...Hormones are the signaling and regulating molecules which coordinate and tight together many different cells of the entire organism, these hormones are secreted form either body tissues, such as pancreas and gonads, or glands such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. The operation system of each hormone is different, for instance, insulin hormone is operating its function through receptors exists on muscle cells or, adipose tissues, by which insulin binds to. The action is then triggered by intercellular cascade influenced through this binding. Since erythropoietin work with some signaling molecules and other hormones in order to regulate normal erythropoiesis, imbalance or defect in some endocrine hormones might affect the process of hematopoiesis. For example, androgen, which mainly responsible for male...
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...year old female presents today with hypothyroidism. She is obese with a BMI of 50, has hypertension, and diabetes. She is concerned about how this affects her weight, hypertension and diabetes. There is a family history of hypertension and diabetes on both the maternal and paternal side. Her maternal grandmother died of a stroke at the age of 45. Medical Model: In diagnosing hypothyroidism, your doctor will take into account both your symptoms and the results of a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test. Hypothyroidism is the result of diminished levels of thyroid hormones—known as T3 and T4. Today's TSH tests are very accurate and sensitive; they can help diagnose even the mildest cases of hypothyroidism. Your doctor may measure the level of free T4 (the portion of total T4 thyroid hormone that is available to your tissues) in your bloodstream. A third hypothyroid test is for anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies—anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO). The physician may prescribe medication to replace the hormones that the body isn’t producing. Synthroid and Levothyroxine are two such drugs that are used. Treatment for hypertension comes in many forms -- from lifestyle changes to medication. Besides taking your blood pressure, your doctor will do a physical exam and medical history. Your doctor may...
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...Gloria Amoako. a. What is Hypothyroidism? Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly involve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body (www.medicinenet) b. How does Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism affect the patient's general health? Hypothyroidism is a condition when there is a deficiency of thyroid hormone in the body. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive amounts of thyroid hormone in the body (www.medicinenet). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are extremely different cases. With hyperthyroidism, the patient’s heart muscle is "whipped" like a horse, and for a person with heart disease it's like whipping a tired horse. Thyroid hormone increases the force of contraction of, and the amount of oxygen demanded by, the heart muscle. It also increases the heart rate (http://heartdisease.about.com/). For these reasons the work of the heart is greatly increased in hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism increases the amount of nitric oxide in the lining of the blood vessels, causing them to dilate and become less stiff. For people with almost any type of heart disease, disorders of the thyroid gland can worsen old cardiac symptoms or cause new ones, and can accelerate the underlying heart problem...
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...down, so we may better understand them. Thyroid=thyroid gland, Ism=process;condition, hypo=deficient;below;under;lessthan normal, hyper=above;excessive. Hypothyroidism is a condition when there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body. Hyper- thyroidism is characterized by excessive amounts of thyroid hormones in the body. These conditions are extremely difference cases. There are many signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as brady- cardia- decreased heart rate, constipation, intolerance to cold, memory problems, coarse dry hair, slow speech movements, puffy face, loss of eyebrow hair and heavy menstrual periods. Medications like lithium carbonate, genetic, decreased level of iodine in the body, disturbances in pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and infections. These are mainly causes of hypothyroidism. Treatment for this condition includes thyroid hormones such as thyroxine; which is a T4 hormone of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism is caused by any growth present in the thyroid gland. Thyroid glands can be affected by a disorder called Grave’s disease, which is a immunological disorder. A sign of hyperthyroidism is a classical feature of protruding eyeball. Hyperthyroidism can also lead to thyrotoxicosis-the over production of a hormone by the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. There is a treatment for hyperthyroidism. Anti-thyroid drugs are used to decrease the production of the thyroid hormones for treatment of this condition. Diagnosis...
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...Name: Andrea Urbina Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology: Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly. 1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false? You correctly answered: d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds of ATP. 2. Thyroxine is You correctly answered: c. the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body temperature. 3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is You correctly answered: b. produced in the pituitary gland. 4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the following? You correctly answered: d. goiter development 5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is You correctly answered: a. secreted by the hypothalamus. 6. Which of the following statements is true? You correctly answered: b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones. 10/11/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you just measured. Your answer : c. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the normal rat's BMR. Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine into the three rats? Your answer : b. The thyroidectomized rat will become hyperthryoidic and develop a goiter...
