equal” was perfectly legal. This...
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...At the midpoint of the twentieth century, African Americans once again answered the call to transform the world. The social and economic ravages of Jim Crow era racism were all-encompassing and deep-rooted. Yet like a phoenix rising from the ashes of lynch mobs, debt peonage, residential and labor discrimination, and rape, the black freedom movement raised a collective call of "No More"! The maintenance of white power had been pervasive and even innovative, and hence those fighting to get out from under its veil had to be equally unrelenting and improvisational in strategies and tactics. What is normally understood as the Civil Rights movement was in fact a grand struggle for freedom extending far beyond the valiant aims of legal rights and protection. From direct-action protests and boycotts to armed self-defense, from court cases to popular culture, freedom was in the air in ways that challenged white authority and even contested established black ways of doing things in moments of crisis. Dixie and Beyond By the middle of the twentieth century, black people had long endured a physical and social landscape of white supremacy, embedded in policy, social codes, and both intimate and spectacular forms of racial restriction and violence. The social and political order of Jim Crow—the segregation of public facilities—meant schools, modes of transportation, rest rooms, and even gravesites were separate and unequal. Yet the catch-all phrase "Jim Crow" hardly accounts for the...
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...The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee exhibited a classic parent child relationship. The baby is born, you do your best to shape their minds and show them good v evil; then it happens one day that they grow up and the ideas, once known as the wisdoms of mom and dad, are suddenly reshaped by the environment surrounding them. The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. along with other ministers and civil rights leaders founded the SCLC, whereas African American college students with the support of and a small donation from the SCLC founded the SNCC. Thus the idea that the SCLC the parent of the civil rights movement whilst the SNCC was looked at as the youth movement for the cause. For a time, the two organizations shared the same philosophies of especially with respect to the overall mission of both the SCLC and SNCC which was to redeem “the soul of America” through non-violence. Though sharing a common purpose, the two groups operated very differently which would perhaps play a role in the ideology which would later come from the SNCC. The SCLC operated as an umbrella organization of affiliates. Rather than seek individual members, it coordinated with the activities of local organizations like the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Nashville Christian Leadership Council. ‘‘The life-blood of SCLC movements,’’ as described in one of its pamphlets, ‘‘is in the masses of people who are involved—members of SCLC and its...
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...Nonfiction, memoir, biography language · English time and place written · 1990s, The United States date of first publication · 1994 publisher · Pocket Books narrator · Melba Patillo Beals point of view · The book is the story of Melba’s teenage life, and the adult writer, Melba, is both the narrator and the protagonist. Melba tells the story from the first person point of view. tone · Restrained anger tense · Past setting (time) · Early 1950s setting (place) · Little Rock, Arkansas protagonist · Melba Patillo major conflicts · The attempt made by Melba and eight other African-American students to integrate into Little Rock High School rising action · The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. the Board of Education that separate schools are not equal; Melba volunteers to go to the all-white Central High School; Melba and eight other African-American students enter Central High. climax · Ernie becomes the first black student to graduate from Central High School. falling action · Unable to return for a second year at Central High School, Melba moves to California and lives with a white family; she becomes a journalist and reports on injustices around the world. themes · The shifting of power through resistance, the prominence of race relations motifs · Self-reliance, the loss of innocence symbols · Central High School, Melba’s Easter dress, journalism foreshadowing · After Melba’s grandmother rescues her from the all-white bathroom...
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...In 1982, millions of blacks living in the rural counties an small towns of the “New South” still dealt with the terrors of Jim Crow and racial exploitation which sparked the civil rights movement in the 1950s. It was more vivid in Mississippi. In 1949, black farmers owned 80,842 commercial cotton-producing farms in Mississippi black belt region, about 66 percent of all cotton farms in the state. During the 1950s and 1960s, corporations which went into agricultural production aggressively pushed thousands of these small rural farmers out of business. By 1964, the number of black owned cotton farms declined to 21,939 statewide. The figure dropped to only 1000 five years later.[1] Black farmers had extreme difficulty obtaining capital. Many insurance companies, which financed the bulk of farm loans, require loans to be at least $100,000. While commercial banks lend lesser amounts, they often require payment within five years, a term too short for a black landowner. Federal land back tended to require amounts of collateral that are too great for blacks to qualify. The federal government did little to reverse the decline in black farming. The general economic decline for most Mississippi blacks since the 1960s has been accompanied by the resurrection of white racist terrorism and political violence. The tortured body of one unidentified black man was found floating down the river in Cleveland, MS. The man’s sex organs had been hacked off and the coroner later reported...
