...Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that focuses on isolating and amplifying the natural ability of the human body to heal injuries. The paradigm of tissue engineering is composed of three major components: a tissue scaffold; biological factors; and cells. Among these three components, the source of the cells used in the medical device is the largest source of controversy. Not only can the origin of the cells affect the funding of an engineering project, but it can even lead to the overall rejection of the project by society if they feel that the source is morally objectionable. This essay will explore two common sources of pluripotent cells used in tissue engineering, the laws that are set in place in accordance with...
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...I want to conduct research in the area of tissue engineering, which primarily exists in the realm of research, and for that I need a Ph. D. A master's degree is a step on the way to earning a Ph. D. I am particularly interested in engineering of cardiovascular tissue. Specific research topics that I am hoping to work on include the creation of 3D scaffolds, the influence of mechanical forces on the differentiation of cardiac tissue, and the study of cytokines in the differentiation of cardiac tissue. I hope that one day it will be possible to grow whole hearts from a patients' own cells to replace their damaged or diseased hearts. This could effectively eliminate organ transplant waitlists for hearts. My interest in biomedical engineering over other science related fields stems from the fact that my mother is a nurse and my father was a lab technician while he was in the military. Sometimes he would take me to his work and I could see how the lab was set up. He would let me look through the microscopes and sometimes explain what he was doing. He would often tell me that he was surprised that I actually understood most of what he told me. Before attending UT, I earned a biotechnology certificate at Temple College. During the program I gained hands-on experience in many...
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...Portocarrero et al., J Tissue Sci Eng 2013, 4:1 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7552.1000e120 Tissue Science & Engineering Editorial Open Access Challenges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering Portocarrero G, Collins G and Livingston Arinzeh T* Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA The Problem Over 27 million Americans suffer from cartilage damage with several million people affected per year. Articular cartilage or hyaline cartilage has a limited capacity to heal after damage from injury or degenerative disease. In an attempt to delay the progression of widespread damage, orthopedic surgeons routinely treat osteochondral injuries with minimally invasive surgical procedures involving articular resurfacing. The knee is the most prevalent joint affected. One of the three most common treatments for injury of the knee is arthroscopic lavage, either with or without debridement. Yet this treatment is merely palliative, providing symptomatic relief but does not repair injury to cartilage [1]. The most frequently used reparative treatment for small symptomatic lesions of articular cartilage of the knee are marrow-stimulating techniques, such as subchondral drilling, abrasion arthroplasty and microfracturin [2]. In microfracturing, which is the most commonly used technique, multiple holes made in the subchondral bone allow bone marrow components to reach the joint surface and facilitate repair. Bone...
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...or exogenous bone tissues, which is connected with several problems. The use of endogenous bone substance involves additional surgery; moreover the endogenous bone is available only in limited quantities. In case of exogeneous bone implants, the major disadvantage is that they may be rejected by human body, disease may be transmitted together with the implant, and also the clinical performance of exogenous bone is considerably inferior to fresh endogenous graft material. For these reasons there is growing need for fabrication of artificial hard tissue replacement implants. Research into novel materials for biomedical applications is ever increasing as the medical community look to improve the way in which disorders and trauma are treated. Issues with current materials and the additional trauma associated with the use of bone grafts has pushed research towards new materials to aid the required repair and/or the regeneration of bone after fracture or the removal of bony defects or cancerous bone. Many new materials have been developed in an attempt to address these concerns but there are still some issues surrounding the appropriateness of their mechanical properties, the ability of degradable materials to retain their properties once implanted and the ability to form the material in situ to the requirements of the surgeon. A biomaterial is a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue. There are a number...
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...continue to require replacement of some or all of their teeth. Surgical improvement of the denture-bearing area and surrounding tissue (preprosthetic surgery) offers an exciting and demanding challenge to the dental practice. Many minor modifications of the alveolar ridge and vestibular areas can greatly improve denture stability and retention. In some cases, patients have severe bone changes or soft tissue abnormalities that require extensive surgical preparation before the prosthetic appliance can be properly constructed and worn. Procedures that improve prosthesis retention and stability are discussed and illustrated in Chapter 13. One of the most exciting frontiers in dentistry is implantology. Proper bony and soft tissue reconstruction followed by placement of implants and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction can provide patients with a more natural and efficient substitution for their lost dentition. Depending on the circumstances, several types of implant systems may be used. Chapter 14 discusses the various types of implant systems currently in use and their advantages, disadvantages, and indications for use. 247 Preprosthetic Surgery Mark W. Ochs and Myron R. Tucker CHAPTER OUTLINE OBJECTIVES OF PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY OF PATIENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING Evaluation of Supporting Bony Tissue Evaluation of Supporting Soft Tissue Treatment Planning RECONTOURING OF ALVEOLAR RIDGES Simple Alveoloplasty Associated with Removal of Multiple Teeth Intraseptal...