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...would cease to exist. The endocrine system serves as one of the body’s ways of sending messages to the brain. It includes a number of vital glands that keep our body’s performance stable and functional. The thyroid gland is one of the most important components in the endocrine system. It is located in the neck, just under the voice box. Its primary function is to release the hormones thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which control body metabolism, by taking iodine from our food and converting it into these hormones. When the levels of T4 and T3 become too low, the pituitary gland must produce a Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which then activates the thyroid gland to generate more hormones. (Norman, 2012). If the thyroid gland does not work properly, these hormones cannot be produced on their own. This condition is known as Hypothyroidism. This paper examines the types and causes of hypothyroidism, as well as the symptoms that may occur. Possible treatments and statistics of this health condition are also mentioned and discussed. Literature Review: Hyperthyroidism most often occurs in women and in those over the age of 50. However it can also occur in infants and young children. It is estimated that as many as 10% of women have some degree of thyroid hormone...
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...or underactive thyroid is an endocrine disorder triggered by the failure of the small butterfly-shaped thyroid gland, located next to the Adam’s apple, to produce the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that are essential to the body’s function. Hypothyroidism has been designated the silent disease that affects metabolism, weight, body temperature, breathing, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common diseases believed to affect millions of people around the world that is unpreventable, but regulated by medication, therefore it is imperative to understand some of the causes of hypothyroidism, the symptoms and untreated complications behind the disease, medical diagnosis, and treatments...
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...My paper is on Graves disease, Sir Robert Graves an Irish Physician first described it in the early 19th century. Not only is it one of the most common of all thyroid problems, it is also the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid makes or produces excessive hormones. This might seem alarming, but it is quite easy to treat once the disorder has been correctly diagnosed. Graves’ disease can go into remission or completely disappear after several months or years in some cases. However, if left untreated it could lead to serious complications or even death. Graves’ disease usually has no long term adverse health consequences as long as the patient receives prompt and proper medical care, although the symptoms could cause discomfort. For something so important, the thyroid is only about 2 inches long, and is a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck just below the larynx. The hormones produced by the thyroid gland are circulated throughout the body by the bloodstream and interact with virtually every tissue and cell in the body. So it comes as no surprise when you find out everything that it affects. The thyroid produces hormones...
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...Hyperthyroidism takes place in a person’s thyroid gland. Your thyroid is supposed to produce hormones that are in charge of controlling your metabolism, breathing, heart rate, and many more bodily functions. A person with hyperthyroidism has an overactive thyroid which causes the processes the thyroid is responsible for to speed up. In the United States alone, 20 million people experience some kind of thyroid disease, and 60 percent of those people are unaware that they have any condition at all. Women are more likely to developing a thyroid disease than men. There is no concrete evidence as to why women are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism, but many believe it is because it is an autoimmune disease which women are more susceptible to....
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...ranges. II. Problem: Purpose of the Study: Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as an elevated serum TSH level with a normal serum free T4 concentration. Whereas hypothyroidism is an elevated serum TSH level along with a decreased serum T4 concentration. In subclinical hypothyroidism the TSH level is usually above 4.5 mIU/L but not greater than 10 mIU/L. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition discovered by thyroid screening. According to the review of Helfand and Redfern, 5% to 10% of adult women have an elevated TSH level.5 Controversy persists about screening for subclinical hypothyroidism and the TSH level at which treatment should be initiated. A 1998 position paper from the American College of Physicians questioned whether there were sufficient data to recommend treatment of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.6 A 2004 publication from the US Preventive Services Task Force found that the data were insufficient to recommend for or against screening in adults.7In 2002, a consensus development panel sponsored by the American Thyroid Association, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and the Endocrine Society found insufficient evidence to support screening and recommended against treating patients with a TSH concentration between 4.5 and 10 mIU/L.8 Because endocrinologists cannot agree whether the majority patients with TSH levels of 4.5 to 10 mIU/L require treatment; they do agree that pregnant women within this range should receive...
