...Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, just below the voice box. It controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to...
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...Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, just below the voice box. It controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to...
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...The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the base of the throat. The thyroid is the largest of the endocrine glands; it has two lobes joined by the isthmus. It hugs the trachea on either side of the second and third ring, opposite of 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae. Though the thyroid is small, it has an enormously important job to do, especially for teens. It manufactures the hormones that help control metabolism and growth. To produce thyroid hormones, the thyroid needs a chemical element called iodine that the body absorbs from the foods such as seafood, bread, and salt and from the water you drink. “The entire body contains about 50 milligrams of iodine. About 1/5 to 1/3 of that supply (10 to 15 milligrams) is stored in your thyroid. The thyroid combines the iodine with tyrosine to make important hormones.” Thyroid hormones travel through the bloodstream of your body’s cells. They are important to the growth and structure of bones, puberty and sexual development, and many other body functions. They are responsible for helping your cells convert oxygen and calories into the energy, which is needed to help them work properly. These hormones are important in making sure your body will mature as it should and may affect how your organs function. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothronine (T3), which account for 99.9% and 0.1% of the thyroid hormones present in your blood supply. The hormone with...
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...Thyroid hormones have been found to be essential for normal neurodevelopment. A deficiency in thyroid hormone (TH) causes hypothyroidism, often due to inadequate levels of iodine. A serious consequence of hypothyroidism during gestation is the development of cretinism in offspring. Cretinism manifests as severe mental retardation, ataxia and sensory deficits, and is the most common preventable cause of brain damage (WHO). Research has shown that even mildly decreased thyroid hormone during this critical period can cause a drop in IQ (Gyamfi, 2009). Thyroid hormones have significant influence on the development of neurons. TH mediate their effects by binding to thyroid hormone receptors within the cytoplasm that translocate to the nucleus...
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...Ankur Sandhu Journal Article on Thyroid Cancer Classification of thyroid tumors by Mass Spectrometry Imaging Course: Anatomy and Physiology November 29th, 2016 Instructor: Mr. Linder Introduction: Thyroid is a gland which is located at the base of our neck. It is commonly known as a butterfly shaped gland. In this journal, I will talk about the types of thyroid malignancies and the ways to classify them. Malignancies in thyroid often present as nodules which are solid lumps that can be filled with fluid. Out of all the cancers worldwide, malignant tumors comprise of 1-3 percent of cancers. According to studies 5-10 percent of thyroid nodules result in thyroid malignancies. The majority of thyroid carcinomas originate from follicular epithelial cells. Anaplastic or undifferentiated carcinomas (ATC) are the most aggressive thyroid malignancy known so far.(G.B. Salabè2001)( R.A. DeLellis, R.V. Lloyd, P.U. Heitz, C. Eng 2004)( Y.C. Oertel 2004) http://www.sciencedirect.com October 2016 )...
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...Instructor Susan Growe-Rosenthal, MSN/Ed, RN Alterations of Thyroid Function April 18, 2014 Abstract Disorders of thyroid function develop as a result of primary dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland, or secondarily, as a result of the pituitary or hypothalamic alterations. Both primary and secondary disorders result in some sort of alteration to the thyroid hormone (TH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If these levels are elevated or showing inadequate production of the hormone, then the result would be hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Of course there are underlying causes for these hormone levels to alter such as, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto disease to name a few. This paper will describe the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the anterior part of the neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. Internally, the gland is composed of hollow, spherical follicles, which have follicle cells that produce thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone (TH) derives from thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone is referred to as the body’s major metabolic hormone. TH is actually two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine or T4 , and triiodothyronine or T3. TH is regulated through negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland. TRH, which is synthesized and stored within the hypothalamus...
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...Thyroid storm Overview- Thyroid storm is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism. The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body in charge of many important proteins related functions. Occasionally, the gland begins to produce high levels of the hormone. This condition is called hyperthyroidism. If hyperthyroidism occurs too fast or uncontrolled, which could result in a thyroid storm. If you are already in a state of hyperthyroidism, trauma or extreme stress may trigger a thyroid storm. Other causes of this condition may be lung infections, pregnancy, cardiac stress including heart attack, thyroid surgery, stopping the medication for hyperthyroidism or treatment with radioactive iodine. Causes- The condition is characterized by extreme...
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...here are safety restrictions and guidelines that we have to go over with patients when they are having a thyroid therapy. The biggest question that we have from the patients is the length of time you must stay from other people after having a thyroid therapy done. For hyperthyroidism or Grave’s disease you will receive a capsule of I131 that is radioactive. We are tricking your thyroid into thinking we are giving it food. The thyroid will absorb the capsule and your doctor will follow up with you in 3 to 4 months to see it the treatment is working. It is very important that you keep your appointment because your thyroid’s function affects multiple organs and your doctor needs to be able to get a post treatment going. After you take the radioactive...
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...Leann.Slegowski Thyroid Cancer February 28, 2014 Miller-Motte College Online Thyroid Cancer Papillary thyroid cancer is known as a good cancer. However, learning you have any type of cancer is heart breaking. In December 2 I went to my primary cancer doctor for a routine physical exam and part of that was a thyroid ultrasound. When the thyroid ultrasound results came back it showed an 8mm thyroid nodule in right side of the thyroid gland. My primary care doctor was fine with just watching the nodule to see if would change over a year time. After months of soul searching and having an intuition that this could be some serious. I made an appointment with an otolaryngologists. Little did I know that this doctor’s appointment would be a life changing event for my sons and I. Once I was at the doctor’s appointment and the doctor did a full physical exam and reviewed the ultrasound films. I was given two options to have a thyroid biopsy done and this is where a needle is inserted in the thyroid gland with ultrasound guide and a small piece of tissue is removed and sent to pathology. In some cases the results are inconclusive. The other option was a thyroidectomy and complete remove the thyroid gland and send it to pathology for a diagnostic conclusion. I decided to have the surgery done. A decision that beginning of a life changing event. There are two types of thyroid surgery one is endoscopic and open. Most thyroid surgeries are...