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...Tempo Tissue use emotional view in the advertisement. Tempo is supported by Procter & Gamble (P&G), which has been established for more than 18 years, brand is come from Germany. The color used on packaging, which have not changed since the tissues have been launched in the market. This time Tempo cross over with the local younger iconographer-“ Carrie Chau”, using her famous “Blind fly magic paradise design” limited edition package substitute classic blue and transparent formal Tempo packaging. Carrie Chau has creates special blind fly iconography design for Tempo. The blind fly cartoon character is taking Tempo tissue paper in the outlook package. Moreover special blind fly printing in each tissue paper attractive to the consumer to buy. The outstanding and sharp blind fly packaging would attract customer’s attention in the advertisement. Tempo provides petit packs and box package tissue. The advertisement layout color in soft blue, easy for everyone acceptable, and the cartoon full of colorful and fairy tale feeling. Bring a lot of dreaming and fantasy impressiveness to the consumer. In addition, Tempo emphasized to support the local designed, this advertisement arouses the reader’s sympathy. Kleenex use cognitive view to represent their product. Kleenex is one of famous tissue brand in the worldwide, they produce by Kimberly-Clark, in the early 1924, was beginning exploration of tissues product substitute handkerchief, spirit for over 80 years. In the advertisement...
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...1.1. Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue Articular cartilage, also known as Hyaline cartilage, lays on the surface of a bone. The articular cartilage is typically depicted in four zones; the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the radial zone, and the calcified zone (James and Uhl, 2001, pp.414). Each zone, within the articular cartilage, has an important role in supporting movement and reducing friction. Supporting this, Barber (2007, pp.742) states that damage to any of these zones would result in progressive deterioration, and alterations to the normal biomechanical properties within the articular cartilage. This suggests that any damage to the articular cartilage will result in deterioration of bone and reduction...
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...distribution of ocular tissue used for transplant and/or research purposes in the state of Minnesota, western Wisconsin and eastern North Dakota. The primary products the produces are corneas, sclera and whole globes. In North America and Asia there is a large demand for ocular tissue for transplant as well as research and training purposes. In order to maximize financial resources the MLEB must utilize a Market-Product grid to identify markets and the products in most demand in the implementation of direct marketing techniques to targeted consumer populations. The target consumer populations include fellowship-trained ophthalmologist in cornea surgery, ocular researchers and eye bank professionals. Market-Product Analysis: Minnesota Lions Eye Bank The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank (MLEB) is a non-profit organization and one of the most reputable eye banks in the world, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). It is a well-known leader in the United States for providing eye tissues for transplant and research purposes. The MLEB serves the communities of Minnesota, western Wisconsin, and eastern North Dakota by recovering cornea and sclera allografts from consented donors for transplant and research/training, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). Since being founded in 1960 the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank has provided more than 20,000 corneas for transplant, (News Archives, 2008). The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank processes several types of tissue for transplant and research...
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...THE ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF PORK CONSUMPTION ON HEALTH by Professor Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg, M.D. Biological Therapy Vol.1 No. 2 1983 In consideration of wide sections of the population, it appeared strongly advisable to investigate more closely the reasons for the nocuity of pork and to report on the toxic and stress factors contained in pork, i.e. sutoxins. A possibility emerges that everyone can stay healthy by omitting toxic factors (specific pork poisons) from his diet or can regain health by observing a strict ban on pork. The fact that pork causes stress and gives rise to poisoning is known. It is obvious that this does not only apply to preparations of fresh pork such as cold cuts, knuckles, feet, ribs and cutlets, etc., but also to cured meats (ham, bacon, etc.) and to smoked meats prepared for sausages. Consumption of freshly killed pork products causes acute responses, such as inflammations of the appendix and gall bladder, biliary colics, acute intestinal catarrh, gastroenteritis with typhoid and paratyphoid symptoms, as well as acute eczema, carbuncles, sudoriparous abscesses, and others. These symptoms can be observed after consuming sausage meats (including salami which contains pieces of bacon in the form of fat). The consumption of pork is particularly dangerous in the tropical regions. This, for example, is shown in parts of Africa where both the Islamic and Western civilizations live in neighboring territories under the same climatic conditions. The same conditions...