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...condition many people have, but often gets bypassed at the doctor’s office. Hypothyroidism is also known as underactive thyroid. What this means is, the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, or T4. This can affect the heart rate, body temperature, and everything involving the metabolism. So, what is the thyroid? The thyroid is a gland in the neck that produces hormones to regulate growth and development. It is very important for growth and development. Hypothyroidism causes many symptoms. These include changes in menstrual cycle, constipation, depression, dry hair, hair loss, and dry skin. One major symptom of hypothyroidism is unexplained weight gain and difficulty losing weight. Hypothyroidism...
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...* Title page, including authors and statement of the word count * Body of the discussion paper, including these sections (not to exceed 6000 words): * The Question. What do you want to figure out? What problem do you want to solve? * The Purpose of the question. Why do you want to answer this question? Why is it important? * Point of view. How are you looking at the problem? What are your values? The Question. Should India implement mandatory iodine supplementation for pregnant women and children? Purpose of the question. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The daily requirement of iodine is at least equal to the amount of hormone iodine degraded daily by the thyroid gland. When the requirements of iodine are not met, abnormalities such as thyroid function abnormalities, goiter formation, mental retardation, decreased fertility rate, and infant mortality occur (Pharoah, 1971). In many areas, iodization of salt, bread, or water was used to prevent problems of endemic iodine deficiency. However, because of various socioeconomic and geographic conditions, iodized salt does not reach the endemic areas (Pharoah, 1971). Also, because of unacceptable variability in the iodine content of kelp, seaweed, and other foods, supplementation should be implemented for adequate iodine intake (Zimmermann, 2003). In India, the number of pregnant and lactating women was estimated to be about 65 million in 2002 (Vijayaraghavan...
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...Clinical Case #2- Thea Ride Mikaela Breadner - 0876341 1. Hyperthyroidism An increase in thyroid hormones that causes an increase in metabolism throughout the body. This disorder is able to explain all of Thea’s signs and symptoms and more information is available on the following pages. 2. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a disease that occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin to convert glucose to energy or it can also occur when the body no longer responds to a release of insulin and the spike in blood glucose is not being converted to energy the way it should be. Thea is showing extreme weight loss as excessive drinking which is very characteristic of diabetes mellitus. She is also very lethargic which is common in cats with diabetes. Thea has a mass on her larynx which would not be a sign of diabetes. However, it is a sign of hyperthyroidism which can cause diabetes in felines. 3. Pyelonephritis...
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...Heredity and hormones can influence peoples behavior. Heredity is when traits are giving to the children from the parents. Scientists have tried to identify the genes that may cause such behaviors like, depression, shyness, anxiety and aggression. They have done studies involving twins to try and correlate genetics with behavior. The researchers in those cases weren’t looking for a particular gene but were looking to see if their were similarities within families. (Morris and Maisto,2005) Hormones are the chemicals that are released within the body and affect other parts such as the endocrine system. The also contribute to a persons behavior by determining their moods. The endocrine system consists of glands like the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, the pituitary glands as well as the testes and ovaries. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, which is found in many foods and convert it into thyroxine (T4) and Trrodothyronine (T3) which are thyroid hormones. Thyroids are the only cells that the body has that can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine with and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4, which are then released into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body. Every cell in the body depends on the hormones produced by the thyroid to control the rate of their metabolism. When too much of these hormones are secreted the person is said to have a hyper-thyroid condition. This condition affects a persons behavior because it...
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...Thyroid Issues and Gluten: Why Gluten Accelerates Thyroid Conditions If you had asked most people what gluten was 10 years ago, there is a good chance you wouldn’t have even known what it was; I didn’t. But, in recent years, gluten has gone from being an unknown to a pesky culprit that a great deal of people are trying to eliminate from their lives. So what exactly is gluten and why is it so often associated with thyroid conditions? What is Gluten? Gluten is a form of protein that is found in wheat and other grains, such as, grains and barley. Gluten is responsible for the elasticity of dough, as well as, its ability to rise and delectable chewy texture. That being said, many studies have cited the negative effects that gluten has on the body. Many people are sensitive to gluten. One of the most popular reasons that people switch to a gluten free diet is related to thyroid disease. The Relationship Between Gluten and the Thyroid...
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