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...Race Discrimination Chapter Outline * Opening Scenarios * Statutory Basis * Surprised? * Background * General Considerations * Recognizing Race Discrimination * Racial Harassment * A Word about Color * The Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts * 42 U.S.C. Section 1981 * 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 * 42 U.S.C. Section 1985 * Management Tips * Summary * Chapter-End Questions Opening Scenarios SCENARIO 1 An employer has a “no-beard” policy, which applies across the board to all employees. A black employee tells the employer he cannot shave without getting severe facial bumps from ingrown hairs. The employer replies that the policy is without exception and the employee must comply. The employee refuses and is later terminated. The employee brings suit under Title VII on the basis of race discrimination. Does he win? Why? Why not? SCENARIO 2 Two truck driver employees are found to have stolen goods from the cargo they were carrying. The black employee is retained and reprimanded. The white employee is terminated. The white employee sues the employer for race discrimination under Title VII. Who wins and why? SCENARIO 3 A black female employee is terminated during a downsizing at her place of employment. The decision was made to terminate the two worst employees, and she was one of them. The employer had not told the employee of her poor performance nor given her any negative feedback during evaluations...
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...OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY OUTLINE OF OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 1 Early America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 2 The Colonial Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 3 The Road to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CHAPTER 4 The Formation of a National Government . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CHAPTER 5 Westward Expansion and Regional Differences . . . . . . . 110 CHAPTER 6 Sectional Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 CHAPTER 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CHAPTER 8 Growth and Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CHAPTER 9 Discontent and Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 CHAPTER 10 War, Prosperity, and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 CHAPTER 11 The New Deal and World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 CHAPTER 12 Postwar America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 CHAPTER 13 Decades of Change: 1960-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 CHAPTER 14 The New Conservatism and a New World Order . . . . . . 304 CHAPTER 15 Bridge to the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 PICTURE PROFILES Becoming a Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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..."Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Albert Einstein (disambiguation) and Einstein (disambiguation). Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein in 1921 | Born | 14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg,German Empire | Died | 18 April 1955 (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, United States | Residence | Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, United States | Citizenship | * Kingdom of Württemberg (1879–1896) * Stateless (1896–1901) * Switzerland (1901–1955) * Austria–Hungary (1911–1912) * German Empire (1914–1918) * Weimar Republic (1919–1933) * United States (1940–1955) | Fields | Physics | Institutions | * Swiss Patent Office (Bern) * University of Zurich * Charles University in Prague * ETH Zurich * Caltech * Prussian Academy of Sciences * Kaiser Wilhelm Institute * University of Leiden * Institute for Advanced Study | Alma mater | * ETH Zurich * University of Zurich | Thesis | Folgerungen aus den Capillaritatserscheinungen (1901) | Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner | Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber | Notable students | * Abdul Jabbar Abdullah * Ernst G. Straus * Nathan Rosen * Leó Szilárd * Raziuddin Siddiqui[1] | Known for | * General relativity and special relativity * Photoelectric effect * Mass-energy equivalence * Theory of Brownian Motion * Einstein field equations * Bose–Einstein statistics * Bose–Einstein condensate * Bose–Einstein correlations...
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...STUDENT GUIDE TO CULTURAL AWARENESS INDEX LESSON TITLE PAGE 1 Philosophical Aspects of Culture SG- 3 C1 Native American Experience SG- 4 C2 White American Experience SG- 23 C3 Arab American Experience SG- 43 C4 Hispanic American Experience SG- 53 C5 Black American Experience SG- 76 C6 Asian American Experience SG-109 C7 Jewish American Experience SG-126 C8 Women in the Military SG-150 C9 Extremist Organizations/Gangs SG-167 STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR BEING FAMILIARIZED WITH ALL CLASS MATERIAL PRIOR TO CLASS. INFORMATION PAPER ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Developed by Edwin J. Nichols, Ph.D. |Ethnic Groups/ |Axiology |Epistemology |Logic |Process | |World Views | | | | | |European |Member-Object |Cognitive |Dichotomous |Technology | |Euro-American |The highest value lies in the object |One knows through counting |Either/Or |All sets are repeatable and| | ...
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