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...Thyroid Issues and Gluten: Why Gluten Accelerates Thyroid Conditions If you had asked most people what gluten was 10 years ago, there is a good chance you wouldn’t have even known what it was; I didn’t. But, in recent years, gluten has gone from being an unknown to a pesky culprit that a great deal of people are trying to eliminate from their lives. So what exactly is gluten and why is it so often associated with thyroid conditions? What is Gluten? Gluten is a form of protein that is found in wheat and other grains, such as, grains and barley. Gluten is responsible for the elasticity of dough, as well as, its ability to rise and delectable chewy texture. That being said, many studies have cited the negative effects that gluten has on the body. Many people are sensitive to gluten. One of the most popular reasons that people switch to a gluten free diet is related to thyroid disease. The Relationship Between Gluten and the Thyroid...
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...MSc Chemistry (Final) Exam 2013 M.SC. CHEMISTRY (FINAL) EXAMINATION 2013 213 MSc Chemistry (Final) Exam 2013 ABBREVIATION M.Sc. Chemistry (Final) SUBJECT ABBREVIATION Environmental Chemistry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ V Heterocyclic Chemistry --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI Oxidation / Reduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII Spectral Analysis of Organic Compound -------------------------------------------------------- VIII Advance Organic Chemistry (Practical) -------------------------------------------------------- AOC Environmental Chemistry (Practical) --------------------------------------------------------------- EC Instrumental Methods of Analysis (Practical) -------------------------------------------------- IMA Result Late (Due to Previous Result) --------------------------------------------------- R.L Pre Result Late --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R.L Result Late for UFM ------------------------------------------------------------------------R.L (UFM) 214 MSc Chemistry (Final) Exam 2013 M.Sc Chemistry (Final) Annual Examination 2013 Total Marks = 1200 Roll # 10016 10002 10018 Name Mehar Angiz Komal Arshad Noor Saba Father’s Name Ahmad Gul Arshad Sohail Aurang Zeb Marks 939 928 924 Position FIRST SECOND THIRD Institution / College Govt...
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...release hormones into the body’s bloodstream. Now, traveling through the bloodstream may be a very effective way for a nerve impulse to travel, but it seems that hormones can take seconds, even minutes to reach where they are supposed to go. When identifying hormones a person would see that there are a few different kinds of hormones like; thyroxin, which is produced in the endocrine gland located right below the voice box. This hormone is responsible for the regulation of the body’s rate of metabolism. This hormone is responsible for how alert and energetic a person can be, or if they are fat or thin. But as with anything too much of anything can be bad. A person with an overactive thyroid can cause a variety of symptoms and they would have to take medicines to control the overactive thyroid. Symptoms can include: reduced concentration and difficulty focusing on a task, snap decisions, over-excitability,...
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...Keara Williams Carol Ann Jenkins Master Student 22 April 2008 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 When some children are born, they have a disorder that is passed from one parent or both through the genes that are the basis for their being alive. These diseases are called genetic disorders. Some of these disorders are rare and don’t have a cure. One such disease or disorder is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, or MEN1. I will explain what this disorder is and what body systems it affects. MEN1 is a relatively uncommon inherited disorder where less than 1 person in 20,000 will carry the gene. It is passed down in families from 1 generation to the next and affects males and females equally, it occurs in all racial groups. This disease can be inherited if only one parent has MEN1. Diagnosis of the disease is done through genetic testing or following a patient medically over several years and seeing if the patient has symptoms of the disease. MEN1 affects the endocrine glands: the pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas glands that regulate different hormones that control the functions of various tissues throughout the body. Normally, the hormones released by endocrine glands ore carefully balanced to meet a body’s needs. In patients with MEN1, the endocrine glands may become overactive at the same time or throughout a lifetime. Similarly, different areas of within the endocrine glands may become overactive at different times during life. By age 30 most people who...
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...environment can cause our genes to change, or mutate. The way that heredity influences behavior over time may change and it may not always have an influence in the future. The endocrine system is a system of glands where each gland has a type of hormone that secretes directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical substances released into the bloodstream through the endocrine glands and serve a similar function or purpose to the neurotransmitters. Hormones direct such processes as metabolism, growth, and sexual development, it also have numerous affects depending on gender. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together in a constant chemical dialog. The endocrine gland consists of Pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and the gonads which consist of female ovaries, and male testes. Since hormones have clearly identified roles throughout the human lifetime, genes, on the other hand affect heredity are sensitive to the environment, and its role changes due to the environment. With that been said, heredity is not some sort of controlling factor or has a hold on the environment. In fact genes evolve or develop and sometimes change due to the environment and that is the reason why...
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...THE GLANDS A gland is a group of cells or an organ that produces a secretion for use elsewhere in the body, or in a body cavity. TWO KINDS OF GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS The secretion of the exocrine glands pass through a duct to the site where they take effect. Examples Salivary glands - Saliva Sweat glands - Perspiration Mammary glands - Milk ENDOCRINE GLANDS The gland known as ductless or endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the bloodstream. The term ductless indicates that no duct cones out from the glands. Their secretion are called hormones, also known as chemical messengers. They regulate and integrate body functions. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs. It is a system that controls body functions such as sleep, sexual behavior, digestion, metabolism, and physical development. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The communication begins at the base of the forebrain with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones into the...
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