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...Radiation Effects at the Tissue and Organ Level * Response to irradiation- measures the radiosensitivity of tissue or organ * Loss of moderate number of cells- does not affect function of organs * Loss of large number of cells- display clinical result * Severity of change depends on dose and thus amount of cell loss * Repairable damage- moderate dose to localized area * Death from damage to most sensitive system- comparable dose to whole organism Short- Term Effects * Sensitivity of parenchymal cell- determines short term effect of radiation on a tissue * Lost cells in mitosis- linked death- when continuously proliferating tissues (e.g bone marrow, oral mucous membrane) are irradiated with a moderate dose * Extent of cell loss depends on damage to stem cell pools and proliferative rate of cell population * Reduction in number of mature cells- effect of irradiation to such tissues * Little or no radiation-induced hypoplasia- when tissues composed of cells that rarely or never divide (e.g muscle) are irradiated Long- Term Effects * Damage to fine vasculature- determines long-term effect of radiation on tissue or organ * Radio sensitivity of capillaries and connective tissues- differentiating intermiotic cells and reverting postmiotic cells * Irradiation of capillaries- swelling, degeneration, necrosis * Increases capillary permeability and slow progressive fibrosis around vessels * Increased...
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...triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In epithelial tissue, there are squamous cells, which are flat with the nucleus located near the upper surface. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped (or hexagonal) with a central, round nucleus. Cuboidal cells absorb materials (ex: digested food) and produce secretions. Columnar cells have an oval-shaped nucleus near the basement membrane and are tall. They are thick, can absorb materials, and...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...Lesson 1: A & P of Skin and Soft Tissue Answers/Rationale 1. F The pH of normal, healthy skin is slightly acid, not alkaline. 2. F Dermis, is the inner most layer of skin that is naturally moist and slightly acid. 3. T Epidermis is the outer layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells,which can reproduce/regenerate to replace lost cells. 4. F Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin. Only the epidermis and dermis comprise the skin. Subcutaneous tissue is fatty tissue/adipose tissue underneath the skin that provides padding and protection. 5. T Tissues need intermittent blood flow. Compression of tissue between a bone and external surface/ cast/splint or device, compresses blood vesslels and can cut off the blood flow to tissue resulting in ischemia that causes tissue damage and if prolonged, ulceration. 6. T Muscle tissue is highly vascular with a higher metabolic rate and therefore is more susceptible than skin to effects of prolonged pressure. Muscle is also not capable of reproduction/regeneration. 7. F Maceration stretches cells in the skin increasing the risk of damage. 8. Rete pegs and rete ridges are epidermal protrusiuons that project down into the dermis to interlock with the dermal papillae to provide strength and stability of the skin layers and prevent skin tears. Without the interlocking of the epidermis to the dermis, or if there is flattening of this junction, the epidermis can easily be torn away from the dermis. The rete pegs and ridges are...
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...Cayenne Pepper for Lucious, Thick Lips Yeah, I know... it sounds weird, however, using cayenne pepper for luscious, thick lips is not as odd as one would think. It's much safer than the Kylie Jenner Challenge. Have you seen or heard about it? It's where you take a small container like a shot glass and cover your lips and suck. Sucking in the air creates friction and when you remove the glass, your lips are bigger. Sometimes, they are much bigger than anticipated. LOL Really, it's no laughing matter as this practice comes with a warning. The glass could break and could cause injury. Still, you could get injections but who's got time or money for that. Or you can stick with the natural resources that you already have around the house. If you are sensitive to hot, spicy foods then this may not be for you. However, I love spicy, so I had to try it and the results are in... I'll do it again! LOL Fortunately, I was born with a set of full lips, but sometimes, I want to add a little ump and mystic to my appearance. It's unfortunate that not everyone was blessed with plump lips, but we can remedy that situation in a couple of ways and I'll tell you how. Owning a Pair of Full Lips 1.) Getting a set of full lips is easy. All you have to do is add a little ground cayenne pepper to your lip gloss or to a small container of Vaseline and apply as you would ordinarily. The purpose of the cayenne is to swell the lips and it does so safely and quickly. You may feel a little...
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